Multiple Choice

1. 2012DSEM IA #7
The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of some substances are shown below:

Substance standard enthalpy changes of combustion at 298 K / kJ mol-1

H2(g) - 286
C(graphite) - 394
CH3OH(l) - 726

The standard enthalpy change of formation at 298 K of CH3OH(l) is

A. -240 kJ mol-1. B. +240 kJ mol-1.

C. +691 kJ mol-1. D. -1692 kJ mol-1.

2. 2013DSEM IA #18
Under standard conditions, complete combustion of 0.050 mol of ethane (C2H6) give 78 kJ of
heat.
Which of the following is the standard enthalpy change of formation of ethane?
(Standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l) = - 286 kJ mol-1; standard enthalpy change
of formation of CO2(g) = - 394 kJ mol-1)

A. - 86 kJ mol-1 B. + 86 kJ mol-1
C. - 1568 kJ mol-1 D. + 1568 kJ mol-1

3. 2014DSEM IA #9
Combustion of B2H6(g) gives B2O3(s) and water.
B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) → B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

The enthalpy changes of three reactions under certain conditions are shown below:
Reaction Enthalpy change / kJ mol-1
Combustion of B(s) - 635
Combustion of H2(g) - 286
Formation of B2H6(g) + 42

Which of the following is the enthalpy change of combustion of B2H6(g) under the same
conditions?

A. - 2170 kJ mol-1 B. + 2170 kJ mol-1

C. + 1085 kJ mol-1 D. - 1085 kJ mol-1

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4. 2015DSEM IA #12
Consider the following reactions:

(1) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) H1

(2) NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) H2
(3) HF(aq) + KOH(aq) → KF(aq) + H2O(l) H3
(4) KHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → KCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) H4

Which of the following represents enthalpy change of neutralization?

A. H1 B. H2
C. H3 D. H4

5. 2015DSEM IA #18
Which of the following combinations is / are correct?

Chemical reaction Enthalpy change of reaction

(1) PbBr2(l) → Pb(l) + Br2(g) positive

(2) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) positive

(3) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) negative

A. (1) only B. (2) only

C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only

6. 2016DSEM IA #24
1st statement 2nd statement
The standard enthalpy change of Under standard conditions, an organic
formation of an organic compound must compound must be energetically more
be exothermic. stable than its constituent elements.

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7. 2017DSEM IA #7
The following graph shows the variation of temperature of a reaction mixture.

The reaction starts at the sixth minute. Which of the following combinations is correct?

The greatest temperature rise of the content Enthalpy change of the reaction
A. 51 °C negative
B. 45 °C negative
C. 51 °C positive
D. 45 °C positive

8. 2018DSEM IA #18 (66%)

Consider the following information:

2C(s) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) H = - y kJ mol-1

Which of the following statements is / are correct?

(1) The standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2(g) is – 0.5 y kJ mol-1.

(2) The standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2(g) is + y kJ mol-1
(3) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of C(s) is – y kJ mol-1.

A. (1) only B. (2) only

C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only

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9. 2019DSEM IA #9 (76%)
Given that:
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane = - 2877.5 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide = - 394.0 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of water = - 286.0 kJ mol-1

What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of butane?

A. + 64.25 kJ mol-1
B. - 64.25 kJ mol-1
C. - 128.5 kJ mol-1
D. + 128.5 kJ mol-1

10. 2019DSEM IA #22 (72%)

Which of the following processes are exothermic?

(1) thermal decomposition of silver oxide solid.

(2) dilution of sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water.
(3) reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid.

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

11. 2020DSEM IA #10 (71%)

Refer to the standard enthalpy changes of combustion below:

Standard enthalpy changes of combustion / kJ mol-1

C8H8(l) -4395.2
C8H16(l) -5265.7
H2(g) -286.0

What is the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction?

C8H8(l) + 4H2(g) → C8H16(l)

A. - 273.5 kJ mol-1
B. +1144.0 kJ mol-1
C. +273.5 kJ mol-1
D. -1144.0 kJ mol-1

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12. 2020DSEM IA #13
The enthalpy changes for the conversions from P to S are shown below:

Which of the following combination is correct?

P→S S→Q
A. exothermic exothermic
B. exothermic endothermic
C. endothermic exothermic
D. endothermic endothermic

13. 2020DSEM IA #21 (50%)

Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) The standard enthalpy change of formation of CH4(g) can be determined directly from
experiment.

(2) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of CH3COCH3(l) is negative.

(3) The standard enthalpy change of formation of H2(g) is zero.

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

14. 2021DSEM IA #12

Given that:

2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s) H1

Ca(s) + 1/2O2(g) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) H2
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) H3

What is H3?

A. H1 - H2 B. H2 - H1

C. H2 – 1/2H1 D. 1/2H1 - H2

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15. 2021DSEM IA #14
In an experiment, 16.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 100.0 cm 3 of
water, the temperature drops by 6.4 C.

Which of the following would give a drop of temperature by 3.2 C under the same
experimental conditions?

A. 4.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 50.0 cm 3 of water.

B. 8.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 200.0 cm 3 of water
C. 32.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 200.0 cm3 of water.
D. 48.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 150.0 cm 3 of water.

16. 2021DSEM IA #15

15.78 g of carbon monoxide undergo complete combustion, 160.0 kJ of heat is released. What
is the enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide under the same experimental
conditions?
Given: enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is – 394 kJ mol-1.
Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0; O = 16.0

A. - 339 kJ mol-1 B. - 237 kJ mol-1

C. - 157 kJ mol-1 D. - 110 kJ mol-1

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Structured Question
1. 2012DSEM IB #8
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is thermally unstable. It is decomposed by heating to give sodium
carbonate, water and carbon dioxide.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate and
explain why it can be used in bake bread. (2 marks)

(b) Consider the following equations:

NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ------ Reaction (1)

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ------ Reaction (2)

To determine the enthalpy change of reaction (1), 2.88 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate is

added to an expanded polystyrene cup containing excess hydrochloric acid. The mass of
the resultant solution is 28.2 g and the temperature is decreased by 6.7 °C.

(i) Assuming that the heat capacity of the expanded polystyrene cup used is negligible,
calculate the enthalpy change of Reaction (1) from the above data.
(Specific heat capacity of the contents = 4.2 J g-1 K-1)

(ii) In another experiment performed under the same conditions, the enthalpy change of
Reaction (2) was found to be – 52.2 kJ mol-1. Calculate the enthalpy change of
decomposition of NaHCO3(s) under the experimental conditions. (4 marks)

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(c) The standard enthalpy changes of formation of Na2CO3(s), NaHCO3(s), CO2(g) and H2O(l)
are as follows :

Compound ∆Hf∅ , 298/ kJ mol-1

Na2CO3(s) - 1130.77
NaHCO3(s) - 955.2
CO2(g) - 394
H2O(l) - 286

(i) Using the given information, calculate the standard enthalpy change of decomposition of
NaHCO3(s).

(ii) Suggest why the answers obtained from (c) (ii) and (d) (i) are different.
(2 marks)

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2. 2013DSEM IB #5
The following experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of solution of
ammonium chloride:

Some distilled water was placed in an expanded polystyrene cup and the temperature was
measured at regular time interval. 2.1 g of ammonium chloride was added to the cup at 1.5
minutes. The mixture was then stirred thoroughly and its temperature was measured.

The recordings of temperature are shown in the graph below:

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(a) (i) From the graph, estimate the greatest temperature drop of the solution in the cup.

(ii) The mass of the NH4Cl(aq) obtained was found to be 22.2 g. Calculate the enthalpy
change of solution of ammonium chloride, in kJ mol-1, under the experimental
conditions. (Assume that the heat capacity of the expanded polystyrene cup is
negligible, and the specific heat capacity of the NH 4Cl(aq) obtained is 4.4 J g-1 K-1.)

(4 marks)

(b) Suggest ONE way of keeping NH4Cl(s) dry during storage. (1 mark)

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3. 2014DSEM IB #6b
(i) Name a device which can remove nitrogen monoxide from car exhaust gas. (1 mark)

(ii) In the presence of catalyst, carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide reacts to give
nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

(1) Write a balanced equation for the reaction and state the catalyst used.

(2) Under the standard conditions, the enthalpy changes of formation of nitrogen monoxide,
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are + 90.6, - 112.4 and – 394 kJ mol-1 respectively.
Estimate the standard enthalpy change of reaction in (1). (5 marks)

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4. 2015DSEM IB #8
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a common domestic fuel. One of the main component in LPG
is propane.

(a) Write the general formula of the molecules in the homologous series that propane belongs
to. (1 mark)

(b) The combustion of propane is an exothermic reaction. Its chemical equation is shown
below:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

(i) Complete the table below by stating all the covalent bond(s) that are broken and formed
during the combustion of propane.

Covalent bond(s) broken

Covalent bond(s) formed

(ii) Suggest why the combustion is exothermic in terms of the breaking and forming of
covalent bonds.

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(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propane.
(Standard enthalpy changes of formation: C3H8(g) = - 104.5 kJ mol-1; CO2(g) = - 393.5 kJ
mol-1; H2O(l) = - 285.9 kJ mol-1) (5 marks)

(c) LPG is better than diesel used in taxi. Give TWO reasons from environmental protection
consideration. (2 marks)

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5. 2016DSEM IB #7
(a) Under which conditions could the ‘heat change’ of a reaction be regarded as
(i) enthalpy change
(ii) change in internal energy (2 marks)

(b) In order to determine the enthalpy change of formation of calcium carbonate, explain
whether a direct method or an indirect method should be used? (1 mark)

(c) A certain amount of calcium carbonate is added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid in an
expanded polystyrene cup.

(i) Suggest one possible error for the above experimental procedure.

(ii) Explain whether dilute H2SO4(aq) can be used instead of dilute hydrochloric acid in the
above experiment? (2 marks)

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(d) Using the information given below, calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of
CaCO3(s).

Standard enthalpy change for the reaction of CaCO3(s) with HCl(aq) = - 82.7 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change for the reaction of Ca(s) with HCl(aq) = - 563.34 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2(g) = - 394 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(l) = - 286 kJ mol-1

(3 marks)

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6. 2017DSEM IB #7
Propyne ‘CH3CCH’ is a gaseous hydrocarbon which belongs to the homologous series of
Alkynes.

(a) In order to determine the enthalpy change of formation of propyne, explain whether a
direct method or an indirect method should be used? (1 mark)

(b) State Hess’s law and give one importance of it. (2 mark)

(c) The standard enthalpy changes of combustion Hc of propyne, C(graphite) and H2(g) are
given below:
Hc / kJ mol-1
propyne - 1939
C (graphite) - 394
H2(g) - 286

(i) Draw, with labels of the enthalpy change cycle for the enthalpy change of formation
of propyne.

(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of propyne.

(iii) State the standard conditions for ‘standard enthalpy change of reaction’.
(5 marks)

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7. 2018DSEM IB #6b
(a) Fructose (C6H12O6) can be found in honey and most root vegetables.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the conversion of carbon dioxide gas and liquid water to
solid fructose and oxygen gas.

(ii) The following standard enthalpy changes of formation are given:

H2O(l) = - 286 kJ mol-1, CO2(g) = - 394 kJ mol-1, C6H12O6(s) = - 2827 kJ mol-1

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the conversion in (i) above.

(iii) State the transformation of energy in the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to
oxygen and fructose. (4 marks)

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(b) Burning hexane (C6H14) releases energy. The enthalpy change of combustion of hexane
was determined using the set-up shown below:

Step 1: The copper can with a fixed mass of water was heated by burning ethanol. The
temperature of water increased by 37.1 °C after 1.0 g of ethanol was burnt.

Step 2: The copper can with the same mass of water in Step 1 was heated by burning hexane.
The temperature of water increased by 30.5 °C after 0.5 g of hexane was burnt.

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(i) Given that, under the condition of experiment, the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol is – 1366.8 kJ mol-1, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of hexane, in kJ
mol-1, under the same conditions.
(Relative molecular masses: ethanol = 46.0, hexane = 86.0)

(ii) Suggest TWO sources of error in the experiment. (5 marks)

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8. 2019DSEM IB #8
An experiment was performed to determine the enthalpy change of neutralization between
HCl(aq) and KOH(aq). The two solutions were mixed in an expanded polystyrene cup and kept
at the same initial temperature before mixing.

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of the HCl(aq) used / cm 3
110 90 70 50 30 10
Volume of 1.85 M KOH(aq) used / cm3 10 30 50 70 90 110

The mixture in each trial was stirred and the maximum temperature reached was recorded.
The results were shown in the following graph:

Temperature / C

Initial temperature

Volume of 1.85 M KOH(aq) used / cm3

(a) What is the maximum temperature reached in the experiment? (1 mark)

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(b)
(i) Calculate the number of moles of KOH(aq) reacted with HCl(aq) in part (a). Hence, find
the concentration of the HCl(aq) used.

(ii) Given that the initial temperature of the mixture for each trial is 25.0 C, calculate the
enthalpy change of neutralization of the reaction, in kJ mol-1.
Suppose that the heat capacity of the expanded polystyrene cup is negligible.
(Specific heat capacity of the mixture = 4.18 J g -1 C-1 ; density of the mixture= 1.00 g
cm-3)
(4 marks)

(c) What is the meant by the term ‘standard enthalpy change of neutralization’? (1 mark)

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9. 2020DSEM IB #7
Hydrated barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2•10H2O(s) react with solid ammonium chloride to give
solid barium chloride, ammonia gas and water.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the above reaction. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest how to test for the presence of ammonia gas. (2 marks)

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(c) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in part (a) and explain whether the
temperature of the mixture would decrease, increase or remain unchanged.
(3 marks)

Given:
Compound Standard enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol-1
NH3(g) -46.2
H2O(l) -286.0
NH4Cl(s) -313.8
BaCl2(s) -859.2
Ba(OH)2•10H2O(s) -3372

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10. 2021DSEM IB #5
Both ethanol (C2H5OH) and hexamine (C6H12N4) can be used as fuel.

(a) Suggest why the combustion of fuel is exothermic in terms of breaking and forming of
covalent bonds. (2 marks)

(b) Consider the following information:

Compound Standard enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol-1

H2O(l) -286
CO2(g) -394
NO2(g) +33
C2H5OH(l) -277
C6H12N4(s) +123

(i) Write thermochemical equation for the following standard enthalpy change

(1) standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol

(2) standard enthalpy change of formation of hexamine

(ii) Combustion of hexamine gives carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen dioxide.
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexamine. (5 marks)

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(c) The experimental set-up shown below is used to determine the enthalpy change of
combustion of hexamine or ethanol under certain experimental conditions.

The data obtained are listed below:

Fuel Ethanol Hexamine

Mass of fuel combusted 3.6 g 4.8 g
Mass of water 1000.0 g 1200.0 g
Initial temperature of water 25.5 C 25.5 C
Final temperature of water 50.1 C 49.5 C
Specific heat capacity of water 4.2 J g K
-1 -1

Molecular masses: ethanol = 46.0 ; hexamine = 140.0

Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol and hexamine under these
experimental conditions respectively. (6 marks)

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 Solution

Multiple Choice
1. Answer: A (56%)
C (graphite) + 2H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) Hf [CH3OH(l)] CH3OH(l)

+ O2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)

+ 3/2 O2(g)
Hc [C(s)] 2 Hc [H2(g)] Hc [CH3OH(l)]

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Hf [CH3OH(l)] + Hc [CH3OH(l)] = Hc [C(s)] + 2 Hc [H2(g)]

Hf [CH3OH(l)] = - 394 + 2(- 286) – (- 726)
Hf [CH3OH(l)] = - 240 kJ mol-1

2. Answer: A (58%)

Hc[C3H8(g)] = - 78 / 0.05
= - 1560 kJ mol-1

H 
2C(s) (graphite) + 3H2(g) ⎯⎯
⎯f → C2H6(g)

+ 2O2(g) + 3/2 O2(g) + 7/2 O2(g)

2Hf[CO2(g)] 3Hf[H2O(l)] Hc[C2H6(g)]

2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Hf[C2H6(g)] + Hc[C2H6(g)] = 2Hf[CO2(g)] + 3Hf[H2O(l)]

Hf[C3H8(g)] = 2(- 394) + 3(- 286) – (-1560)
Hf[C3H8(g)] = - 86 kJ mol-1

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3. Solution: A (76%)
B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) → B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

(+ 42)
2(- 635) 3(- 286)

2B(s) + 3O2(g) + 3H2(g)

Hc[B2H6(g)] = 2 (- 635) + 3 (- 286) – (42)

= - 2170 kJ mol-1

4. Answer: C (66%)

5. Answer: C (68%)
(1) is electrolysis of lead(II) bromide, H > 0.
(2) is combustion of methane, H < 0.

6. Answer: D (58%)
1st statement is incorrect.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound can be a positive value or a
negative value.
2nd statement is incorrect.
If a compound is energetically more stable than its constituent elements, its Hf is
exothermic.
If a compound is energetically less stable than its constituent elements, its Hf is
endothermic.

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7. Answer: A (45%)

The temperature increased from 23 °C to 74 °C (the greatest temperature rise is 51 °C), it is

an exothermic reaction.

8. Answer: A (66%)
The standard enthalpy change of combustion of C(s) is – 0.5 y kJ mol-1.

9. Answer: C (76%)

4C(graphite) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g)

+ 4O2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) + 13/2 O2(g)

4Hf[CO2(g)] 5Hf[H2O(l)] Hc[C4H10(g)]

4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

Hf[C4H10(g)] = 4Hf[CO2(g)] + 5Hf[H2O(l)] - Hc[C4H10(g)]

= 4(- 394) + 5(- 286) – (- 2877.5)
= - 128.5 kJ mol-1

10. Answer: C (72%)

(1) thermal decomposition of silver oxide solid. H > 0
(2) dilution of sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water. H < 0
(3) reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid. H < 0

© by Alan Cheng 28
11. Answer: A (71%)
H = ∑ Hc [Reactant] - ∑ Hc [Products]
= [-4395.2 + 4(-286)] – (- 5265.7)
= -273.5 kJ mol-1

12. Answer: C (82%)

S
P
+70 kJ mol-1
R
-140 kJ mol-1
+90 kJ mol-1
Q

13. Answer: C (50%)

(1) is incorrect.
Hf[CH4(g)] = C(graphite) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g)
It should be determined by indirect method.
(2) is correct because the combustion reaction is exothermic.
(3) is correct because the standard enthalpy change of formation of element in their
standard state is zero.

14. Answer: D (73%)

H3
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

H2 H1  2

Ca(s) + 1/2O2(g) + CO2(g)

H2 + H3 = H1  2

H3 = 1/2H1 - H2

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15. Answer: A (48%)
The drop of temperature depends on the heat absorbed by the reaction mixture and the
volume of the solution.

16.0 g of potassium nitrate powder is completely dissolved in 100.0 cm 3 of water, the

temperature drops by 6.4 C
H = mcT
T = H / mc
6.4 = H / mc

In (A), 2 g of KNO3(s) is used, the heat absorbed (H) is 1/4 of the original experiment.
The volume of the solution (m) is half of the original experiment.

Therefore, T = (1/4 H) / (1/2m)c

T = 1/2 (H / mc)
T = 1/2 (H / mc) NOTE: 6.4 = H / mc
T = 1/2 (6.4)
T = 3.2 C

16. Answer: D (46%)

Hc [CO(g)] = -160 / [15.78 / (12+16)]
Hc [CO(g)] = -283.9 kJ mol-1

Hf [CO(g)]
C(graphite) + 1/2O2(g) CO(g)

+ 1/2O2(g) + 1/2O2(g)
Hf [CO2(g)] Hc [CO(g)]

CO2(g)

Hf [CO2(g)] = Hf [CO(g)] + Hc [CO(g)]

Hf [CO(g)] = Hf [CO2(g)] - Hc [CO(g)]
Hf [CO(g)] = -394 – (-283.9)
Hf [CO(g)] = -110.1 kJ mol-1

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Structured Question
1.
(a) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 1
CO2 gas produced makes the bread rise / spongy. 1

(b) (i) q = 28.2  4.2  6.7 = 793.55 J 1

∆H = + 793.55  10-3  (2.88 / 84) = + 23.1 kJ mol-1 1

(ii) 2NaHCO3(s) H Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

+ 2HCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2(+ 23.1 kJ mol-1) (- 52.2 kJ mol-1)

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)

∆H = [2(+ 23.1) - (- 52.2)]  2 1

= + 49.25 kJ mol-1 1

(c) (i) ∆H = 1/2 (- 1130.77 – 394 - 286 - (- 955.2  2)) = + 50.12 kJ mol-1 1

(ii) Not performing the experiment in standard conditions. / Heat transfer with the
surroundings. / The heat capacity of the container was neglected. 1

2.
(i) (28.6 – 21.8) = 6.8 C 1

(ii) Heat absorbed = mcT 3

= 22.2  4.4  6.8
= 664.2 J
No. of moles of NH4Cl(s) used = 2.1 / 53.5
= 0.039
H = + (637.4 / 0.039)
= + 16.24 kJ mol-1

(b) Place NH4Cl(s) is a desiccator / sealed container drying agent (anhydrous calcium chloride,
calcium oxide, magnesium sulphate, etc.) / silica gel. 1

© by Alan Cheng 31
3.
(i) Catalytic converter 1

(ii) (1) 2CO(g) + 2NO(g) → 2CO2(g) + N2(g) 1

Catalyst: Platinum / Pt 1

(2) The standard enthalpy change of the reaction 3

= 2(- 394) – 2(- 112.4) – 2(90.6) = - 744.4 kJ mol-1

4.
(a) CnH2n+2 1

(b) (i)
Covalent bond(s) broken C-C, C-H and O=O

Covalent bond(s) formed C=O and H-O

2
(ii) The total energy released in the bond forming process is larger than the total energy
absorbed in the bond breaking process. 1

(iii) Hc = 3Hf[CO2(g)] + 4Hf[H2O(l)] - Hf[C3H8(g)] 2

= 3(- 393.5) + 4(- 285.9) – (- 104.5)
= - 2219.6 kJ mol-1

(c) LPG burns more completely but diesel does not. / 1

Burning diesel would produce more soot / carbon monoxide than burning LPG
Compare with LPG, diesel contain more impurities. / 1
Burning diesel would produce more pollutants, such as SO2(g).

5.
(a) (i) constant pressure 1
(ii) constant volume 1

(b) Indirect method. It is because it is very difficult for Ca(s), C(s) and O2(g) to react directly
to form CaCO3(s). 1

(c) (i) Heat loss to surrounding / Polystyrene cup absorb heat. 1

(ii) No, because insoluble CaSO4(s) will be formed. 1

© by Alan Cheng 32
(d) Standard enthalpy change / kJ mol-1
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) - 82.7
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) - 563.34
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) - 394
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) → H2O(l) - 286
Ca(s) + C(s) + 2/3 O2(g) → CaCO3(s) y

y – 82.7 = - 563.34 – 394 – 286

y = - 1160.64 kJ mol-1 3

Ca(s) + C (graphite) + 3/2 O2 → CaCO3(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)
(- 563.34)
+ 2HCl(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) + C(graphite) + 3/2 O2(g) (- 82.7)

(- 286) (- 394)

H2O(l) + CO2(g)
6.
(a) Indirect method because the reaction between carbon and hydrogen does not only give
propyne. 1

(b) The total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is independent of the pathway between
the initial and final states. 1
It can be used to find the enthalpy changes which cannot be determined directly by
experiment. 1

H
(c) (i) 3C(graphite) + 2 H2(g) ⎯⎯
⎯f → C3H4(g) 2

+ 3O2(g) 2Hc(graphite) + O2(g) + 4 O2(g)

2 Hc(H2(g)) Hc(C3H4(g))

3CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(ii) Standard enthalpy change of formation of C3H4(g)

= 3 (- 394) + 2 (- 286) – (- 1939) 1
-1
= + 185 kJ mol 1
(iii) 298 K and 1 atm 1

© by Alan Cheng 33
7.
(a)
(i) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 1

(ii) H = ∑ Hf [Products] - ∑ Hf [Reactant]

= - 2827 – 6(- 286) – 6(- 394) 1
= + 1253 kJ mol-1 1

(iii) Light energy changes to chemical energy 1

(b) (i) Let C be the heat capacity of the calorimeter.

-1366.8  (1/46) = -C  37.1 1
H  (0.5/86) = -C  30.5 1
H = -4194 kJ mol-1 1

(ii) Any TWO: 2

Some heat loss to the surroundings.
Some ethanol / hexane evaporates.
Incomplete combustion occurs.

© by Alan Cheng 34
8.
(a)
Temperature / C

Initial temperature

Volume of 1.2 M KOH(aq) used / cm3

Maximum temperature = 35.6 C 1

(b)
(i) The no. of moles of KOH(aq) used = 1.85  (56 / 1000)
= 0.1036 mol 1
At equivalent point, the no. of moles of KOH(aq) used is equal to the no. of moles of
HCl(aq) reacted.
 the no. of moles of HCl(aq) reacted = 0.1036 mol
The concentration of HCl(aq) = 0.1036 / [(120 – 56) / 1000]
= 1.62 mol dm-3 1

© by Alan Cheng 35
(ii) The energy released during the reaction
= mcT
= (120  1.0)  4.18  (35.6 – 25)
= 5316.96 J 1

The no. of moles of water formed in the reaction = 0.1036 mol

The enthalpy change of neutralization

= - 5316.96 / 0.1036
= - 51.32 kJ mol-1 1

(c) The enthalpy change when an acid solution and a base / an alkali solution react together
under standard conditions to produce 1 mole of water. 1

9.
(a) Ba(OH)2•10H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl(s) → BaCl2(s) + 12H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) 1

(b) It turns moist red litmus paper blue. 2

(c) H = ∑ Hf [Products] - ∑ Hf [Reactant]

= [(-859.2) + 12(-286) + 2(-46.2)] – [(-3372) + 2(-313.8)] 1
= -4383.6 – (-3999.6)
= -384.0 kJ mol-1 1

As the reaction is exothermic, the temperature of the mixture would increase. 1

© by Alan Cheng 36
10.
(a) Covalent bonds in the reactants are broken and covalent bonds in the products are formed.
1
The total energy released in the bond forming processes is larger than the total energy
absorbed in the bond breaking processes. 1

(b) (i) (1) 2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) 1

(2) 6C(graphite) + 6H2(g) + 2N2(g) → C6H12N4(s) 1

(ii) Standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexamine

= 6(-394) + 6(-286) + 4(+33) – 123 2
= - 4071 kJ mol-1 1

(c) Energy released in the combustion of ethanol = 1000  4.2  (50.1 – 25.5)
= 103320 J 1
Enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol
= - 103320  (3.6  46) 1
= - 1320.2 kJ mol-1 1

Energy released in the combustion of hexamine = 1200  4.2  (49.5 – 25.5)

= 120960 J 1
Enthalpy change of combustion of hexamine
= - 120960  (4.8  140) 1
= - 3528 kJ mol-1 1

© by Alan Cheng 37