PRESENT TENSES

- Present simple
To be (irregular)
All the other verbs: the verb staying unvaried A PART FROM THE THIRD PERSON
SINGULAR where you need to add the “S”
To work
I work
You work he she it works we you they work
Negative form: we need to add the verb “to do” in order to make the negative form
I work there
I don’t work there
Not can’t stand on its own!!

Same thing for the question form: unless you have the verb to be, you NEED the
verb to do to form a question

You are tired

Are you tired?

They work everyday

Do they work everyday?

The present simple is used to express a routine, a part, of course, from describing
something happening in the general present.
To describe a routine, the present simple is usually found with these adverbs:
Always
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Seldom

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Used to express an action that is happening now!!

And it is usually found with the adverbs NOW, CURRENTLY, AT THE MOMENT,
RIGHT NOW

Sub + verb to be present simple + verb – ing

I am teaching right now
You are teaching
He she is teaching
They are teaching
I am not reading a book right now
I am not sleeping right now

Are you teaching right now?

Are you listening?
Are you taking notes?
Are you tired now?

PRESENT PERFECT

When do we use the present perfect?

- For an action that occurred at a time which is indefinite and has its effect
on the subject (even now)
- An action that occurred many times and has the possibility to occur in the
present/future
- An action that began in past and that is still going on in the present

Subj + have/has (present simple of the verb to have) + past participle form of the
verb (regular verbs: simply add “ed” at the end of the verb / irregular verbs = learn
them by heart)

Examples:
Alex has read this book (no time indicated)
I have read this book many times (something which in not habitual but occurred
many times in the past)
He has lived in this apartment for 10 years

The use of FOR : We use For when we measure the duration – when we say how long something
lasts. For + a period of time To measure a period of time up to the present, we use the present perfect
tense and not the present tense. The present tense with For refers to a period of time that extends
into the future.

I have known her for a long time. (Correct) I know her for a long time. (Incorrect)
I have lived here for ten years. (Correct) I live here for ten years. (Incorrect)

Uses of For : Example sentence + Verb Tense

They exercise for two hours every day. Present tense
They are exercising for three hours today. Present continuous
He has lived in Moscow for a long time. Present perfect
He has been living in Turin for three months. Present perfect continuous
I worked at the service station for five years. Past tense
He will be in hospital for at least a week. Future tense

We use the word "for" to show "how long?". Examples: I have worked here for ten years. (Meaning:
how long have I worked here? Ten years.) He has been unemployed for two weeks. (Meaning: how
long has he been unemployed? Two weeks.) They haven't said a word for several days. (Meaning:
how long haven't they said a word? Several days.) We have been waiting for you for hours. (Meaning:
how long have we been waiting for you? Hours.) She hasn't eaten for twelve hours. (Meaning: how
long hasn't

The use of SINCE: We use the word "since" to show when something started.
Examples: I have worked here since 2002. (Meaning: I started working in 2002 and continued until
now.) He has been unemployed since quitting his job. (Meaning: he began being unemployed as soon
as he left his job and this continued until now.) Since Monday they haven't said a word. (Meaning:
they spoke on Monday, but then didn't speak until now.) We have been waiting for you since noon.
(Meaning: we started waiting for you at noon, and

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

This is the very last present tense! Used to indicate an action that began in the past
and is still occurring the present. Both present perfect and present continuous can be
used to indicate this type of action!!!
Subj + have/has (present simple of the verb to have) + BEEN (participle of the verb
to be) + verb-ing

He has been living in this apartment for 10 years.

Alex has been reading this book for 3 months
I have been sleeping since 10 AM
We have been living together for 4 years
We have been living together since 2016

SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS:

The past sentences are very important. Due to the fact, that they allow us to describe actions or past
events in history. The past simple describes actions that happened in a specific moment in the past.
On the other hand, the past continuous describes actions that were in progress in the past. In this
topic, you will learn the difference between the past simple and the past continuous in the affirmative,
negative and interrogative form, and describe actions that took place in your life. The past simple
shows us that an action was in the past, not in the present while the past continuous shows us that
the action was already in progress at a certain time in the past.

Simple Past And Past Continuous : The past continuous is often used together with the simple past to
show that one thing happened while another thing was in progress: I was talking on the phone when
my sister arrived. He was drinking beer when he suddenly felt sick. She took a photo as we were
getting out of the bus. We were waiting for the bus when we saw a car accident.

PAST PERFECT
The structure of the Past Perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary have + main verb conjugated in Past
Simple had past participle. How do we use the Past Perfect tense? The Past Perfect tense expresses
action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example: The train
left at 9am. We arrived at 9:15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

THE USE OF WILL: As a general rule, use 'will' for affirmative and negative sentences about the
future. Use 'will' for requests too.
THE USE OF SHALL: If you want to make an offer or suggestion with I/we, use 'shall' in the
question form. For very formal statements, especially to describe obligations, use 'shall'.
anthropologist athlete biologist colleague contestant manager mentor opponent parent primatologist
researcher
1 scientists _ anthropologist __ primatologist _ biologist _ researcher
2 people at work workmate , _ colleague
3 people you compete against competitor , _ contestant _ opponent,
4 people who help and advise you _ manager, mentor, teacher
5 people in your family sister , _ parent
6 people in sport football _ athlete

Give/take sell/sales pleasure/pleased Introduce/hello see/meeting

Allow me to _introduce_ myself. I’m Fran Hill.
B How are you? 2 Hello, Amy. It’s good to _see_ you again.
A How do you do?
B Hello, how are you, Philip? 3 It’s a _pleasure_to meet you, David.
A I’m very pleased to meet you, too.
B Thank you for your pleasure. 4 I work in _sales_and marketing.
B Oh, do you? 5 Why don’t I _give_ you my card?
A Thank you. Let’s stay in touch.

Complete the text with phrases that add information from the box. You can use the phrases more than
once. Also- in addition- too

Lane Language School We are a well-established language school in central London. We offer
general English courses for all ages. (1)__In addition_, we offer business and exam courses.
At the moment, we are running a teacher training course. We are (2)__also_ offering exam courses
for Intermediate and Advanced Students. We have a course leading to a certificate in Business
English, (3)__too_. Why come to our school? We have great facilities and wonderful teachers,
(4)_too_. (5)_In addition_, our city centre location allows you to get the best out of England’s capital.

Write a website profile describing your school.

Complete the profile of Hugh Masekela with the present perfect form of the verbs.
Hugh Masekela (1)__has been _ (be) famous in South Africa since the 1950s. He is a brilliant jazz
rumpeter and he (2)_has played _ (play) with some of the world’s greatest musicians. A number of
black South African musicians (3)_have_written_ (write) songs about injustices in South African
society. Masekela is no exception. Throughout his career, his music (4)_have spoken _ (speak) out
against apartheid and slavery. H
against apartheid and slavery. However, Masekela (5)_hasn’t lived__ (not live) in South Africa all his
life. He (6)_has studied_ (study) music in London and New York and he (7)_has had _ (have) hits in
Europe and the USA. Since his return to South Africa in the 1990s, a lot of African musicians (8)_have
worked_ (work) with him on a number of albums. He’s in his seventies now – but (9)_has he slowed_
(he / slow) down? Well, no, not really is the answer. He (10) _has released _ (release) new albums
and he and his son (11)_have worked_ (work) together on a documentary. Hugh Masekela has a lot
more to give. We (12)_ have heard _ (not hear) the last of him.
Complete the sentences with for, since, already, just and yet.
1 I haven’t listened to the latest album _yet_. 2 We’ve __already_ bought the new album by Adele. 3
We’ve been here __for _ two hours but the band still hasn’t started. 4 I’ve been a fan of jazz __since_
I was a teenager. 5 Sally has _just _ got a lot of his music. 6 Have you bought the tickets_yet_? You
promised to buy them today. 7 Amy has been a guitarist _for_ ages.
We’ve camped here _since_ Thursday.

Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

I have an appointment with a careers advisor. (1) I’m meeting / I’ll meet her at 10 o’clock tomorrow
morning. I have prepared lots of questions to ask. (2) I’ll ask / I’m going to ask her how I can get a job
with the media and (3) I’m going to enquire / I’m enquiring about the qualifications required. Perhaps
(4) I’ll have / I’m having to do some sort of journalism course. Anyway, I think (5) I’ll be / I’m going to
be good at presenting programmes on TV. My school has also organised a talk by a journalist. He (6)
is giving / will give a presentation this evening. I don’t know whether (7) I’ll go / I’m going to go or not.
(8) I’m deciding / I’ll decide later. One thing is certain – I have decided that (9) I’m not going to stay / I
won’t stay late at the talk, because (10) I’m being / I’m going to be up early tomorrow, preparing for
my meeting.

FIRST/SECOND/ZERO CONDITIONAL
The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause: if +
present simple, ... will + infinitive It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of
course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could
easily come true.
If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
She'll be late if the train is

Structure of the first conditional positive negative question If you hurry, you'll catch the bus. If you
walk slowly, you won't catch the bus. If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus. What will you do if the
train is full tomorrow? you'll = you will won't = will not don't = do not what you will

If you come early, you (meet) my brother. He'll be here until 3 o' clock.
Your photos (be) printed and ready within an hour if you pay extra now.
Please call me as soon as you (get) there.
You (must) do the entrance exam next week if you want to study at this school.
I'm sure he'll have an accident if he (keep) driving like that.
I'll start work on the report when I (get) to work tomorrow morning.
I'll start work on the report as soon as I (get) to work tomo

Things to remember • We do not use will or would in the if-part of a conditional sentence: If it will rain
rains, I'll stay at home. • The if-part of the sentence can go at the beginning or at the end: If it rains, I'll
stay at home. I'll stay at home if it rains. • In the second conditional we use if + past (if I did, if I didn't,
etc.), but the meaning is not past. In this type of structure, the past tense refers to an imaginary or
hypothetical situation, such as finding a lot of money in the
What would you do if you found a lot of money in the street? • In a first conditional sentence, we can
use when instead of if for things that we are sure will happen: When she comes, I'll call you

any questions on the first second or zero conditionals

If I more money, I'd travel more.
What would you do if you a lot of money in the street?
A lot of health problems could be prevented if people better.
If I had her number, I her; but I don't have it.
Our kids would be happier if we in the country.
If you lend me the money, I you back before the end of the month.
If it didn't rain, I to work.
I'd get a big tattoo on my back if my parents me to do it.
I wouldn't drink that milk if I you. 10You wouldn't have so ma

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive: if + past
simple, ...would + infinitive (We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly
done in formal writing). It has two uses. First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are
probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example. If I won the lottery, I
would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I me

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen of
England, I would say hello. She would travel all over the world if she were rich. She would pass the
exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen) Second, we can use it to talk
about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at
the examples: If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's im

One Syllable Comparatives/Adjectives One syllable comparatives are made by adding “-er” to the
base form of the adjective, or one-syllable adverb. For instance: This dress is brighter than that dress.
They may reach higher than us.

Comparative adjectives are used to compare one noun to another noun. In these instances, only two
items are being compared. For example, someone might say that "the blue bird is angrier than the
robin." Superlative adjectives are used to compare three or more nouns. They're also used to
compare one thing against the rest of a group. Superlative adjectives demonstrate a higher level of
comparison between entities. For example, "She's the prettiest princess in all the land."

There are a few adjectives that have irregular forms when made into comparative or superlative
adjectives. With these, you don't add an -er or -est, and they don't include the words "more" or "most."
In some cases, a whole new word is used. These irregular forms just have to be memorized. The
examples in the printable above still follow the format of initial adjective, comparative adjective, and
superlative adjective, as in good, better, best.

Sentences With Comparative Adjectives Now that we know how to identify comparative and
superlative adjectives, let's see them in action. Here is a list of sentences making comparisons
between two things: My house is bigger than yours. Your grade is worse than mine. The Pacific
Ocean is deeper than the Arctic Ocean. You are more polite than Joey. My brother is taller than I am,
but he is older too. A rose is more beautiful than a daisy. The Earth is larger than the moon. A pint is
less than a qu
We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for most two syllable adjectives and
for all adjectives with three or more syllables: careful more careful most careful interesting more
interesting most interesting

My brother has a (tidy) room than me. Australia is (big) than England. I'm (good) now than yesterday.
She's got (little) money than you, but she doesn't care.
He thinks Chinese is (difficult) language in the world Valencia played (bad) than Real Madrid
yesterday. Cats are not (intelligent) as dogs. Show me (good) restaurant downtown. (hot) desert of all
is the Sahara and it's in Africa. Who is (talkative) person in your family?

How to use comparatives and superlatives Comparatives Superlatives Comparatives are used to
compare two things or two people: Alan is taller than John. Superlatives are used to compare more
than two things or two people. Superlative sentences usually use 'the': Alan is the most intelligent.
Similarities To express similarities use the following structure: ... as + adjective + as ... Examples:
Mike is as intelligent as Nancy. Larry is as popular as Oprah. Exercises on comparatives and superlati

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) like can, will, could, shall, must, would,
might, and should. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. ... Modal verbs add
meaning to the main verb in a sentence by expressing possibility, ability, permission, or obligation

CAN - CAN'T – CAN'T HAVE - COULD – COULD HAVE - DON'T HAVE – HAD BETTER – MIGHT -
MUST – MUST HAVE - MUSTN'T – NEED - OUGHT – SHOULDN'T
You ___________________ be exhausted after your long trip. Come in and have a drink. 2. John
___________________ taken your car keys. He hasn't even left the house. 3. I won't go out this
afternoon because the weather forecast is not very good, and I ___________________ get wet. 4.
You ___________________ to apply for the job yet. You can do it later this week. 5. I
___________________ left my wallet in the car. I can't find it anywhere. 6. That
___________________ be Jake. It's impossible. He s
6. That ___________________ be Jake. It's impossible. He said he was going to Spain.

REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

In direct speech, we quote the exact words that a person said. We put quotation marks around their
words and add a speech tag such as "he said" or "she asked" before or after the quote. For example:
"Are you free tonight?" she asked. "I failed a test last week," she said. He asked, "Have you seen any
good movies lately?" We can also use direct speech to say what someone is saying right now, as in:
She says, "Hurry up."

Reported speech is another way of saying what someone said, but without quotation marks. Reported
speech doesn't usually repeat the words exactly as the person said them. It typically changes the
tense of the verbs. For example, if the speaker used a present tense verb, we change it to the past
tense. If the speaker used a past tense verb, we change it to past perfect. We also change pronouns
and time expressions.

she says: i love you (direct speech). She said that she loved me (reported speech)
When we report questions, the subject comes before the verb. Direct speech: “Where are you going?”
Reported speech: He asked me where I was going. Direct speech: “Why is he shouting?” Reported
speech: He asked me why he was shouting. Direct speech: “What do you want?” Reported speech:
She asked me what I wanted.

THE USE OF SHOULD HAVE AND COULD HAVE IN A SENTENCE

WE USE SHOULD HAVE TO TALK ABOUT A CORRECT THING TO DO IN THE PAST WHICH WE
DIDNT DO
WE SHOULD HAVE WAITED THE BUS

I should have + (past participle)

WOULD HAVE
WHEN TO USE WOULD HAVE IN A SENTENCE

would Would is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use would mainly to: talk about the past
talk about the future in the past express the conditional mood

would for conditionals

1)You have to/should wear sports shoes in the sport hall. This is a strict rule. You are not allowed to/
don’t have to wear any other sort of shoes. 2)You can’t /shouldn’t eat crisps and chocolate in the hall
and, obviously, you don’t have to/mustn’t leave any litter. Both of these things are against our rules. 3
You should / have to sign up for our fitness classes early as they sometimes fill up. However, you
must / are allowed to use the gym at any time. It is always open. 4 Visitors can’t / don’t have to use
the gym. It is for members only. However, they are allowed to / have to go into the restaurant, which is
open to the public. 5 Members can / must sign out when they leave the club. It’s the rule. They
shouldn’t / don’t have to leave their bags in the club overnight.

Write sentences in the first conditional.

1 You / feel better / if you / eat healthily ___ If you eat healthily, you will feel better.
2 If you / not eat vegetables / you / get ill ________________________________________
3 If I / give up drinking coffee / I / sleep better ________________________________________
4 Peter / not eat junk food / if you / not give him any________________________________________
5 If we / drink more water / it / be good for us ________________________________________

Mary __had gave _ (give) me Tony's address before she left.

2. When the boys arrived at the cinema, the film _had already started _ (already, start).
3. Before we reached the station we saw that we _had lost _ (lose) our way.
4. All the tickets _were_ (be) sold before the concert began.
5. They took a shower after they _had finished _ (finish) the game.
6. I asked Mr Green how many books he _had read_ (read) 7.
Mum asked me why I _hadn’t _tided _ (not tidy) up my room. 8.
Bob was sorry that he ___________________ (told) me the story. 9. Alan watched TV after he
___________________ (have) lunch. 10. The sun __had shone _ (shine) yesterday after it
___________________ (be) cold for many
Speaking tasks-talk about the two most interesting places you have ever visited.

Talk about your diet. What do you usually eat on a typical day? What should you eat and drink?