Inquiries,

Investigation
and Immersion
THE CHAPTER I OF A RESEARCH PAPER
✓ Introduction
✓ Background of the Study
✓ Theoretical framework
✓ Conceptual Framework
✓ Statement of the Problem
✓ Hypothesis
✓ Scope and Delimitations of the study
✓ Significance of the Study
✓ Definition of Terms
1. Introduction
✔ Overview or the macro-view of what the research will be about
✔ The part which includes the Importance of the study.
✔ Focus of the study
✔ Purpose of the study
✔ Presentation of the problem
✔ Rationale
✔ Legal, ethical, philosophical and psychosocial framework basis
2. Background of the Study
✔ A discussion on the setting of the problem, the previous
efforts taken to solve related problems, the rationale
underlying the choice of particular area of investigation.
✔ The historical account of the development of the problem
✔ Observed problems or issues
3. Theoretical framework
✔ Upon which the study to be based
✔ Idea or set of ideas tend to explain facts or events
✔ An idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true b
ut is not known or proven to true.
✔ The general principles or ideas that relate to a
particular subject
4. Conceptual Framework
✔ A tool that the researcher use to guide their inquiry.
✔ A concept, illustration or diagram used by the
researcher to present the ideas of the study and show
the relationship of the variables.
5. Statement of the Problem
✔ Contains the need for undertaking the
research project followed by the detailed set of
objectives.
✔It contains the general statement and
Questions.
6. Hypothesis
✔ A tentative statements about a given
problem which serves as a tentative answer to
one or more of the research question and are
subjected to statistical test.
7. Scope and Delimitations of the study
✔ Scope- it defines the exact boundaries of the
investigation as they relate to the nature of information
necessary for the study and feasibility of obtaining them.
✔ Limitations- also known as the “bound”. It is the part
that explains where you drew the line on doing any
further research.
8. Significance of the Study
✔ This portion indicates the need of the study a
nd its possible applications and utilizations.
9. Definition of Terms
✔ This part includes conceptual
and operational definition of
important terms as used in the
study.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDY (RRL)
C. Sub-parts of Chapter II
1.1 The Introductory Paragraph
1.2 Foreign Literature
1.3 Local Literature
1.4 Foreign Studies
1.5 Local Studies
1.1 THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Study
This chapter includes the review of related
literature and studies which the researchers have
to shed light on the topic under study,
furthermore it is composed of discussions of
facts and principles to which the present study is
related.
1.2 Foreign Literature

◊ Printed outside of the country

◊ They are foreign regardless of the
citizenship of the author.
1.3 Local Literature

If printed in the Philippines, they are Local

literature.
1.4 Foreign Studies
◊ made from the foreign background or with
compliance with their own environment as
another type of society.
◊ also made by foreign researchers that uses
new form or methods to have the best results
of their own study in their own country.
1.5 Local Studies

◊ studies or investigations already completed to which

the present study is related.

◊ usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts,

theses and dissertations conducted in the Philippines.
What is citation?

A citation are set of rules on how to cite sources in

an academic writing. Whenever you refer to someone
else’s work, a citation is required in order to avoid
plagiarism (Swaen,2015).
• In addition, citation is referred to as, the way you
tell your readers that a certain material in your
work came from another source. It will give the
readers the information necessary to find that
source again (Turnitin, 2017).
The Importance of Citation

• It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they
came from.
• Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
• Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
• It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
• It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s work.
• It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
• It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.
• widely used in the Humanities such as in the fields of
English, Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy.

• uses brief parenthetical citations in the text

1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in
the paragraph, the citation using MLA style is this

Author’s Name Title of His Work

• According to Gullans in his book Poetic Form, the importan

ce of structure…(23).

Page Number
1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identi
fied in the paragraph, see the example below.

Title of His Work

• … in the book entitled, Poetic Form , importance of

structure…(Gullans 23).
Author’s Name Page Number
1.3 When the author’s work is not identified
and not revealed in the text, this is its citation
format in MLA:

Title of His Work

TEXT
• … importance of structure… (Gullans, Poetic Form 23).

Author’s Name Page Number

● uses an author-date system/year of publication.

● widely used in the Social Sciences field such as Anthropology, Business,

Communication,Education, Political Science, and Psychology.
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of
publication in parentheses and separate it
using a comma

Year of Publication

• In the beginning stages… (Jenkin, 2003)

Author’s Name
2.2 If the name of the author appears in the
text, cite only the year in parentheses.

Year of Publication

• Jenkins (2003) described the beginning stages …

Author’s Name
2.3 If both author and the publication year
appeared on the text, don’t include a
parenthetical citation.

Author’s Name

• In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described…

Year of Publication
2.4 If there are two authors, cite both names e
very time.
Author’s Names

• Based on the findings of Sun and Cheng (2016) appeared

that…
Year of Publication
2.5 If the source of your Review of Related Literature has
three (3) or more authors, cite only one author’s name plus “e
t.al.” and its publication year.

Author’s Names Year of Publication

• As mentioned in the study of Cavanaugh et.al. (2009) that

there are newly emerging standards for a K-12 online
learning …
2.6 For citing a direct quotations (rather than
paraphrase), provide a page number in the
citation in addition to the author and date.

• But in the words of the inimitable Winnie: “Rivers know this:

there is no hurry. We shall get there some day”
(Milne, 1926, p. 79).

Author’s Year of Page

Names Publication Number
2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary source and cite it directly
rather than citing the secondary source. If the year of the publication is present f
or the primary source is known include it in text. Meanwhile, if the publication ye
ar of the primary source is unknown omit it in the in-text citation.

Author’s name of the Year of publication of

secondary source the secondary source

• Rabbit 1982, as cited in Lyon et.al. (2014) it was described as the…

Year of Publication
Author’s Name
of the primary
written on the
source written on
secondary
the secondary
source
source
3. Chicago
It is a citation style that was introduced and
published by the Chicago University. This
style supports two styles:
• 3.1 uses footnote or endnotes and
Bibliography;
• 3.2 Author-Date.
Difference and similarity

Footnote Endnote

• appear at the • Place the

bottom of the references at
Both used the end of the
page in Chicago paper

• has superscript
number • Doesn’t have
superscript
number
https://www.atlantiswordprocessor.com/en/help/images/footnotes_00.png
Footnote or Endnote?

https://wwnorton.com/college/english/write/LSH2e/full/images/p225.jpg
 Footnote or Endnote?

https://i.stack.imgur.com/qb6Tz.png
Remember!

• For every in-text citation in your academic

paper, there must be a corresponding entry
in your reference list.