Title:__The Measurement of e/m by the brainbridge

method_____________________________________

Name: Sara
LaFreniere________________________________
_______
Objective
Partner: ______jun kim, amit
joseph________________________________
Date:
Objective

In this experiment we test the brainbridge method to determine the electron charge to mass ratio.
Experiment
Diagram

Description
We use the machine by adjusting the knob to alter the radius of the electron’s circular trajectory that
results in the current needed to reach specific posts.
DATA & RESULTS
Number of turns in Helmholtz Coils, N = 72 turns, Radius of Helmholtz Coils, a = 0.330 m  0.001 m

Filament- Beam Path Coil Net Magnetic Charge-to-

Cross bar Radius, R Current, I Current Field, B Mass
Distance (m)  1% ( 0.05 Inet = I – Io (10–4 T) Ratio, e/m
(m)  1% A) ( 0.05 (1011 C/kg)
A)
Anode Voltage, V
(V):
0.0650 0.0325 3.82 3.57 7.00  0.12 1.74  0.10

45.0  0.01
0.0780 0.0390 3.21 2.96 5.81  0.12 1.75  0.11
Zero Reference
Current, Io (A):

0.0900 0.0450 2.80 2.55 5.00  0.11 1.78  0.12

0.25  0.05
_______________

Average e/m:
0.1030 0.0515 2.49 2.24 4.39  0.11 1.76  0.13

1.46  0.09

 1011 C/kg
0.1150 0.0575 2.25 2.00 3.92  0.11 1.77  0.14

Anode Voltage, V
(V):
0.0650 0.0325 2.76 2.51 4.92  0.11 1.76  0.12

22.5  0.01
0.0780 0.0390 2.30 2.05 4.02  0.11 1.83  0.15
Zero Reference
Current, Io (A):

0.0900 0.0450 2.03 1.78 3.49  0.11 1.82  0.16

0.25  0.05
_______________

Average e/m:
0.1030 0.0515 1.79 1.54 3.02  0.11 1.86  0.18
_______________
1.41  0.11
0.1150 0.0575 1.61 1.36 2.67  0.11 1.91  0.20
 1011 C/kg

Overall Average e/m: ( 1.80  0.14 ) 1011 C/kg

Analysis

1. Sample calculation of magnetic field for ( 3.21 ) A coil current and ( 45.0 )V
anode voltage

2. I =¿( 3.21 ± 0.05 )A

I 0=¿( 0.25 ± 0.05 )A
a=¿( 0.330 ± 0.001 ) m
N = 72
o = 4  10–7 T·m/A

8 o N ( I−I 0 )
3. B=
√125 a

4.
B=
(
8 4 10 – 7 T·
m
A )
( 72 ) ( 3.21−0.25 ) A

√125(0.330 m)
5. B=5.807043939 x 10−4 T

δB δa δI +δ I 0
6. x 100 %= x 100 % + x 100 %
B a I −I 0

7. δ B= [ ( 0.01 ) m
( 0.330 ) m
x 100 %+
( 0.05+0.05 ) A
( 3.21−0.25 ) A ]
x 100 % ( 5.8 ) x 10−4 T

8. δ B=¿ 0.21378 −4
x 10 T = 0.21 −4
x 10 T
1. Sample calculation of charge to mass ratio for ( 0.390 ) m electron radius and ( 45.0 )V
anode voltage

2. R=¿( 0.0390 ) m ± 1%
V =¿( 45.0 ± 0.1 )V
B=¿ ( 5.81 ± 0.21 ) x 10−4 T

e 2V
3. = 2 2
m B R

e 2 ( 45.0 ) V
4. =
m ¿¿

e 11
5. =1.752915699 x 10 C/kg
m

6.
δe/m
e/m
x 100 %=
δV
V
x 100 % + 2
δB
B (
x 100 % + 2
δR
R ) (
x 100 % )
7. δ e/m=
[ ( 0.1 ) V
( 45.0 ) V (
x 100 %+ 2
(0.21 x 10−4 T )
−4
(5.81 x 10 T ) ) ]
x 100 % +2 ( 1 % ) ( 1.75 ) x 1011 C /kg

8. δ e/m=¿ 0.165599 11
x 10 C/kg = 0.17 11
x 10 C/kg

9. e /m=¿ ( 1.75 ± 0.17 ) x 10 11C/kg

1. Sample calculation of average charge to mass ratio for ( 45.0 ) V anode voltage

2. ¿ ¿( 1.74 ± 0.15 ) x 10 11 C/ kg
¿ ¿( 1.75 ± 0.17 ) x 10 11 C /kg
¿ ¿( 1.78 ± 0.19 ) x 10 11 C /kg
¿ ¿( 1.76 ± 0.21 ) x 10 11 C /kg
¿ ¿( 1.77 ± 0.23 ) x 10 11 C /kg

3. ( me ) avg
=¿¿ ¿

4.
e
m ( ) avg
=
( 1.74+1.75+1.78+1.76+1.77) x 1011 C/kg
5

5. ( me )
avg
=1.76 x 1011 C / kg

6. δ ( me ) avg
=δ ¿ ¿ ¿

( )
11
e (0.15+ 0.17+0.19+ 0.21+ 0.23) x 10 C/kg
7. δ =
m avg 5

8. δ ( me ) avg
=¿ 0.19 11
x 10 C/kg = 0.19 11
x 10 C/kg

1. Algebraic comparison between theoretical and overall average experimental charge to mass ratio

2. ¿ ¿( 1.76 ± 0.19 ) x 10 11 C/ kg
¿ ¿1.759 x 10 11 C/ kg

3. |¿ ¿

4. ¿ ( 1.76 ) x 1011 C / kg−( 1.754) x 10 11 C/ kg ¿ ≤ ( 0.19 ) x 1011 C / kg +0

5. (0.001) x 10 11 C/ kg ≤ ( 0.19 ) x 10 11 C/ kg Yes or No?

Conclusion
(Remember to state numerical values whenever possible)
1. Discuss whether the net Helmholtz coil current had the expected effect on the electron beam
radius for a particular anode voltage. Use equations (6) and (7) to motivate the examination of the
expected effect and use a couple of numerical values to justify your response. Equation 6 gives the
relationship between coil current and magnetic field. Equation 7 relates magnetic field and
electron beam radius for a given anode voltage.

Equation six demonstrates the relationship between magnetic field and the electron beam radius.
The relationship observed is that of the electron radius beam increases and the magnetic field
decreases. Equation seven shows the relationship between the magnetic field and the coil current.
The observed values show that when the magnetic field increases and the current increases as well.

2. Discuss whether the value of the anode voltage had the expected effect on the net current required
for the beam to hit a particular crossbar. Choose a particular crossbar and calculate the ratio of the
net current required when V = 45.0 V to the net current required when V = 22.5 V. That is,

calculate . Referring to equations (6) and (7) and remembering that e/m is a constant,
what is the expected value of this ratio? In other words, when the anode voltage is doubled, by
what factor should the net current increase in order for the electron beam radius to remain the
same?
The expected ratio is the square root of two and the achieved value is 1.42 which is close to the expected
value. The value is off by 0.01 meaning that e/m is a constant value. Resulting in the value of the net
current increasing by around 1.00.

3. Discuss whether there was agreement between the overall average e/m value and the accepted
value of 1.759  1011 C/kg.
The overall achieved value was 1.76x10^11 C/kg which agreed with the accepted value and was off by
0.001. If the achieved value was not rounded it would be the same as the accepted value.
Sources of Error
1. What assumption has been made regarding the background magnetic field? What effect would this
assumption have on your measured value for the zero-reference current and its use throughout the
experiment? Discuss how this assumption would affect the net current (and therefore magnetic
field created by the Helmholtz coil current) necessary to obtain a particular electron beam radius.
How would this affect the calculated values of charge to mass ratio?

It is assumed that the background magnetic field is negligible. resulting in the assumption that the
measured values of current and the proportions between the current and magnetic field are off. the
magnetic field should be closer to the value of the current. The net current is affecting the
accuracy of the value of the net current, the value should be a little higher. The charge to mass
ratio is affected. it should be lower than calculated. the value of the magnetic field is higher that
causes a decreases in charge.