DOCUMENTING STYLE/

ACADEMIC STYLE
(FORMATTING GUIDELINES)
 What are Documentation Styles?
 A documentation style is a standard approach to the citation of sources that the
author of a paper has consulted, abstracted, or quoted from. It prescribes methods
for citing references within the text, providing a list of works cited at the end of the
paper, and even formatting headings and margins.

 Different academic disciplines use different documentation styles; your instructor

may require you to use a particular style, or may allow you use one of your choosing.

 It is important to fully understand the documentation style to be used in your paper,

and to apply it consistently.

 Citing sources not only gives credit where it’s due, but also allows your reader to
locate the sources you have consulted.
 What To Document?

 In general, you must document information that originates in someone

else’s work. All of the following should be accompanied by a reference to
the original:
• Direct quotations
• Paraphrases and summaries
• Information and ideas that are not common knowledge or are not available
in a standard reference work
• Any borrowed material that might appear to be your own if there was no
citation
 Which Style to Use?

Choosing the appropriate documentation style for

your paper may depend on three factors:

• The requirements of the particular course;

• The standard for the discipline in which you are
studying; or
• Your individual preference.
 MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION
(MLA)
 - used by researchers in the fields of Literature, History, and Arts.
 - it gives bibliographic citations in notes that correspond to reference
numbers in the body of the paper.
 Footnotes – when they are printed at the foot of the page
 Endnotes – when they are printed at the back of the book, at the end of
the chapter, or at the end of the article or a journal.
 It does not require to make bibliography because the endnotes can
already give you full bibliographical details.
 However, to help readers locate the source the data, notes and
bibliography must appear in your paper.
Ex.

Suarez, Jonathan L. Technical Writing. Quezon City: U.P. Press, (2012)

 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
(APA)
Is used by researchers in the fields of natural sciences and
social sciences.
More researchers nowadays, regardless of their area of
concentration, prefer using this style.
Essential parts of APA documentation :
In-text Citation – it is enclosed in parentheses found in the
body of the text.
Reference List – at the end part of the book
It only gives brief information in the text citation but gives full
bibliographical details in the reference list.
Ex.
In-text format:
Suarez(2012)….. (Suarez, 2012)

Full Citation in Reference List

Suarez, J.L. (2012) Technical writing. Quezon City: U.P. Press
 CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMOS)
 is most commonly used by those working in literature, history, and
the arts. 
 Chicago in-text citations, Notes and Bibliography formatting
requires writers to use footnotes and endnotes. 
 There are two different documentation styles in CMOS:
the Notes-Bibliography system (NB), which uses footnotes, and
the Author-Date system, which uses parenthetical citations within
the text itself.
These two styles are nearly identical in content, but different in
form.
 How to Cite a Print Book in Chicago
In the footnotesStyle
and endnotes:
First name Last name, Title of Book (Publication Place: Publisher, Year),
page range.

EX. 1. Sam Staggs, Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of

Life (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 84

 In the bibliography:
 Last name, First name. Title of book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year.

EX. Staggs, Sam. Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of

Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009.
 INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS (IEEE)
 is a professi on al organi za tion su pp orti ng ma ny br anches of
engineering, computer science, and information technology. 
 In-text Citing   It is not necessary to mention an author's name,
pages used, or date of publication in the in-text citation. Instead,
refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that
will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list.
 Creating a Reference List   The Reference List appears at the end of
your paper and provides the full citations for all the references you
have used.  List all references numerically in the order they've been
cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the
b e g i n n i n g o f e a c h r e f e r e n c e .
 HOW TO CITE IN IEEE
 References are always numbered in order of citation. The first reference you cite is
always [1], the second always [2], and so forth. However, remember that these are
not footnotes – the bracketed number connects to a number on your References
page. 
IN TEXT
 EX. A trenchcoat and mask can easily disguise a few owls as a human, as
experimentally shown by Smith [1], [2].
 Italian owls are suspicious of outsiders, as noted in [3]–[5].
BOOKS
[1]      C.M. Millward, A Biography of the English Language, 2nd ed. Fort Worth, TX,
USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996.

EBOOKS:
[2]      P. H. Ditchfield, Old English Customs Extant at the Present Time. London, UK:
George Redway, 1896. [Online]. Available:
https://books.google.com/books?id=azpHAAAAIAAJ. Accessed: July 1, 2019.
INTERNET SOURCES:

https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/documentation/about-documentation-
styles
https://mc.libguides.com/c.php?g=39012&p=247956
https://www.umgc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-
center/online-guide-to-writing/tutorial/chapter5/ch5-12.htmL
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edi
tion/cmos_overview_and_workshop.html
https://www.citationmachine.net/chicago
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ieee_style/reference_list.ht
ml
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ieee_style/in-
text_citation.html