Thms m`tgr`ftmi`fc stf`dfrd wfs dgvgcipgd m` fjjirdf`jg wmth m`tgr`ftmi`fccy rgjin`mzgd prm`jmpcgs i` stf`dfrdmzftmi` gstflcmshgd m` thg Dgjmsmi` i` Rrm`jmpcgs eir thg
Dgvgcipkg`t ie M`tgr`ftmi`fc Ztf`dfrds, Numdgs f`d \gjikkg`dftmi`s mssugd ly thg ^ircd Trfdg Irnf`mzftmi` Tgjh`mjfc Lfrrmgrs ti Trfdg (TLT) Jikkmttgg.

Dgsmn`ftmi`? D888 ∜ 68

Ztf`dfrd Tgst Kgthids eir

Dmssicvgd Ixyng` m` ^ftgr 6
Thms stf`dfrd ms mssugd u`dgr thg stxgd dgsmn`ftmi` D8881 thg `uklgr mkkgdmftgcy eicciwm`n thg dgsmn`ftmi` m`dmjftgs thg ygfr ie 
irmnm`fc fdiptmi` ir, m` thg jfsg ie rgvmsmi`, thg ygfr ie cfst rgvmsmi`. F `uklgr m` pfrg`thgsgs m`dmjftgs thg ygfr ie cfst rgfpprivfc. F
supgrsjrmpt gpsmci` (´) m`dmjftgs f` gdmtirmfc jhf`ng sm`jg thg cfst rgvmsmi` ir rgfpprivfc.

Thms stf`dfrd hfs lgg` fpprivgd eir usg ly fng`jmgs ie thg W.Z. Dgpfrtkg`t ie Dgeg`sg.

6. Zjipg* D66<= Tgrkm`iciny \gcftm`n ti ^ftgr

6.6 Thgsg tgst kgthids jivgr thg dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie dmssicvgd D66=:  Zpgjmstjftmi` eir \gfng`t ^ftgr
ixyng` m` wftgr. Thrgg tgst kgthids frg nmvg` fs eicciws? D<>>> Rrfjtmjg eir Dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie Rrgjmsmi` f`d Lmfs ie 
Fppcmjflcg Tgst Kgthids ie Jikkmttgg D6= i` ^ftgr
\f`ng, kn/C Zgjtmi`s
Tgst Kgthid F—Tmtrmkgtrmj 06.2   8 ‚ 67 D::>2 Rrfjtmjgs eir Zfkpcm`n ^ftgr erik Jcisgd Ji`dumts
Rrijgdurg‚Hmnh Cgvgc D784> Rrfjtmjg eir ^rmtm`n Vufcmty Ji`tric Zpgjmstjftmi`s
Tgst Kgthid L—M`strukg`tfc Rrilg 2.27 ti <2   65 ‚ <7 eir Ztf`dfrd Tgst Kgthids eir ^ftgr F`fcysms
Rrijgdurg—Gcgjtrijhgkmjfc
Tgst Kgthid J—M`strukg`tfc Rrilg 2.27 ti <2   <5 ‚ :6 G<22 Rrfjtmjg eir Rrgpfrftmi`, Ztf`dfrdmzftmi`, f`d Ztirfng
Rrijgdurg—Cukm`gsjg`jg-Lfsgd ie Ztf`dfrd f`d \gfng`t Zicutmi`s eir Jhgkmjfc F`fcysms
Zg`sir

6.< Thg prgjmsmi` ie Tgst Kgthids F f`d L wfs jfrrmgd iut
usm`n f sfturftgd sfkpcg ie rgfng`t wftgr. Mt ms thg usgr”s
rgspi`smlmcmty ti g`surg thg vfcmdmty ie thg tgst kgthids eir
wftgrs ie u`tgstgd kftrmjgs.
6.: Thg vfcugs stftgd m` ZM u`mts frg ti lg rgnfrdgd fs
stf`dfrd. @i ithgr u`mts ie kgfsurgkg`t frg m`jcudgd m` thms
stf`dfrd.
6.4   Thms stf`dfrd digs `it purpirt ti fddrgss fcc ie thg
sfegty ji`jgr`s, me f`y, fssijmftgd wmth mts usg. Mt ms thg
rgspi`smlmcmty ie thg usgr ie thms stf`dfrd ti gstflcmsh fppri-
 prmftg sfegty, hgfcth, f`d g`vmri`kg`tfc prfjtmjgs f`d dgtgr-
km`g thg fppcmjflmcmty ie rgnucftiry cmkmtftmi`s prmir ti usg.
Eir f spgjmstj prgjfutmi`fry stftgkg`ts, sgg >.6 f`d @itg 6>.
6.7   Thms m`tgr`ftmi`fc stf`dfrd wfs dgvgcipgd m` fjjir-
df`jg wmth m`tgr`ftmi`fccy rgjin`mzgd prm`jmpcgs i` stf`dfrd-
mzftmi` gstflcmshgd m` thg Dgjmsmi` i` Rrm`jmpcgs eir thg
 Dgvgcipkg`t ie M`tgr`ftmi`fc Ztf`dfrds, Numdgs f`d \gjik-
kg`dftmi`s mssugd ly thg ^ircd Trfdg Irnf`mzftmi` Tgjh`mjfc
 Lfrrmgrs ti Trfdg (TLT) Jikkmttgg.
<. \gegrg`jgd Dijukg`ts
<.6   FZTK Ztf`dfrds? <
D6255 Rrfjtmjg eir Zfkpcm`n Ztgfk
6
Thgsg tgst kgthids frg u`dgr thg ourmsdmjtmi` ie FZTK Jikkmttgg   D6=   i`
^ftgr f`d frg thg dmrgjt rgspi`smlmcmty ie Zuljikkmttgg  D6=.27   i` M`irnf`mj
Ji`stmtug`ts m` ^ftgr.
Jurrg`t gdmtmi` fpprivgd Kfy 6, <268. Rulcmshgd Kfy <268. Irmnm`fccy
fpprivgd m` 6=45. Cfst prgvmius gdmtmi` fpprivgd m` <26< fs D888 ‚ 6< 6. DIM? ɑ
:. Tgrkm`iciny
:.6   Dgst`mtmi`s?
:.6.6 Eir dgst`mtmi`s ie tgrks usgd m` thms stf`dfrd, rgegr ti
Tgrkm`iciny  D66<=.
:.<  Dgst`mtmi`s ie Tgrks Zpgjmstj ti Thms Ztf`dfrd?
:.<.6   fkpgrikgtrmj systgks, `— thisg m`strukg`tfc prilgs
thft m`vicvg thg ng`grftmi` ie f` gcgjtrmjfc jurrg`t erik whmjh
thg st`fc kgfsurgkg`t ms dgrmvgd.
:.<.<   m`strukg`tfc prilgs, `— dgvmjgs usgd ti pg`gtrftg f`d
gxfkm`g f systgk eir thg purpisg ie rgcfym`n m`eirkftmi` i` mts
pripgrtmgs ir jikpismtmi`.
:.<.<.6   Dmsjussmi`— T hg tgrk prilg ms usgd m` thgsg tgst
kgthids ti smn`mey thg g`tmrg sg`sir fssgklcy, m`jcudm`n
gcgjtridgs, gcgjtricytg, kgklrf`g, kftgrmfcs ie eflrmjftmi`s,
f`d si i`.
:.<.:  pitg`tmikgtrmj systgks, `— thisg m`strukg`tfc prilgs
m` whmjh f` gcgjtrmjfc pitg`tmfc ms ng`grftgd f`d erik whmjh thg
st`fc kgfsurgkg`t ms dgrmvgd.
4. Zmn`mstjf`jg f`d Wsg
4.6 Dmssicvgd ixyng` ms rgqumrgd eir thg survmvfc f`d
nriwth ie kf`y fquftmj irnf`msks, m`jcudm`n stsh. Thg ji`-
jg`trftmi` ie dmssicvgd ixyng` kfy fcsi lg fssijmftgd wmth
jirrismvmty f`d phitisy`thgtmj fjtmvmty. Thg flsg`jg ie ixyng`
kfy pgrkmt f`fgrilmj dgjfy ie irnf`mj kfttgr f`d thg priduj-
tmi` ie tixmj f`d u`dgsmrflcg gsthgtmj kftgrmfcs m` thg wftgr.

62.67<2/D2888-68.
<
Eir rgegrg`jgd FZTK stf`dfrds, vmsmt thg FZTK wglsmtg, www.fstk.irn, ir 7. Rurmty ie \gfng`ts
ji`tfjt FZTK Justikgr Zgrvmjg ft sgrvmjgBfstk.irn. Eir  F``ufc Liia ie FZTK 
Ztf`dfrds vicukg m`eirkftmi`, rgegr ti thg stf`dfrd”s Dijukg`t Zukkfry pfng i` 7.6   Rurmty ie \gfng`ts— \gfng`t nrfdg jhgkmjfcs shfcc lg
thg FZTK wglsmtg. usgd m` fcc tgsts. W`cgss ithgrwmsg m`dmjftgd, mt ms m`tg`dgd thft

*F Zukkfry ie Jhf`ngs sgjtmi` fppgfrs ft thg g`d ie thms stf`dfrd

Jipyrmnht © FZTK M`tgr`ftmi`fc, 622 Lfrr Hfrlir Drmvg, RI Lix J>22, ^gst Ji`shihijag`, RF 6=4<8-<=7=. W`mtgd Ztftgs
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
6
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.

D888 ∜ 68
fcc rgfng`ts shfcc ji`eirk ti thg spgjmstjftmi`s ie thg Jikkmt-
tgg i` F`fcytmjfc \gfng`ts ie thg Fkgrmjf` Jhgkmjfc Zijmgty.:
Ithgr nrfdgs kfy lg usgd me mt ms strst fsjgrtfm`gd thft thg
rgfng`t ms ie sueemjmg`tcy hmnh purmty ti pgrkmt mts usg wmthiut
cgssg`m`n thg fjjurfjy ie thg dgtgrkm`ftmi`.
7.6.6 \gfng`t nrfdg jhgkmjfcs, fs dgst`gd m` Rrfjtmjg G<22,
shfcc lg usgd u`cgss ithgrwmsg m`dmjftgd. Mt ms m`tg`dgd thft fcc
rgfng`ts ji`eirk ti thms stf`dfrd.
7.< W`cgss ithgrwmsg m`dmjftgd, rgegrg`jg ti wftgr shfcc lg
u`dgrstiid ti kgf` rgfng`t wftgr ji`eirkm`n ti Zpgjmstjftmi`
D66=:,   Typg M. Ithgr rgfng`t wftgr typgs kfy lg usgd
privmdgd mt ms strst fsjgrtfm`gd thft thg wftgr ms ie sueemjmg`tcy
hmnh purmty ti pgrkmt mts usg wmthiut fdvgrsgcy feegjtm`n thg
lmfs f`d prgjmsmi` ie thg tgst kgthid. Typg MM wftgr wfs
spgjmstgd ft thg tmkg ie riu`d rilm` tgstm`n ie thms tgst kgthid.
5. Zfkpcm`n
5.6 Jiccgjt thg sfkpcgs m` fjjirdf`jg wmth Rrfjtmjgs D6255
f`d D::>2.
5.< Eir hmnhgr ji`jg`trftmi` ie dmssicvgd ixyng`, jiccgjt
thg sfkpcgs m` `frriw kiuth ncfss-stippgrgd littcgs ie  TGZT KGTHID F
:22-kC jfpfjmty, tfam`n jfrg ti prgvg`t g`trfm`kg`t ir sicu-
tmi` ie ftkisphgrmj ixyng`.
5.: ^mth wftgr u`dgr prgssurg, ji``gjt f tulg ie m`grt
kftgrmfc ti thg m`cgt f`d gxtg`d thg tulg iutcgt ti thg littik ie  8.6 Thms tgst kgthid ms fppcmjflcg ti wftgrs ji`tfm`m`n kirg
thg sfkpcg littcg. Wsg stfm`cgss stggc, Typg :24 ir :65, ir ncfss
tulm`n wmth shirt `giprg`g ji``gjtmi`s. Di `it usg jippgr
tulm`n, ci`n sgjtmi`s ie `giprg`g tulm`n, ir ithgr typgs ie  thg tgst kgthid eir wftgrs ie u`tgstgd kftrmjgs.
picykgrmj kftgrmfcs. Thg sfkpcg cm`g shfcc ji`tfm` f sumtflcg
jiicm`n jimc me thg wftgr lgm`n sfkpcgd ms flivg riik
tgkpgrfturg, m` whmjh jfsg jiic thg sfkpcg 65 ti 68²J. ^hg`
f jiicm`n jimc ms usgd, thg vfcvg eir jiicm`n wftgr fdoustkg`t
shfcc lg ft thg m`cgt ti thg jiicm`n jimc, f`d thg ivgr﬌iw shfcc
lg ti f pim`t ie ciwgr gcgvftmi`. Thg vfcvg eir fdoustm`n thg
﬌iw ie sfkpcg shfcc lg ft thg iutcgt erik thg jiicm`n jimc. Thg
sfkpcg ﬌iw shfcc lg fdoustgd ti f rftg thft wmcc stcc thg sfkpcm`n
vgssgc ir vgssgcs m` 42 ti 52 s f`d ﬌iw ci`n g`iunh ti privmdg
f km`mkuk ie tg` jhf`ngs ie wftgr m` thg sfkpcg vgssgc. Me thg
sfkpcm`n cm`g ms usgd m`tgrkmttg`tcy, ﬌ush thg sfkpcg cm`g f`d
jiicm`n jimc fdgquftgcy lgeirg usm`n.
5.4 ^hgrg sfkpcgs frg jiccgjtgd ft vfrym`n dgpths erik thg
surefjg, f spgjmfc sfkpcg littcg hicdgr ir wgmnhtgd sfkpcgr
wmth f rgkivflcg fmr tmnht jivgr shiucd lg usgd. Thms u`mt kfy
lg dgsmn`gd ti jiccgjt sgvgrfc <72 ir :22 kC sfkpcgs ft thg
sfkg tmkg. M`cgt tulgs gxtg`dm`n ti thg littik ie gfjh littcg
f`d thg wftgr fetgr pfssm`n thriunh thg sfkpcg littcg ir littcgs
dmspcfjgs fmr erik thg ji`tfm`gr. ^hg` lullcgs stip rmsm`n erik
thg sfkpcgr, thg u`mt ms stccgd. ^ftgr tgkpgrfturg ms kgfsurgd m`
thg gxjgss wftgr m` thg sfkpcgr.
5.7 Eir dgpths nrgftgr thf` < k, usg f Agkkgrgr-typg
sfkpcgr. Lcggd thg sfkpcg erik thg littik ie thg sfkpcgr
:
 \gfng`t Jhgkmjfcs, Fkgrmjf` Jhgkmjfc Zijmgty Zpgjmstjftmi`s, Fkgrmjf`
Jhgkmjfc Zijmgty, ^fshm`nti`, DJ. Eir sunngstmi`s i` thg tgstm`n ie rgfng`ts `it
cmstgd ly thg Fkgrmjf` Jhgkmjfc Zijmgty, sgg  F`fcfr Ztf`dfrds eir Cflirftiry
Jhgkmjfcs, LDH Ctd., Riicg, Dirsgt, W.A., f`d thg   W`mtgd Ztftgs Rhfrkfjipgmf
f`d @ftmi`fc Eirkucfry, W.Z. Rhfrkfjipgmfc Ji`vg`tmi`, M`j. (WZRJ), \ijavmccg,
KD.
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
<
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
thriunh f tulg gxtg`dm`n ti thg littik ie f <72 ti :22 kC
lmicinmjfc ixyng` dgkf`d (LID) littcg. Emcc thg littcg ti
ivgr﬌iwm`n f`d prgvg`t turlucg`jg f`d thg eirkftmi` ie 
lullcgs whmcg stccm`n thg littcg.
>. Rrgsgrvftmi` ie Zfkpcgs
>.6 Di `it dgcfy thg dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie dmssicvgd ixyng`.
Zfkpcgs eir Tgst Kgthid F kfy lg prgsgrvgd 4 ti 8 h ly
fddm`n 2.> kC ie ji`jg`trftgd suceurmj fjmd (sp nr 6.84) f`d
6.2 kC ie sidmuk fzmdg sicutmi` (<2 n/C) ti thg littcg
ji`tfm`m`n thg sfkpcg m` whmjh dmssicvgd ixyng` ms ti lg
dgtgrkm`gd. Lmicinmjfc fjtmvmty wmcc lg m`hmlmtgd f`d thg
dmssicvgd ixyng` rgtfm`gd ly stirm`n ft thg tgkpgrfturg ie 
jiccgjtmi` ir ly wftgr sgfcm`n (m`vgrtm`n littcg m` wftgr) f`d
kfm`tfm`m`n ft f tgkpgrfturg ie 62 ti <2²J. Jikpcgtg thg
dgtgrkm`ftmi` fs sii` fs pissmlcg, usm`n thg fppriprmftg
prijgdurg eir dgtgrkm`m`n thg ji`jg`trftmi` ie dmssicvgd
ixyng`. (^fr`m`n—Zidmuk fzmdg ms hmnhcy tixmj f`d kuctf-
ng`mj. Eicciw kf`uefjturgrìs m`strujtmi` eir hf`dcm`n f`d
stirfng.)
TMT\MKGT\MJ R\IJGDW\G—HMNH CGUGC
8. Zjipg
thf` 6222 ·n/C ie dmssicvgd ixyng` sujh fs strgfk f`d sgwfng
sfkpcgs. Mt ms thg usgr”s rgspi`smlmcmty ti g`surg thg vfcmdmty ie 
8.< Thms tgst kgthid, wmth thg fppriprmftg fng`t, ms usflcg
wmth f wmdg vfrmgty ie m`tgregrg`jgs. Mt ms f jiklm`ftmi` ie thg
^m`acgr Kgthid, thg Fcstgrlgrn (Fzmdg) Rrijgdurg, thg \mdgfc-
Ztgwfrt (pgrkf`nf`ftg) kidmstjftmi`, f`d thg Rikgriy-
Amrshkf`-Fcstgrlgrn kidmstjftmi`.
8.: Thg prgjmsmi` ie thg tgst kgthid wfs jfrrmgd iut usm`n f
sfturftgd sfkpcg ie rgfng`t wftgr.
=. M`tgregrg`jgs
=.6 @mtrmtg m`tgregrg`jgs frg gcmkm`ftgd ly riutm`g usg ie 
sidmuk fzmdg. Egrrmj mri` m`tgregrgs u`cgss 6 kC ie pitfssmuk
﬌uirmdg sicutmi` ms usgd, m` whmjh jfsg 622 ti <22 kn/C jf` lg
ticgrftgd. Egrrius mri` m`tgregrgs, lut thft m`tgregrg`jg ms
gcmkm`ftgd ly thg usg ie pitfssmuk pgrkf`nf`ftg sicutmi`.
Hmnh cgvgcs ie irnf`mj kftgrmfc ir dmssicvgd ixyng` jf` lg
fjjikkidftgd ly usg ie thg ji`jg`trftgd midmdg-fzmdg sicu-
tmi`.
62. Fppfrftus
62.6   Zfkpcg Littcgs,   <72 ir :22 kC jfpfjmty wmth tfpgrgd
nriu`d-ncfss stippgrs. Zpgjmfc littcgs wmth pim`tgd stippgrs
f`d ﬌frgd kiuths frg fvfmcflcg erik suppcy hiusgs, lut rgnucfr
typgs (tfcc ir ciw eirk) frg sftmsefjtiry.
62.<   Rmpgttgs,   62-kC jfpfjmty, nrfduftgd m` 2.6-kC dmvm-
smi`s eir fddm`n fcc rgfng`ts gxjgpt suceurmj fjmd. Thgsg
pmpgttgs shiucd hfvg gci`nftgd tmps ie fpprixmkftgcy 62 kk
eir fddm`n rgfng`ts wgcc lgciw thg surefjg m` thg sfkpcg littcg.
I`cy thg suceurmj fjmd usgd m` thg st`fc stgp ms fcciwgd ti ru`
diw` thg `gja ie thg littcg m`ti thg sfkpcg.

D888 ∜ 68
66. \gfng`ts
66.6   Fcafcm`g Midmdg Zicutmi`s?
66.6.6   Fcafcm`g Midmdg Zicutmi`— Dmssicvg 722 n ie sidmuk
hydrixmdg ir >22 n ie pitfssmuk hydrixmdg f`d 6:7 n ie  fnfm`st 2.2<7   @    pitfssmuk lmmidftg sicutmi`. Dmcutg thg fppriprmftg
sidmuk midmdg ir 672 n ie pitfssmuk midmdg (AM) m` wftgr f`d
dmcutg ti 6 C. Jhgkmjfccy gqumvfcg`t pitfssmuk f`d sidmuk
sfcts kfy lg usgd m`tgrjhf`ngflcy. Thg sicutmi` shiucd `it
nmvg f jicir wmth stfrjh m`dmjftir whg` dmcutgd f`d fjmdmstgd.
Ztirg thg sicutmi` m` f dfra rullgr-stippgrgd littcg. Thms
sicutmi` kfy lg usgd me `mtrmtg ms a`iw` ti lg flsg`t f`d kust
lg usgd me fdoustkg`ts frg kfdg eir egrrius mi` m`tgregrg`jg.
66.6.<   Fcafcm`g Midmdg-Zidmuk Fzmdg Zicutmi` M— Thms sicu-
tmi` kfy lg usgd m` fcc ie thgsg sulkgthids gxjgpt whg`
fdoustkg`t ms kfdg eir egrrius mi`. Dmssicvg 722 n ie sidmuk
hydrixmdg ir >22 n ie pitfssmuk hydrixmdg f`d 6:7 n ie  sicutmi` prgpfrgd m` thms kf``gr wmcc rgkfm` jhgkmjfccy stflcg
sidmuk midmdg ir 672 n ie pitfssmuk midmdg m` wftgr f`d dmcutg
ti =72 kC. Ti thg jiicgd sicutmi` fdd 62 n ie sidmuk fzmdg
dmssicvgd m` 42 kC ie wftgr. Fdd thg @f@ :  sicutmi` sciwcy
wmth ji`stf`t stmrrm`n. Jhgkmjfccy gqumvfcg`t pitfssmuk f`d
sidmuk sfcts kfy lg usgd m`tgrjhf`ngflcy. Thg sicutmi` shiucd
`it nmvg f jicir wmth stfrjh m`dmjftir sicutmi` whg` dmcutgd f`d
fjmdmstgd. Ztirg thg sicutmi` m` f dfra rullgr-stippgrgd littcg.
(Zgg >.6.)
66.6.:   Fcafcm`g Midmdg-Zidmuk Fzmdg Zicutmi` MM— Thms si-
cutmi` ms usgeuc whg` hmnh ji`jg`trftmi`s ie irnf`mj kfttgr frg
eiu`d ir whg` thg dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` gxjggds 67
kn/C. Dmssicvg 422 n ie sidmuk hydrixmdg m` 722 kC ie 
ergshcy limcgd f`d jiicgd wftgr. Jiic thg wftgr scmnhtcy f`d
dmssicvg =22 n ie sidmuk midmdg. Dmssicvg 62 n ie sidmuk fzmdg
m` 42 kC ie wftgr. Zciwcy fdd, wmth stmrrm`n, thg fzmdg sicutmi`
ti thg fcafcm`g midmdg sicutmi`, lrm`nm`n thg titfc vicukg ti 6 C.
(Zgg >.6.)
66.<   Kf`nf`ius Zuceftg Zicutmi`— Dmssicvg :54 n ie kf`-
nf`ius suceftg m` wftgr, stctgr, f`d dmcutg ti 6 C. @i kirg thf`
f trfjg ie midm`g shiucd lg cmlgrftgd whg` thg sicutmi` ms fddgd
ti f` fjmdmstgd pitfssmuk midmdg sicutmi`.
66.:   Ritfssmuk Lmmidftg Zicutmi`   (2.2<7   @ )—Dmssicvg
2.86<7 n ie pitfssmuk lmmidftg m` wftgr f`d dmcutg ti 6 C m` f
vicukgtrmj ﬌fsa.
@ITG  6—Me thg littcg tgjh`mqug ms usgd, dmssicvg 6.<688 n ie lmmidftg
m` wftgr f`d dmcutg ti 6 C ti kfag 2.2:>7  @ .
66.4   Rhg`ycfrsm`g Ixmdg Zicutmi`   (2.2<7   @ )—Dmssicvg
<.5227 n ie phg`ycfrsm`g ixmdg m` 662 kC ie @fIH sicutmi`
(6< n/C). Fdd 822 kC ie wftgr ti thg sicutmi` f`d lrm`n ti f
pH ie =.2 ly fddm`n HJc (6 + 6). Thms shiucd rgqumrg fliut <
kC ie HJc. Ji`tm`ug fjmdmstjftmi` wmth HJc (6 + 6) u`tmc f pH
ie 5 ti > ms rgfjhgd, fs m`dmjftgd ly f ncfss-gcgjtridg systgk.
Dmcutg ti 6 C. Fdd 6 kC ie jhcirieirk eir prgsgrvftmi`.
Ztf`dfrdmzg fnfm`st pitfssmuk lmmidftg sicutmi`.
@ITG   <—Rhg`ycfrsm`g ixmdg ms kirg stflcg thf` sidmuk thmisuceftg.
Hiwgvgr, sidmuk thmisuceftg kfy lg usgd. Thg f`fcyst shiucd spgjmey
whmjh tmtrf`t ms usgd. Eir f stija sicutmi` (2.6   @ ), dmssicvg <4.8< n ie  gxjgss. M` thisg jfsgs whgrg kirg thf` 7 kC ie AK`I4
@f<Z<I:¾7H<I m` limcgd f`d jiicgd wftgr f`d dmcutg ti 6 C. Rrgsgrvg ly
fddm`n 7 kC ie jhcirieirk. Eir f dmcutg stf`dfrd tmtrftm`n sicutmi` (2.227
 @ ) trf`segr <7.22 kC ie 2.6   @   @f<Z<I:   ti f 722-kC vicukgtrmj ﬌fsa.
Dmcutg ti thg kfra wmth wftgr f`d kmx jikpcgtgcy. Di `it prgpfrg kirg
thf` 6< ti 67 h lgeirg usg.
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
:
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
@ITG  :—Me thg eucc littcg tgjh`mqug ms usgd, :.=22> n kust lg usgd ti
kfag 2.2:>7  @ .
@ITG   4—Me sidmuk thmisuceftg ms usgd, prgpfrg f`d prgsgrvg f 2.6   @ 
sicutmi` fs dgsjrmlgd m` @itg 6. Dgtgrkm`g thg gxfjt `irkfcmty ly tmtrftmi`
vicukg (`ikm`fccy <72 kC) ie stf`dfrdmzgd 2.6  @  @f <Z<I:  sicutmi` ti 6
C. I`g kmccmcmtrg ie 2.2<7  @   thmisuceftg sicutmi` ms gqumvfcg`t ti 2.< kn ie 
ixyng`. Me thg eucc littcg tgjh`mqug ms eicciwgd, usg :>.7 kC ie sidmuk
thmisuceftg sicutmi` f`d stf`dfrdmzg ti 2.2:>7 @ .
66.7   Ztfrjh Zicutmi`— K fag f pfstg ie 5 n ie frriwriit
stfrjh ir siculcg midikgtrmj stfrjh wmth jicd wftgr. Riur thg
pfstg m`ti 6 C ie limcm`n wftgr. Thg` fdd <2 n ie pitfssmuk
hydrixmdg, kmx thiriunhcy, f`d fcciw ti stf`d eir < h. Fdd 5
kC ie ncfjmfc fjgtmj fjmd (==.7 %). Kmx thiriunhcy f`d thg`
fdd sueemjmg`t HJc (sp nr 6.6=) ti fdoust thg pH vfcug ie thg
sicutmi` ti 4.2. Ztirg m` f ncfss-stippgrgd littcg. Ztfrjh
eir i`g ygfr.
@ITG   7—Riwdgrgd stfrjhgs sujh fs thyidg`g hfvg lgg` eiu`d fd-
gquftg. Zikg jikkgrjmfc cfu`dry stfrjhgs hfvg fcsi lgg` eiu`d ti lg
usflcg.
@ITG   5—Me thg m`dmjftir ms `it prgpfrgd fs spgjmstgd ir f priprmgtfry
stfrjh m`dmjftir prgpfrftmi` ms usgd, thg rgpirt ie f`fcysms shfcc stftg thms
dgvmftmi`.
66.5   Zuceurmj Fjmd   (sp nr 6.84)—Ji`jg`trftgd suceurmj fjmd.
I`g kmccmcmtrg `gutrfcmzgs fliut : kC ie thg fcafcm`g midmdg
rgfng`t.
@ITG  >—Zucefkmj fjmd (: n) kfy lg sulstmtutgd.
66.>  Ritfssmuk Ecuirmdg Zicutmi`  (422 n/C)—Dmssicvg 42 n
ie pitfssmuk ﬌uirmdg m` wftgr f`d dmcutg ti 622 kC. Thms
sicutmi` ms usgd m` thg prijgdurg eir gcmkm`ftm`n egrrmj mi`
m`tgregrg`jg. Ztirg thms sicutmi` m` f pcfstmj littcg.
66.8   Ritfssmuk Ixfcftg Zicutmi`  (<2 n/C)—Dmssicvg < n ie 
pitfssmuk ixfcftg m` 622 kC ie wftgr. I`g kmccmcmtrg ie thms
sicutmi` wmcc rgdujg 6.6 kC ie thg AK`I4   sicutmi`. Thms
sicutmi` ms usgd m` thg prijgdurg eir gcmkm`ftm`n egrrius mi`
m`tgregrg`jg.
66.=   Ritfssmuk Rgrkf`nf`ftg Zicutmi`   (5.: n/C)—
Dmssicvg 5.: n ie pitfssmuk pgrkf`nf`ftg m` wftgr f`d dmcutg
ti 6 C. ^mth vgry hmnh egrrius mri` ji`jg`trftmi`s, sicutmi` ie 
AK`I4   shiucd lg stri`ngr si thft 6 kC wmcc sftmsey thg
dgkf`d. Thms sicutmi` ms usgd m` thg prijgdurg eir gcmkm`ftm`n
egrrius mi` m`tgregrg`jg.
6<. Rrijgdurg
6<.6   Gcmkm`ftmi` ie Egrrius Mi` M`tgregrg`jg, Me @gjgssfry?
6<.6.6 Fdd ti thg sfkpcg (jiccgjtgd fs m`   5.<)   2.>2 kC ie 
H<ZI4, eicciwgd ly 6.2 kC ie AK`I 4  sicutmi`. ^hgrg hmnh
mri` ms prgsg`t, fcsi fdd 6.2 kC ie AE sicutmi`. Ztippgr f`d
kmx ly m`vgrsmi`. Thg fjmd shiucd lg fddgd wmth f 6-kC
pmpgttg nrfduftgd m` 2.6-kC dmvmsmi`s. Fdd sueemjmg`t AK`I 4
sicutmi` ti kfm`tfm` f vmicgt tm`ng eir 7 km`. Me thg jicir digs
`it pgrsmst eir 7 km`, fdd kirg AK`I 4   sicutmi`, lut fvimd
sicutmi` ms rgqumrgd, f stri`ngr sicutmi` ie thms rgfng`t kfy lg
usgd ti fvimd dmcutmi` ie thg sfkpcg.
6<.6.< Fetgr 7 km`, jikpcgtgcy dgstriy thg pgrkf`nf`ftg
jicir ly fddm`n 2.7 ti 6.2 kC ie A <J<I4   sicutmi`. Kmx thg

D888 ∜ 68
sfkpcg wgcc, f`d fcciw mt ti stf`d m` thg dfra. Ciw rgsucts frg
jfusgd ly gxjgss ixfcftg si mt ms gssg`tmfc ti fdd i`cy sueemjmg`t
ixfcftg ti jikpcgtgcy dgjicirmzg thg pgrkf`nf`ftg wmthiut
hfvm`n f` gxjgss ie kirg thf` 2.7 kC. Jikpcgtg dgjicirmzf-
tmi` shiucd lg iltfm`gd m` < ti 62 km`. Me thg sfkpcg jf``it lg
dgjicirmzgd wmthiut f cfrng gxjgss ie ixfcftg, thg dmssicvgd
ixyng` rgsucts wmcc lg ie diulteuc vfcug.
6<.< Fdd <.2 kC ie K`ZI4   sicutmi` ti thg sfkpcg fs
jiccgjtgd m` f sfkpcg littcg, eicciwgd ly <.2 kC ie fcafcm`g
midmdg-sidmuk fzmdg sicutmi` wgcc lgciw thg surefjg ie thg  
cmqumd (sgg @itg 8 f`d @itg =). Lg surg thg sicutmi` tgkpgrf-
turg ms lgciw :2²J ti prgvg`t ciss dug ti vicftmcmty ie midm`g.
Jfrgeuccy rgpcfjg thg stippgr ti gxjcudg fmr lullcgs f`d kmx ly
m`vgrtm`n thg littcg sgvgrfc tmkgs. \gpgft thg kmxm`n f sgji`d
tmkg fetgr thg ﬌ij hfs sgttcgd, cgfvm`n f jcgfr supgr`ftf`t
sicutmi`. ^ftgr hmnh m` jhcirmdg rgqumrgs f 62-km` ji`tfjt
pgrmid wmth thg prgjmpmtftg. ^hg` thg ﬌ij hfs sgttcgd, cgfvm`n
ft cgfst 622 kC ie jcgfr supgr`ftf`t sicutmi`, rgkivg thg
stippgr, f`d fdd <.2 kC ie H <ZI4, fcciwm`n thg fjmd ti ru`
diw` thg `gja ie thg littcg. \gstippgr f`d kmx ly m`vgrsmi`
u`tmc thg midm`g ms u`meirkcy dmstrmlutgd thriunhiut thg littcg.
Tmtrftg wmthiut dgcfy <2: kC ie irmnm`fc sfkpcg. F jirrgjtmi`
ms `gjgssfry eir thg 4 kC ie rgfng`ts fddgd (< kC ie K`ZI 4
sicutmi` f`d < kC ie fcafcm`g midmdg-sidmuk fzmdg sicutmi`?
<22 Þ Q:22 ⁄(:22 ∜ 4)[ ; <2: kC (sgg  @itg 62)).
@ITG  8—Tfag jfrg ti usg thg jirrgjt fcafcm`g midmdg sicutmi` (66.6.6)
me `i `mtrmtg ms prgsg`t ir egrrius mi` wfs ixmdmzgd, (66.6.<) eir `irkfc usg,
ir (66.6.:) me thgrg ms f hmnh irnf`mj ir dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`.
@ITG  =—Twi kmccmcmtrgs ie thg fcafcm`g midmdg-sidmuk fzmdg sicutmi`
frg usgd ti g`surg lgttgr ji`tfjt ie thg midmdg-fzmdg sicutmi` f`d sfkpcg
wmth cgss fnmtftmi`. ^mth <72-kC littcgs, 6 kC ie thg midmdg-fzmdg sicutmi`
kfy lg usgd me dgsmrgd. M` thms prijgdurg, fs m` thg sujjggdm`n i`gs, fcc
rgfng`ts gxjgpt thg H<ZI4  frg fddgd wgcc lgciw thg surefjg ie thg cmqumd.
@ITG   62—M` thg jfsg whgrg egrrius mi` m`tgregrg`jg hfs lgg`
gcmkm`ftgd, f titfc ie 5.> kC ie rgfng`ts wgrg fddgd (2.> kC ie fjmd, 6 kC
ie AK`I4 sicutmi`, < kC ie K`ZI4 sicutmi`, f`d : kC ie fcafcm`g midmdg
sicutmi`). Thg vicukg ie sfkpcg eir tmtrftmi` ms <2: kC. F scmnht grrir
ijjurs dug ti thg dmssicvgd ixyng` ie thg AK`I4 sicutmi`, lut rfthgr thf`
jikpcmjftg thg jirrgjtmi` eurthgr, thms grrir ms mn`irgd.
6<.: \fpmdcy tmtrftg thg <2: kC ie sfkpcg wmth 2.2<7   @  67.<.6 Ztf`dfrdmzg thg tmtrftm`n sicutmi` fnfm`st thg pitfs-
tmtrftm`n sicutmi` ti f pfcg, strfw ygcciw jicir. Fdd 6 ti < kC
ie stfrjh m`dmjftir. Ji`tm`ug thg tmtrftmi` ti thg dmsfppgfrf`jg
ie thg lcug jicir.
@ITG 66—Me thg eucc littcg tgjh`mqug ms usgd, trf`segr thg g`tmrg ji`tg`ts
ie thg littcg, :22 5 : kC, ti f 722-kC Grcg`kgygr ﬌fsa f`d tmtrftg wmth
2.2:>7  @   tmtrftm`n sicutmi`.
@ITG   6<—Ft thg jirrgjt g`d pim`t, i`g drip ie 2.2<7   @   AH(MI:)<
sicutmi` wmcc jfusg thg rgtur` ie thg lcug jicir. Me thg g`d pim`t ms ivgrru`,
ji`tm`ug fddm`n 2.2<7 @  AH(MI:)<  sicutmi` u`tmc mt rgfppgfrs, `itm`n thg
vicukg rgqumrgd. Zultrfjt thms vfcug, km`us thg cfst drip ie AH(MI:)<
(2.24 kC) erik thg vicukg ie 2.2<7  @   tmtrftm`n sicutmi` usgd. Dmsrgnfrd
thg cftg rgfppgfrf`jg ie thg lcug jicir, whmjh kfy lg dug ti thg jftfcytmj
geegjt ie irnf`mj kftgrmfc ir trfjgs ie u`jikpcgxgd kgtfc sfcts.
6:. Jfcjucftmi`
6:.6 Jfcjucftg thg dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`tg`t ie thg sfkpcg
fs eicciws?
T  : 2.<
Dmssicvgd ixyng`, kn/C 7   : 6222 (6)
<22
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
4
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
whgrg?
T    ; 2.2<7   @   tmtrftm`n sicutmi` rgqumrgd eir tmtrftmi` ie thg
sfkpcg, kC.
6:.< Wsg   Gq <   ti ji`vgrt ti f stf`dfrd tgkpgrfturg f`d
prgssurg kgfsurgkg`t.
 F
Dmssicvgd ixyng`, kn/C 7   (< )
2.5=8
whgrg?
F   ; ixyng` ft 2²J f`d >52 kk Hn, kC.
@ITG 6:—Gfjh kmccmcmtrg ie 2.2:>7 @   tmtrf`t ms gqumvfcg`t ti 6 kn/C I<
whg` thg eucc littcg tgjh`mqug ms usgd.
@ITG   64—Me thg pgrjg`tfng ie sfturftmi` ft >52-kk ftkisphgrmj
prgssurg ms dgsmrgd, thg dmssicvgd ixyng` eiu`d ms jikpfrgd wmth
siculmcmty dftf erik stf`dfrd siculmcmty tflcgs,4 kfam`n jirrgjtmi`s eir
lfrikgtrmj prgssurg f`d thg fqugius vfpir prgssurg, whg` `gjgssfry. Zgg
Fppg`dmx X6.
64. Rrgjmsmi` f`d Lmfs7
64.6 Thg prgjmsmi` ie thg tgst kgthid wfs dgtgrkm`gd ly smx
ipgrftirs m` thrgg cflirftirmgs, ru``m`n thrgg dupcmjftgs gfjh
(`it smx cflirftirmgs fs rgqumrgd ly Rrfjtmjg   D<>>>)   usm`n f
sfturftgd sfkpcg ie rgfng`t wftgr. Thg kgf` ji`jg`trftmi` wfs
=.2 kn/C, f`d thg piicgd sm`ncg ipgrftir prgjmsmi` m` thgsg
sfkpcgs wfs 2.27< kn/C.
64.< Rrgjmsmi` f`d lmfs eir thms tgst kgthid ji`eirks ti
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ >>, whmjh wfs m` pcfjg ft thg tmkg ie 
jiccflirftmvg tgstm`n. W`dgr thg fcciwf`jgs kfdg m` 6.4 ie 
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ 6:, thgsg prgjmsmi` f`d lmfs dftf di kggt
gxmstm`n rgqumrgkg`ts eir m`tgrcflirftiry studmgs ie Jikkmttgg
D6= tgst kgthids.
67. Vufcmty Ji`tric (VJ)
67.6 Ti g`surg thft f`fcytmjfc vfcugs iltfm`gd usm`n thgsg
tgst kgthids frg vfcmd f`d fjjurftg wmthm` thg ji`stdg`jg cmkmts
ie thg tgst, thg eicciwm`n VJ prijgdurgs kust lg eicciwgd
whg` f`fcyzm`n dmssicvgd ixyng`.
67.<   Jfcmlrftmi` f`d Jfcmlrftmi` Ugrmstjftmi`?
smuk lmmidftg sicutmi`.
67.<.< Ugrmey tmtrftm`n sicutmi` ly f`fcyzm`n f sfkpcg wmth f
a`iw` fkiu`t ie thg dmssicvgd ixyng`, me pissmlcg. Thg
fkiu`t ie thg sfkpcg shiucd efcc wmthm` 567 % ie thg a`iw`
ji`jg`trftmi`.
67.<.: Me stf`dfrdmzftmi` jf``it lg vgrmstgd, rgstf`dfrdmzg
thg sicutmi`.
67.:   M`mtmfc Dgki`strftmi` ie Cflirftiry Jfpflmcmty?
67.:.6 Me f cflirftiry hfs `it pgreirkgd thg tgst lgeirg, ir me 
thgrg hfs lgg` f kfoir jhf`ng m` thg kgfsurgkg`t systgk, eir
gxfkpcg, `gw f`fcyst, `gw m`strukg`t, f`d si eirth, f prgjmsmi`
f`d lmfs study kust lg pgreirkgd ti dgki`strftg cflirftiry
jfpflmcmty.
4
Jfrpg`tgr, O. H., –@gw Kgfsurgkg`t ie Ixyng` Ziculmcmty m` Rurg f`d @fturfc
^ftgr,‛   Cmk`iciny f`d Ijgf`inrfphy, Uic 66, @i. <, Fprmc 6=55, pp. <54‚<>>.
7
Zuppirtm`n dftf hfvg lgg` stcgd ft FZTK M`tgr`ftmi`fc Hgfdqufrtgrs f`d kfy
lg iltfm`gd ly rgqugstm`n \gsgfrjh \gpirt \\?D6=-62>2. Ji`tfjt FZTK Justikgr
Zgrvmjg ft sgrvmjgBfstk.irn.

D888 ∜ 68
67.:.< F`fcyzg sgvg` rgpcmjftgs ie thg sfkg sicutmi`. Gfjh
rgpcmjftg kust lg tfag` thriunh thg jikpcgtg f`fcytmjfc tgst
kgthid m`jcudm`n f`y sfkpcg prgsgrvftmi` f`d prgtrgftkg`t
stgps.
67.:.: Jfcjucftg thg kgf` f`d stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg
sgvg` vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg fjjgptflcg rf`ngs ie lmfs m`
64.6.   Thms study shiucd lg rgpgftgd u`tmc thg rgjivgrmgs frg
wmthm` thg cmkmts nmvg` m`   64.6.   Me f` fkiu`t ithgr thf` thg
rgjikkg`dgd fkiu`t ms usgd, rgegr ti Rrfjtmjg   D784>   eir
m`eirkftmi` i` fppcym`n thg  E  tgst f`d  t  tgst m` gvfcuftm`n thg
fjjgptflmcmty ie thg kgf` f`d stf`dfrd dgvmftmi`.
67.4   Cflirftiry Ji`tric Zfkpcg (CJZ)?
67.4.6 Fmr-sfturftgd rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg usgd
eir cflirftiry ji`tric sfkpcgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust efcc
wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
67.7  Kgthid Lcf`a?
67.7.6 F`fcyzg f rgfng`t wftgr tgst lcf`a wmth gfjh lftjh.
Thg fkiu`t ie dmssicvgd ixyng` eiu`d m` thg lcf`a shiucd lg
cgss thf` thg f`fcytmjfc rgpirtm`n cmkmt. Me thg fkiu`t ie  prgegrflcy wmth thg fzmdg kidmstjftmi` ie Tgst Kgthid F.
dmssicvgd ixyng` ms eiu`d flivg thms cgvgc, f`fcysms ie sfkpcgs
ms hfctgd u`tmc thg ji`tfkm`ftmi` ms gcmkm`ftgd, f`d f lcf`a 
shiws `i ji`tfkm`ftmi` ft ir flivg thms cgvgc, ir thg rgsucts
kust lg qufcmstgd wmth f` m`dmjftmi` thft thgy di `it efcc wmthm`
thg pgreirkf`jg jrmtgrmf ie thg tgst kgthid.
67.5  Kftrmx Zpmag (KZ)?
67.5.6 Dmssicvgd ixyng` ms `it f` f`fcytg thft jf` lg
egfsmlcy spmagd m`ti sfkpcgs.
67.>   Dupcmjftg?
67.>.6 Ti jhgja thg prgjmsmi` ie sfkpcg f`fcysgs, f`fcyzg f
sfkpcg m` dupcmjftg wmth gfjh lftjh. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust
efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
67.>.< Jfcjucftg thg stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg dupcmjftg
vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg prgjmsmi` dgtgrkm`gd ly thg cfli-
rftiry ir m` thg jiccflirftmvg study usm`n f`   E  tgst. \gegr ti
5.4.4 ie Rrfjtmjg D784> eir m`eirkftmi` i` fppcym`n thg  E   tgst.
67.>.: Me thg rgsuct gxjggds thg prgjmsmi` cmkmt, thg lftjh
kust lg rgf`fcyzgd ir thg rgsucts kust lg qufcmstgd wmth f`
m`dmjftmi` thft thgy di `it efcc wmthm` thg pgreirkf`jg jrmtgrmf
ie thg tgst kgthid.
67.8   M`dgpg`dg`t \gegrg`jg Kftgrmfc (M\K)?
67.8.6 M`dgpg`dg`t rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg il-
tfm`gd erik jikkgrjmfc siurjgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd erik
thgsg sfkpcgs kust efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly
thg cflirftiry.
TGZT KGTHID L
M@ZT\WKG@TFC R\ILG R\IJGDW\G—
GCGJT\IJHGKMJFC
65. Zjipg
65.6 Thms tgst kgthid ms fppcmjflcg ti wftgrs ji`tfm`m`n
dmssicvgd ixyng` m` thg rf`ng erik 72 ti <2 222 ·n/C. Mt ms thg
usgr”s rgspi`smlmcmty ti g`surg thg vfcmdmty ie thms tgst kgthid
eir wftgrs ie u`tgstgd kftrmjgs.
65.< Thms tgst kgthid dgsjrmlgs prijgdurgs thft utmcmzg
gcgjtrijhgkmjfc prilgs eir thg dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie dmssicvgd
ixyng` m` ergsh wftgr f`d m` lrfjamsh f`d kfrm`g wftgrs thft
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
7
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
kfy ji`tfm` dmssicvgd ir suspg`dgd sicmds. Zfkpcgs jf` lg
f`fcyzgd m` smtu m` lidmgs ie wftgr ir m` strgfks, ir sfkpcgs
jf` lg jiccgjtgd f`d f`fcyzgd sulsgqug`t ti jiccgjtmi`. Thg
gcgjtrijhgkmjfc prilg kgthid ms gspgjmfccy usgeuc m` thg
ki`mtirm`n ie wftgr systgks m` whmjh mt ms dgsmrgd ti iltfm` f
ji`tm`uius rgjird ie thg dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`tg`t.
65.<.6 Thms tgst kgthid ms rgjikkg`dgd eir kgfsurm`n
dmssicvgd ixyng` m` wftgrs ji`tfm`m`n kftgrmfcs thft m`tgregrg
wmth thg jhgkmjfc kgthids, sujh fs sucsttg, thmisuceftg,
picythmi`ftg, kgrjfptf`s, ixmdmzm`n kgtfc mi`s, hypijhcirmtg,
f`d irnf`mj sulstf`jgs rgfdmcy hydricyzflcg m` fcafcm`g sicu-
tmi`s.
65.: Gcgjtrijhgkmjfc dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs frg prfjtmjfc
eir thg ji`tm`uius ki`mtirm`n ie dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`tg`t m`
`fturfc wftgrs, prijgss strgfks, lmicinmjfc prijgssgs, f`d si
i`, whg` thg prilg iutput ms ji`dmtmi`gd ly f sumtflcy stflcg
gcgjtri`mj jmrjumt f`d rgjirdgd. Thg prilg kust lg stf`dfrd-
mzgd lgeirg usg i` sfkpcgs ergg ie m`tgregrm`n kftgrmfcs,
6>. Zukkfry ie Tgst Kgthid
6>.6 Thg kist jikki` m`strukg`tfc prilgs eir dgtgrkm`f-
tmi` ie ixyng` dmssicvgd m` wftgr frg dgpg`dg`t upi` gcgjtri-
jhgkmjfc rgfjtmi`s. W`dgr stgfdy-stftg ji`dmtmi`s, thg jurrg`t
ir pitg`tmfc jf` lg jirrgcftgd wmth dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`-
trftmi`s.
@ITG   67—Ztgfdy-stftg ji`dmtmi`s `gjgssmtftg thg prilg lgm`n m`
thgrkfc gqumcmlrmuk wmth thg sicutmi`, thms typmjfccy tfam`n <2 km` eir
`i`cflirftiry ji`dmtmi`s.5
6>.6.6 Rrilgs thft gkpciy kgklrf`gs `irkfccy m`vicvg
kgtfcs ie dmeegrg`t `ilmcmty mkkgrsgd m` f` gcgjtricytg thft ms
rgtfm`gd ly thg kgklrf`g. Thg kgtfc ie hmnhgst `ilmcmty (thg
jfthidg) ms pismtmi`gd ft thg kgklrf`g. ^hg` f sumtflcg
pitg`tmfc gxmsts lgtwgg` thg twi kgtfcs, rgdujtmi` ie ixyng` ti
hydrixmdg mi` ijjurs ft thg jfthidg surefjg. F` gcgjtrmjfc
jurrg`t ms dgvgcipgd thft ms dmrgjtcy pripirtmi`fc ti thg rftg ie 
frrmvfc ie ixyng` kicgjucgs ft thg jfthidg.
6>.6.< Thg thfccmuk prilg, whmjh digs `it utmcmzg f
kgklrf`g, gxpisgs f thfccmuk gcgjtridg ti thg wftgr sfkpcg.
\gfjtmi` ie ixyng` wmth thg thfccmuk gstflcmshgs f pitg`tmfc
lgtwgg` thg thfccmuk gcgjtridg f`d f rgegrg`jg gcgjtridg. Thg
pitg`tmfc ms rgcftgd cinfrmthkmjfccy ti dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`-
jg`trftmi`. Thg jgcc iutput dgjrgfsgs (thgirgtmjfccy 7= kU/ 
dgjfdg ft <7²J) wmth m`jrgfsgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`.
@ITG 65—Thg thfccmuk prilg hfs utmcmty m` wfstg trgftkg`t ki`mtirm`n
systgks1 mt hfs cmkmtgd fppcmjftmi` u`dgr ji`dmtmi`s ie hmnh dmssicvgd
ixyng` (08 kn/C) f`d ciw tgkpgrfturg (362²J).
6>.6.: Thg gcgjtri`mj rgfdiut kgtgr eir thg iutput erik
dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs ms `irkfccy jfcmlrftgd m` ji`vg`mg`t
sjfcgs (2 ti 62, 2 ti 67, ir 2 ti <2 kn/C) wmth f sg`smtmvmty ie 
fpprixmkftgcy 2.27 kn/C. Kirg sg`smtmvg dmssicvgd ixyng`
rf`ngs frg prfjtmjfc thriunh fkpcmstjftmi` m` thg gcgjtri`mj
rgfdiut (m`jcudm`n ·n/C rgfdm`ns m` limcgr eggd wftgrs).
5
D”Fiust, L. N., Jcfra, K. O. \., –F`fcysms ie Zupgrsfturftgd Fmr m` @fturfc
^ftgrs f`d \gsgrvimrs,‛   Trf`sfjtmi`s ie thg Fkgrmjf` Emshgrmgs Zijmgty, Uic 62=,
6=82, pp. >28‚><4.

D888 ∜ 68
6>.< M`tgrefjmfc dy`fkmjs ft thg prilg-sfkpcg m`tgrefjg frg
f efjtir m` prilg rgspi`sg. Turlucg`jg shiucd lg ji`stf`t ir
flivg sikg km`mkuk cgvgc fs rgjikkg`dgd ly thg m`strukg`t
kf`uefjturgr.
6>.: \gspi`sg rftgs ie dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs frg rgcf-
tmvgcy rfpmd, ietg` fs efst fs == % m` 67 s. Rrilg iutputs kfy
lg rgjirdgd eir ji`tm`ufc ki`mtirm`n ir utmcmzgd eir prijgss
ji`tric (sgg @itg 67).
68. M`tgregrg`jgs
68.6 Dmssicvgd irnf`mj kftgrmfcs `irkfccy g`jiu`tgrgd m`
wftgr frg `it a`iw` ti m`tgregrg m` thg iutput erik dmssicvgd
ixyng` prilgs.
68.< Dmssicvgd m`irnf`mj sfcts frg f efjtir m` thg jfcmlrftmi`
ie dmssicvgd ixyng` prilg.
68.<.6 Ziculmcmty ie ixyng` m` wftgr ft f nmvg` ixyng`
pfrtmfc prgssurg jhf`ngs wmth thg am`d f`d ji`jg`trftmi` ie 
dmssicvgd m`irnf`mj sfcts. Ji`vgrsmi` efjtirs eir sgfwftgr f`d
lrfjamsh wftgrs kfy lg jfcjucftgd erik dmssicvgd ixyng`
sfturftmi` vgrsus sfcm`mty dftf me m`tgr`fc jikpg`sftmi` ms `it
m`jcudgd m` thg m`strukg`t. Ji`vgrsmi` efjtirs eir spgjmstj
m`irnf`mj sfcts kfy lg dgvgcipgd gxpgrmkg`tfccy. Lrifd vfrmf-
tmi`s m` thg am`ds f`d ji`jg`trftmi`s ie sfcts m` sfkpcgs jf`
kfag thg usg ie f kgklrf`g prilg dmeemjuct.
68.<.< Thg thfccmuk prilg kgfsurgs mi`mj fjtmvmty m`stgfd ie 
 
ji`jg`trftmi` fs di fcc mi` sgcgjtmvg gcgjtridgs. Nriss jhf`ngs
m` thg ji`jg`trftmi` ie dmssicvgd sfcts wmcc feegjt thg fjtmvmty
jigeemjmg`t ie thg thfccius mi` f`d thus shmet thg spf` (sgg
<2.<.6). Thg thfccmuk prilg kfy lg jfcmlrftgd f`d ipgrftgd m`
wftgr ie f`y ji`dujtmvmty flivg 622 ·Z, lut f tg`-eicd jhf`ng
m` ji`dujtmvmty wmcc pridujg f` grrir ie fpprixmkftgcy <2 %.
Zm`jg thg thfccmuk rgqumrgs f ji`dujtm`n pfth thriunh thg
sfkpcg ti thg rgegrg`jg gcgjtridg, thg rgspi`sg wmcc lgjikg
scunnmsh ft vgry ciw ji`dujtmvmty. Mt ms thgrgeirg dgsmrflcg ti
jfcmlrftg thg sg`sir m` sicutmi`s hfvm`n f ji`dujtmvmty nrgftgr
thf` 622 ·Z.
68.: \gfjtmvg jikpiu`ds jf` m`tgregrg wmth thg iutput ir
thg pgreirkf`jg ie dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs.
68.:.6 Kgklrf`g prilgs frg sg`smtmvg ti rgfjtmvg nfsgs thft
kfy pfss thriunh thg kgklrf`g. Jhcirm`g wmcc dgpicfrmzg thg
jfthidg f`d jfusg f hmnh prilg iutput. Ci`n-tgrk gxpisurg ti
jhcirm`g jf` jift thg f`idg wmth thg jhcirmdg ie thg f`idg
kgtfc f`d kfy gvg`tufccy dgsg`smtmzg thg prilg. Hydring`
sucstdg wmcc m`tgregrg wmth kgklrf`g prilgs me thg fppcmgd
pitg`tmfc ms nrgftgr thf` thg hfce-wfvg pitg`tmfc ie thg sucstdg
mi`. Me thg fppcmgd pitg`tmfc ms cgss thf` thg hfce-wfvg pitg`tmfc,
f` m`tgregrm`n rgfjtmi` wmcc `it ijjur, lut jiftm`n ie thg f`idg
kgtfc jf` ijjur.
68.:.< Thg thfccmuk prilg ms feegjtgd ly m`tgregrg`jg erik
siculcg suceur jikpiu`ds, sujh fs hydring` sucstdg ir kgr-
jfptf`s. Tg` kmccmnrfks ie hydring` sucstdg pgr cmtrg ie wftgr
wmcc pridujg f `gnftmvg grrir jirrgspi`dm`n ti fpprixmkftgcy 6
kn/C ie dmssicvgd ixyng`. Ergg hfcing`s fcsi wmcc m`tgregrg
wmth thg thf ccmuk p ri lg me p rg sg `t m` f pp rg jmfl cg
ji`jg`trftmi`s, sujh fs flivg < kn ie jhcirm`g pgr cmtrg ie  eir mts prgpfrftmi`.
wftgr.
68.4 Ft dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`s lgciw < kn/C, pH
vfrmftmi` lgciw 4 f`d flivg 62 m`tgregrg wmth thg pgreirkf`jg
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
5
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
ie thg thfccmuk prilg (fpprixmkftgcy   52.27 kn/C dmssicvgd
ixyng` pgr pH u`mt). Thg pgreirkf`jg ie kgklrf`g prilgs ms
`it feegjtgd ly pH jhf`ngs.
68.7 Dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs frg tgkpgrfturg sg`smtmvg f`d
tgkpgrfturg jikpg`sftmi` ms `irkfccy privmdgd ly thg kf`u-
efjturgr. Thg thfccmuk prilg hfs f tgkpgrfturg jigeemjmg`t ie 
6.2 kU/²J, kgklrf`g prilgs hfvg f tgkpgrfturg jigeemjmg`t ie 
4 ti 5 % ⁄²J dgpg`dg`t upi` thg kgklrf`g gkpciygd.
68.5 M`siculcg irnf`mj ir m`irnf`mj kftgrmfcs thft jf` jift
thg surefjg ie dmssicvgd ixyng` prilgs wmcc feegjt thg pgreir-
kf`jg ie gmthgr thg thfccmuk ir kgklrf`g prilgs.
6=. Fppfrftus
6=.6  Fkpgrikgtrmj Rrilgs— Ixyng`-sg`smtmvg prilgs ie thg
fkpgrikgtrmj typg frg `irkfccy jikpisgd ie twi sicmd kgtfc
gcgjtridgs ie dmeegrg`t `ilmcmty m` ji`tfjt wmth f suppirtm`n
gcgjtricytg thft ms sgpfrftgd erik thg tgst sicutmi` ly f sgcgjtmvg
kgklrf`g. Thg jurrg`t ng`grftgd ly thg rgdujtmi` ie ixyng`
ft thg jfthidg ms kgfsurgd thriunh f` gcgjtri`mj jmrjumt f`d
dmspcfygd i` f kgtgr. Typmjfccy, thg f`idg ms ji`strujtgd ie 
kgtfccmj smcvgr ir cgfd f`d thg jfthidg ie nicd ir pcftm`uk.
Rrilgs frg ng`grfccy `it feegjtgd ly hydrfucmj prgssurg f`d jf`
lg usgd m` thg tgkpgrfturg rf`ng erik 2 ti 72²J.
6=.6.6   Zgkmpgrkgflcg Kgklrf`gs ie Ricygthycg`g ir TEG-
﬌uirijfrli`   pgrkmt sftmsefjtiry ixyng` dmeeusmi` f`d cmkmt
m`tgregrg`jg erik kist kftgrmfcs.
6=.6.<   Fjjgssiry Gqumpkg`t    kfy m`vicvg fppfrftus ti
kivg thg sfkpcg pfst thg prilg f`d ti privmdg sumtflcg
turlucg`jg ft thg kgklrf`g-sfkpcg m`tgrefjg.
6=.<   Ritg`tmikgtrmj Rrilgs— Thg jikki`cy usgd pitg`tmi-
kgtrmj prilg gkpciys f thfccmuk-kgfsurm`n gcgjtridg f`d f
sumtflcg rgegrg`jg hfce jgcc sujh fs f sfturftgd jfcikgc. Ft <7²J
f`d 2.6 kn/C ie dmssicvgd ixyng`, thg jgcc gstflcmshgs f
`gnftmvg pitg`tmfc ie fpprixmkftgcy 86> kU. Thg pitg`tmfc
dgjrgfsgs cinfrmthkmjfccy m` flsicutg vfcug wmth m`jrgfsgd
dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` (thgirgtmjfccy, 7= kU/dgjfdg
jhf`ng m` dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`) ti fpprixmkftgcy
588 kU ft 67 kn/C ie dmssicvgd ixyng`. F` gxtgr`fc kmccm-
victfng siurjg thft ippisgs thg iutput ie thg gcgjtrikgtgr ms
usgd ti fdoust thg `gt rgfdiut ie iutput ti thg dgsmrgd rf`ng.
@ITG 6>—Thfccmuk f`d mts sfcts frg tixmj. Fvimd ji`tfjt wmth thg sam`.
<2. Fppfrftus Ztf`dfrdmzftmi`
<2.6 W`dgr gqumcmlrmuk ji`dmtmi`s, thg pfrtmfc prgssurg ie 
ixyng` m` fmr-sfturftgd wftgr ms gqufc ti thft ie thg ixyng` m`
thg wftgr-sfturftgd fmr. Ji`sgqug`tcy, f prilg kfy lg jfcm-
lrftgd m` fmr fs wgcc fs wftgr. Ji`smdgr jfrgeuccy thg kf`uefj-
turgr”s rgjikkg`dgd prijgdurg. Me mt ms `gjgssfry ti zgri thg
m`strukg`t, mkkgrsg thg prilg m` wftgr ji`tfm`m`n 6 n ie 
sidmuk sucsttg f`d twi drips ie sfturftgd jilfct jhcirmdg
sicutmi` (fs dgixyng`ftmi` jftfcyst) pgr cmtrg ie wftgr f`d
fdoust thg m`strukg`t ti rgfd zgri. Me f wftgr-sfturftgd fmr
jfcmlrftmi` ms `gjgssfry, eicciw thg kf`uefjturgr”s dmrgjtmi`s
<2.< Ti jfcmlrftg thg prilg m` wftgr, jfrgeuccy iltfm` fp-
prixmkftgcy 6 C ie thg typg ie wftgr ti lg tgstgd f`d sfturftg
mt wmth ixyng` erik thg ftkisphgrg ly pfssm`n jcgf` fmr

thriunh mt. Jfrgeuccy drfw thrgg rgpcmjftg sfkpcgs erik thg
wgcc-kmxgd sfkpcg f`d mkkgdmftgcy dgtgrkm`g thg dmssicvgd
ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` ly Tgst Kgthid F m` dupcmjftg. M` thg
thmrd rgpcmjftg sfkpcg, mkkgrsg thg prilg f`d privmdg eir
sumtflcg turlucg`jg m` thg sfkpcg. Ztf`dfrdmzg thg prilg ly
fdoustm`n thg kgtgr rgfdm`n ti thg dmssicvgd ixyng` vfcug fs
dgtgrkm`gd ly thg jhgkmjfc prijgdurg. Me sulstf`jgs thft
m`tgregrg wmth thg jhgkmjfc kgthid frg prgsg`t m` thg `fturfc
wftgr ir wfstgwftgr sfkpcg, stf`dfrdmzg thg prilg usm`n
rgfng`t wftgr ir f sy`thgtmj sfkpcg fs m`dmjftgd lgciw.
<2.<.6   Ergsh ^ftgr Zfkpcgs   (cgss thf` 6222 kn/C ie dms-
sicvgd sfcts)—Me jhgkmjfc m`tgregrg`jgs frg flsg`t, usg f tgst
sfkpcg fs m`dmjftgd flivg. Me m`tgregrg`jgs frg prgsg`t, usg
rgfng`t wftgr eir kgklrf`g prilgs. ^mth thfccmuk prilgs, thg
nrgftgst fjjurfjy jf` lg iltfm`gd erik jfcmlrftm`n m` f sfkpcg
ie thg wftgr ti lg tgstgd ir f sy`thgtmj sfkpcg smkmcfr ti thg tgst
sfkpcg.
<2.<.<   Zfct ^ftgr Zfkpcgs f`d Kgklrf`g Rrilgs   (nrgftgr
thf` 6222 kn/C ie dmssicvgd sfcts)—Wsg f sfkpcg ie jcgf`
wftgr hfvm`n thg sfkg sfct ji`tg`t fs thg tgst kftgrmfc. Me f
sfkpcg ergg erik sulstf`jgs thft m`tgregrg wmth thg fzmdg
kgthid ms `it fvfmcflcg, prgpfrg f sy`thgtmj stf`dfrdmzftmi`
sfkpcg ly fddm`n thg sfkg sfcts ji`tfm`gd m` thg sfkpcg u`tmc
thg twi sicutmi`s hfvg thg sfkg gcgjtrmjfc ji`dujtf`jg wmthm`
7 %. Hmnh ji`jg`trftmi`s ie dmssicvgd sfcts frg `it f prilcgk
wmth thg thfccmuk prilg.
<2.:   Tgkpgrfturg JigeeĶjmg`t— Zystgks frg fvfmcflcg wmth
futikftmj tgkpgrfturg jikpg`sftmi` thft pgrkmt dmrgjt kgf-
surgkg`ts m` kmccmnrfks pgr cmtrg ie dmssicvgd ixyng`. Thg
tgkpgrfturg jikpg`sftmi` ie kgklrf`g prilgs jirrgjts eir
jhf`ngs m` kgklrf`g jhfrfjtgrmstmjs m`jcudm`n liu`dfry-cfygr
geegjts ft thg kgklrf`g-wftgr m`tgrefjg f`d thg jhf`ngs m`
siculmcmty ie ixyng` m` wftgr. Thg tgkpgrfturg jikpg`sftmi`
ie thfccmuk prilgs jirrgjts eir thg jhf`ngs jhfrfjtgrmstmj ie  jfcmlrftgd, thg vfcug ie   F   ms 6.2. Rrgpfrg f pcit wmth sfct
ixmdftmi`/rgdujtmi` systgks (sgg @itg 67). Mt ms `gjgssfry thft
thg prilg ms m` thgrkfc gqumcmlrmuk wmth thg sicutmi` ti lg
kgfsurgd eir sftmsefjtiry tgkpgrfturg jirrgjtmi`.
<2.:.6 Eir thisg m`strukg`tfc systgks usm`n kgklrf`g
prilgs thft frg `it tgkpgrfturg-jikpg`sftgd, thg eicciwm`n
prijgdurg ms rgjikkg`dgd ti iltfm` thg tgkpgrfturg jigeem-
jmg`t. Kgfsurg thg ixyng` ji`tg`t m` wftgr sfkpcgs eir stvg
tgkpgrfturgs ivgr f   562²J rf`ng nrgftgr f`d cgss thf` thg
gxpgjtgd sfkpcg tgkpgrfturg. Ly f cgfst-squfrgs prijgdurg, ir
nrfphmjfccy m` f sgkmcin pcit ie  ]  vgrsus  T , jfcjucftg thg scipg
f`d m`tgrjgpt ji`stf`t fs eicciws?
Cin y 7  L / T 6 F  
whgrg?
 y   ; sjfcg efjtir, kmccmnrfks ie dmssicvgd ixyng` pgr cmtrg pgr
kmjrifkpgrg ie gcgjtridg jurrg`t,
 L   ; scipg ji`stf`t,
T    ; tgkpgrfturg, ²J, f`d
 F   ; m`tgrjgpt ji`stf`t.
Thms rgcftmi`shmp ms cm`gfr i` f sgkmcin pcit i`cy ivgr f rf`ng
ie  562²J. Ivgr cfrngr rf`ngs f` gquftmi` ie hmnhgr dgnrgg ms
`gjgssfry ti rg﬌gjt thg jurvfturg ie thg rgcftmi`shmp.
<2.:.< Me thg thfccmuk prilg ms utmcmzgd m` f jmrjumt wmthiut
tgkpgrfturg jikpg`sftmi`, thg ilsgrvgd iutput m` kmccmvicts
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
D888 ∜ 68
kust lg jirrgjtgd eir thg tgkpgrfturg sg`smtmvmty ie thg
kgfsurm`n jgcc thft hfs f tgkpgrfturg jigeemjmg`t ie 6.2 kU/²J.
Thg kgfsurm`n jgcc”s iutput wmcc m`jrgfsg (fppfrg`t dmssicvgd
ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` dgjrgfsg) wmth f` m`jrgfsg m`
tgkpgrfturg,
 KU  \ 7  KU 2 < 6.2 ~ T i < T  \ !   (4 )
whgrg?
 KU  \   ; kmccmvicts ie iutput ft rgegrg`jg tgkpgrfturg,
 KU 2   ; kmccmvicts ie iutput ilsgrvgd,
T   \   ; rgegrg`jg tgkpgrfturg, ²J, f`d
T i   ; tgkpgrfturg ft thg ilsgrvgd iutput, ²J.
<2.4   Jirrgjtmi` eir Ji`tg`t ie Dmssicvgd Zfcts— M e thg
ji`jg`trftmi` ie sfcts ms flivg 6222 kn/C, mt wmcc lg `gjgssfry
ti jirrgjt eir thg geegjt ie thg sfcts m` thg rgcftmi`shmp lgtwgg`
ixyng` pfrtmfc prgssurg f`d ji`jg`trftmi` f`d fcsi eir thg
fjtmvmty ie thfccmuk mi`. Eir f`y nmvg` sfct, f sgrmgs ie 
gxpgrmkg`tfc dftf shiucd lg iltfm`gd m` whmjh sicutmi`s frg
prgpfrgd ly dmssicvm`n vfrym`n wgmnhts ie thg sfct m` rgfng`t
wftgr m` thg rf`ng ie m`tgrgst. Thg sicutmi`s pcus f rgfng`t
wftgr ji`tric frg fgrftgd ft ji`stf`t tgkpgrfturg u`tmc ixyng`
sfturftmi` ms fjhmgvgd. Dgtgrkm`g thg ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` ie 
gfjh sicutmi` ly thg jhgkmjfc kgthid f`d, ft thg sfkg tmkg,
iltfm` prilg rgfdm`ns. Dgtgrkm`g thg rftmi F  eir gfjh sicutmi`
fs eicciws?
 F 7 I /  \   (7 )
whgrg?
I   ; fjtufc dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`, kn/C, fs dgtgr-
km`gd ly Tgst Kgthid F, f`d
 \   ; rgfdm`n ie thg prilg kgtgr.
Eir thg rgfng`t wftgr ji`tric ti whmjh thg prilg ms
ji`jg`trftmi` fs flsjmssf f`d thg rftmi  F  fs irdm`ftg. Wsg thg
dgvgcipgd jurvg eir jfcjucftmi` ie thg dmssicvgd ixyng`
ji`tg`t ie sfct wftgrs.
<6. Zfkpcm`n
<6.6   Littcg Zfkpcgs— Jiccgjt f littcg sfkpcg ly thg prijg-
durg dgsjrmlgd m` Rrfjtmjgs   D6255   ir   D::>2. Jiccgjt thg
sfkpcgs m` :22-kC LID littcgs ir ithgr sumtflcg ncfss-
stippgrgd littcgs, prgvg`tm`n g`trfm`kg`t ir sicutmi` ie ftki-
sphgrmj ixyng`. Me f`fcysms ms dgcfygd lgyi`d 67 km`, jiic thg
(: ) sfkpcg lgciw 7²J f`d hicd ft thms tgkpgrfturg u`tmc f`fcyzgd.
Kfag thg dmssicvgd ixyng` dgtgrkm`ftmi` wmthiut eurthgr
tgkpgrfturg fdoustkg`t usm`n thg fppriprmftg tgkpgrfturg
jigeemjmg`t. Mt wmcc lg `gjgssfry ti hfvg thg prilg ft thg
tgkpgrfturg ie thg sfkpcg ir ithgrwmsg jikpg`sftg eir m`stf-
lmcmty dug ti hgft ﬌iw erik prilg ti sfkpcg.
<6.<   M` Zmtu Zfkpcgs— F` geegjtmvg usg ie thg m`strukg`tfc
prilgs ms eir thg dmrgjt, m` smtu dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie dmssicvgd
ixyng`. Ly thms kgf`s, sfkpcg hf`dcm`n prilcgks frg fvimdgd,
f`d dftf kfy lg iltfm`gd qumjacy ft vfrmius cijftmi`s m` f lidy
ie wftgr wmthiut ji`jgr` eir thg jhf`ng m` ixyng` durm`n
stirfng ir hf`dcm`n.
>

D888 ∜ 68
<<. Rrijgdurg
<<.6 Ji`smdgr jfrgeuccy thg kf`uefjturgr”s rgjikkg`df-
tmi`s i` thg usg ie gqumpkg`t ti iltfm` sftmsefjtiry ipgrftmi`.
<<.< Rrivmdg eir sumtflcg turlucg`t ﬌iw pfst thg kgklrf`g
ie kgklrf`g prilgs ir pfst thg thfccmuk prilg. Thms kfy,
u`dgr sikg jmrjukstf`jgs, lg fjhmgvgd fdgquftgcy m` ﬌iwm`n
strgfks. Hiwgvgr, m` cfrng lidmgs ie wftgr, mt kfy lg `gjgssfry
ti gkpciy kgjhf`mjfc stmrrm`n ir pukpm`n ie wftgr pfst thg
prilg. Eir fjjurftg rgsucts, mt ms mkpirtf`t thft jikpfrflcg
dgnrggs ie turlucg`jg lg gkpciygd lith eir jfcmlrftmi` f`d
utmcmzftmi`.
<<.: Me thg prilg ms `it futikftmjfccy jikpg`sftgd eir
tgkpgrfturg jhf`ngs, rgjird thg tgkpgrfturg ie thg wftgr ft thg
sfkpcg prilg ft thg tmkg ie dmssicvgd ixyng` kgfsurgkg`t. Ti
fvimd hgft-﬌iw geegjts, mt ms mkpirtf`t thft tgkpgrfturg gqum-
cmlrmuk lg gstflcmshgd lgtwgg` sfkpcg f`d prilg.
<<.4 \gjfcmlrftg thg prilg whg`gvgr thg jikpfrmsi` wmth
rgegrg`jg sfkpcgs (<2.<) m`dmjftgs f` flsicutg grrir ie kirg
thf`   52.< kn/C ie dmssicvgd ixyng` ir ithgr vfcug thft ms
jikpftmlcg wmth thg dgsmrgd fjjurfjy.
<<.4.6 Jfrgeuc hf`dcm`n ms rgqumrgd wmth kgklrf`g prilgs
ti fvimd rupturm`n thg thm` kgklrf`g.
<<.4.< \gjfcmlrftg thg prilg fetgr rgpcfjm`n thg kgklrf`g
ir jcgf`m`n thg prilg m` fjjirdf`jg wmth thg kf`uefjturgr”s
dmrgjtmi`s. Eir f pgrmid ie f egw hiurs fetgr f kgklrf`g
rgpcfjgkg`t, thg prilg iutput kfy drmet, f`d ergqug`t rgjfcm-
lrftmi` kfy lg rgqumrgd.
<<.7 Rrilgs jf` lgjikg eiucgd ly imc, nrgfsg, lmicinmjfc
nriwths, f`d si i`, f`d jcgf`m`n kfy lg rgqumrgd. Zikg ie thg
tgjh`mqugs jurrg`tcy m` usg m`jcudg fmr-lcfstm`n, lrush jcgf`m`n,
f`d uctrfsi`mj jcgf`m`n systgks.
<<.5 Thg prilg kfy lg utmcmzgd m` smtu ir thg sfkpcg kfy lg
trf`segrrgd ti f sfkpcm`n stftmi` thft hiusgs thg prilg f`d
fssijmftgd gqumpkg`t.
<<.5.6 M` smtu pcfjgkg`t ie thg prilg ms prgegrflcg erik thg
ji`smdgrftmi` thft sfkpcg hf`dcm`n ms `it m`vicvgd. Hiwgvgr,
m` smtu m`stfccftmi`s kfy lg mkprfjtmjfc lgjfusg ie prilcgks
wmth vf`dfcmsk, sgvgrg jcmkftg ji`dmtmi`s (erggzm`n, f`d si
i`), f`d dmeemjucty m` prilg rgjivgry eir kfm`tg`f`jg.
<<.5.< Thg usg ie sfkpcg trf`segr systgks ms prfjtmjfc whg`
pripgr ji`smdgrftmi` ms nmvg` ti dgsmn` egfturgs sujh fs cm`g
smzg, rftgs ie trf`segr, am`d ie pukp f`d cijftmi`, prfjtmjfcmty
eir jcgf`m`n thg trf`segr systgk, f`d ithgr kfm`tg`f`jg.
<<.5.: Gxfkm`g u`fttg`dgd prilgs ft cgfst i`jg pgr wgga  m`eirkftmi` i` fppcym`n thg  E  tgst f`d  t  tgst m` gvfcuftm`n thg
f`d rgjfcmlrftg whg` rgqumrgd dgpg`dm`n upi` ji`dmtmi` f`d
sgrvmjg. \gjfcmlrftmi` kfy lg fjjikpcmshgd ly usm`n f pir-
tflcg prilg thft hfs lgg` pcfjgd m`ti pismtmi` `gxt ti thg
u`fttg`dgd prilg f`d thft hfs lgg` pripgrcy jfcmlrftgd fs
iutcm`gd m` <2.<.
<:. Jfcjucftmi`
<:.6 Eir u`jikpg`sftgd prilgs, jirrgjt thg ilsgrvgd kgtgr
rgfdm`n eir thg dmeegrg`jg ie thg ilsgrvgd tgkpgrfturg erik thg
stf`dfrdmzftmi` tgkpgrfturg ly thg efjtirs dgvgcipgd m`  <2.:.
<:.< Eir wfstgwftgrs wmth vfrym`n sfct ji`tg`ts, kfag
jirrgjtmi`s utmcmzm`n thg dftf dgvgcipgd m` <2.4.
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
8
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
<4. Rrgjmsmi` f`d Lmfs
<4.6 Thg prgjmsmi` ie thms tgst kgthid wfs dgtgrkm`gd ly
smx ipgrftirs m` thrgg cflirftirmgs ru``m`n thrgg dupcmjftgs gfjh
(`it smx cflirftirmgs fs rgqumrgd ly Rrfjtmjg   D<>>>)   usm`n f
sfturftgd sfkpcg ie rgfng`t wftgr. Thg kgf` ji`jg`trftmi` wfs
=.2 kn/C, f`d thg piicgd sm`ncg-ipgrftir prgjmsmi` m` thgsg
sfkpcgs wfs 2.2<= kn/C.
<4.< Rrgjmsmi` f`d lmfs eir thms tgst kgthid ji`eirks ti
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ >>, whmjh wfs m` pcfjg ft thg tmkg ie 
jiccflirftmvg tgstm`n. W`dgr thg fcciwf`jgs kfdg m` 6.4 ie 
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ 6:, thgsg prgjmsmi` f`d lmfs dftf di kggt
gxmstm`n rgqumrgkg`ts eir m`tgrcflirftiry studmgs ie Jikkmttgg
D6= tgst kgthids.
<7. Vufcmty Ji`tric (VJ)
<7.6 Ti g`surg thft f`fcytmjfc vfcugs iltfm`gd usm`n thgsg
tgst kgthids frg vfcmd f`d fjjurftg wmthm` thg ji`stdg`jg cmkmts
ie thg tgst, thg eicciwm`n VJ prijgdurgs kust lg eicciwgd
whg` f`fcyzm`n dmssicvgd ixyng`.
<7.<   Jfcmlrftmi` f`d Jfcmlrftmi` Ugrmstjftmi`?
<7.<.6 Ztf`dfrdmzg thg tmtrftm`n sicutmi` fnfm`st thg pitfs-
smuk lmmidftg sicutmi`.
<7.<.< Ugrmey tmtrftm`n sicutmi` ly f`fcyzm`n f sfkpcg wmth f
a`iw` fkiu`t ie thg dmssicvgd ixyng`, me pissmlcg. Thg
fkiu`t ie thg sfkpcg shiucd efcc wmthm` 567 % ie thg a`iw`
ji`jg`trftmi`.
<7.<.: Me stf`dfrdmzftmi` jf``it lg vgrmstgd, rgstf`dfrdmzg
thg sicutmi`.
<7.:   M`mtmfc Dgki`strftmi` ie Cflirftiry Jfpflmcmty?
<7.:.6 Me f cflirftiry hfs `it pgreirkgd thg tgst lgeirg, ir me 
thgrg hfs lgg` f kfoir jhf`ng m` thg kgfsurgkg`t systgk, eir
gxfkpcg, `gw f`fcyst, `gw m`strukg`t, f`d si eirth, f prgjmsmi`
f`d lmfs study kust lg pgreirkgd ti dgki`strftg cflirftiry
jfpflmcmty.
<7.:.< F`fcyzg sgvg` rgpcmjftgs ie thg sfkg sicutmi`. Gfjh
rgpcmjftg kust lg tfag` thriunh thg jikpcgtg f`fcytmjfc tgst
kgthid m`jcudm`n f`y sfkpcg prgsgrvftmi` f`d prgtrgftkg`t
stgps.
<7.:.: Jfcjucftg thg kgf` f`d stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg
sgvg` vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg fjjgptflcg rf`ngs ie lmfs m`
<4.6. Thms study shiucd lg rgpgftgd u`tmc thg rgjivgrmgs frg
wmthm` thg cmkmts nmvg` m`   <4.6.   Me f` fkiu`t ithgr thf` thg
rgjikkg`dgd fkiu`t ms usgd, rgegr ti Rrfjtmjg   D784>   eir
fjjgptflmcmty ie thg kgf` f`d stf`dfrd dgvmftmi`.
<7.4   Cflirftiry Ji`tric Zfkpcg (CJZ)?
<7.4.6 Fmr-sfturftgd rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg usgd
eir cflirftiry ji`tric sfkpcgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust efcc
wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
<7.7   Kgthid Lcf`a?
<7.7.6 F`fcyzg f rgfng`t wftgr tgst lcf`a wmth gfjh lftjh.
Thg fkiu`t ie dmssicvgd ixyng` eiu`d m` thg lcf`a shiucd lg
cgss thf` thg f`fcytmjfc rgpirtm`n cmkmt. Me thg fkiu`t ie 
dmssicvgd ixyng` ms eiu`d flivg thms cgvgc, f`fcysms ie sfkpcgs
ms hfctgd u`tmc thg ji`tfkm`ftmi` ms gcmkm`ftgd, f`d f lcf`a 
shiws `i ji`tfkm`ftmi` ft ir flivg thms cgvgc, ir thg rgsucts

D888 ∜ 68
kust lg qufcmstgd wmth f` m`dmjftmi` thft thgy di `it efcc wmthm`
thg pgreirkf`jg jrmtgrmf ie thg tgst kgthid.
<7.5  Kftrmx Zpmag (KZ)?
<7.5.6 Dmssicvgd ixyng` ms `it f` f`fcytg thft jf` lg
egfsmlcy spmagd m`ti sfkpcgs.
<7.>   Dupcmjftg?
<7.>.6 Ti jhgja thg prgjmsmi` ie sfkpcg f`fcysgs, f`fcyzg f
sfkpcg m` dupcmjftg wmth gfjh lftjh. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust
efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
<7.>.< Jfcjucftg thg stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg dupcmjftg
vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg prgjmsmi` dgtgrkm`gd ly thg cfli-
rftiry ir m` thg jiccflirftmvg study usm`n f`   E  tgst. \gegr ti
5.4.4 ie Rrfjtmjg D784> eir m`eirkftmi` i` fppcym`n thg  E   tgst.
<7.>.: Me thg rgsuct gxjggds thg prgjmsmi` cmkmt, thg lftjh
kust lg rgf`fcyzgd ir thg rgsucts kust lg qufcmstgd wmth f`
m`dmjftmi` thft thgy di `it efcc wmthm` thg pgreirkf`jg jrmtgrmf
ie thg tgst kgthid.
<7.8   M`dgpg`dg`t \gegrg`jg Kftgrmfc (M\K)?
<7.8.6 M`dgpg`dg`t rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg il-
tfm`gd erik jikkgrjmfc siurjgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd erik
thgsg sfkpcgs kust efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly
thg cflirftiry.
TGZT KGTHID J
M@ZT\WKG@TFC R\ILG R\IJGDW\G—
CWKM@GZJG@JG-LFZGD ZG@ZI\
<5. Zjipg
<5.6 Thms tgst kgthid ms fppcmjflcg ti wftgrs ji`tfm`m`n
dmssicvgd ixyng` m` thg rf`ng erik 72 ti <2 222 ·n/C. Mt ms thg
usgr”s rgspi`smlmcmty ti g`surg thg vfcmdmty ie thms tgst kgthid
eir wftgrs ie u`tgstgd kftrmjgs.
<5.< Thms tgst kgthid ms eir f` m`strukg`tfc prilg-
cukm`gsjg`jg-lfsgd sg`sir usm`n thg tgjh`iciny ie ergqug`jy-
dikfm` cmegtmkg-lfsgd cukm`gsjg`jg qug`jhm`n f`d smn`fc
prijgssm`n eir f`fcysms ie dmssicvgd ixyng`. Thms tgst kgthid
ms fkg`flcg ti fcc wftgr f`d wfstgwftgr kftrmjgs thft frg ergg
erik m`tgregrg`jgs ft `irkfc wftgr f`d m`﬌ug`t-ti-trgftkg`t
f`d st`fc geecug`t wfstgwftgr ji`jg`trftmi`s.
EMN. 6 Iptmjfc Lg`jh ir M`tgnrftgd Rrilg
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
=
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
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<5.: Zustfm`gd pgrmids ie sg`sir mkkgrsmi` m` wftgr ji`-
tfm`m`n hmnh cgvgcs ie jhcirm`g dmixmdg kfy dgnrfdg sg`sir
pgreirkf`jg. \gegr ti kf`uefjturgr”s numdgcm`gs eir spgjmstj
m`strukg`t m`tgregrg`jgs.
<5.4 M`strukg`tfc prilg-cukm`gsjg`jg-lfsgd sg`sirs eir
dmssicvgd ixyng` frg prfjtmjfc eir thg ji`tm`uius ki`mtirm`n ie 
dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`tg`t m` `fturfc wftgr, prijgss strgfks f`d
lmicinmjfc prijgssgs, f`d si i`.
<>. Zukkfry ie Tgst Kgthid
<>.6 Thg kist jikki` kgthid ms Ergqug`jy Dikfm`
Cmegtmkg-Lfsgd Cukm`gsjg`jg Vug`jhm`n ie Dmssicvgd Ixy-
ng`.
<8. Fppfrftus
<8.6   Cmegtmkg Cukm`gsjg`jg-Lfsgd Rrilg— Cukm`gsjg`jg-
lfsgd sg`sir prilgs thft kgfsurg cukm`gsjg`jg cmegtmkg frg
`irkfccy jikpisgd ie f cukm`iphirg gklgddgd sg`sm`n eimc,
f` gkmttgr (cmnht gkmttm`n dmidg, CGD) f`d f phitidgtgjtir. Thg
pucsgd ir kiducftgd gkmttgr jfusgs gxjmtftmi` ie thg
cukm`iphirg, whmjh ms qug`jhgd m` thg prgsg`jg ie ixyng`.
Thg phitidgtgjtir ji`vgrts thg cukm`gsjg`jg gkmssmi` m`ti f`
gcgjtrmjfc smn`fc thft jf` lg sfkpcgd f`d prijgssgd ti jikputg
thg cukm`gsjg`jg phfsg shmet ir cukm`gsjg`jg cmegtmkg. Thms
phfsg shmet ir cmegtmkg ms usgd ti quf`tmey dmssicvgd ixyng`
ji`jg`trftmi`s.
<8.< Rrilg dgsmn`s vfry m` thg gkmttgr wfvgcg`nth f`d
cukm`iphirg thft ms usgd m` thg sg`sm`n eimc.
<=. Jfcmlrftmi` f`d Jfcmlrftmi` Ugrmstjftmi`
<=.6   Jfcmlrftmi`— Zikg cukm`gsjg`jg-lfsgd sg`sirs hfvg
f lumct-m` kuctmpim`t jfcmlrftmi` f`d thgrgeirg rgqumrgs `i m`mtmfc
kuctmpim`t jfcmlrftmi`.
<=.< Jfcmlrftmi` vgrmstjftmi` ie thg sg`sir ms rgjikkg`dgd
fs pfrt ie thg cflirftirmgs” qufcmty ji`tric prinrfk ti g`surg
thg m`tgr`fc jfcmlrftmi`1 pim`t jfcmlrftmi` ms ji`stf`t f`d
m`vfrmf`t durm`n DI kgfsurgkg`ts.
<=.: W`dgr gqumcmlrmuk ji`dmtmi`s, thg pfrtmfc prgssurg ie 
ixyng` m` fmr-sfturftgd wftgr ms gqufc ti thft ie ixyng` m`
Abrir

wftgr-sfturftgd fmr. Ji`sgqug`tcy, thg jfcmlrftmi` f`d vgrmstjf-
tmi` ie thg m`strukg`tfc prilg-cukm`gsjg`jg lfsgd sg`sir kfy
lg pgreirkgd m` fmr fs wgcc fs wftgr. Thg dftf prgsg`tgd m` thms
tgst kgthid wfs lfsgd i` m`strukg`ts wmth f sm`ncg-pim`t
jfcmlrftmi`.
<=.4   Rrgpfrftmi` ie ^ftgr-Zfturftgd Fmr Zfkpcg?
<=.4.6 Fdd   6 ⁄ 4  m`. ie rgfng`t wftgr ti f jcgf` :22-kC LID
littcg f`d sgfc wmth stippgr.
<=.4.< Zhfag vmniriuscy eir fpprixmkftgcy :2 sgji`ds.
<=.4.: Fcciw :2 km`utgs eir thg LID littcg f`d mts ji`tg`ts
ti gqumcmlrftg ti riik tgkpgrfturg.
<=.4.4 Thg wftgr-sfturftgd fmr sfkpcg ms `iw rgfdy ti usg
eir jfcmlrftmi` purpisgs.
<=.7   Rrgpfrftmi` ie Fmr-Zfturftgd ^ftgr?
<=.7.6 Fdd fpprixmkftgcy 6722 kC ie rgfng`t wftgr ti f
<-C lgfagr.
<=.7.< Fcciw thg wftgr ti gqumcmlrftg ti riik tgkpgrfturg
(5<²J).
<=.7.: Wsm`n f stgfdy strgfk ie jcgf` jikprgssgd fmr
(fpprixmkftgcy 62 ti 42 kC pgr km`utg ﬌iw rftg) fgrftg thg
wftgr eir f km`mkuk ie :2 km`utgs.
<=.7.4 Fcciw thg wftgr ti rg-gqumcmlrftg ti riik tgkpgrf-
turg (5<²J) eir 47 ti 52 km`utgs.
<=.7.7 Trf`segr fgrftgd wftgr ti jcgf` LID littcgs u`tmc
ivgr﬌iwm`n, thg` sgfc wmth stippgr.
<=.7.5 @itg thg cflirftiry lfrikgtrmj prgssurg f`d sfkpcg
tgkpgrfturg f`d usg vfcugs erik   Tflcg X6.6   ti jfcjucftg thg
thgirgtmjfc dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`.
<=.7.> F`fcyzg wmthm` 4 hiurs ie prgpfrftmi`.
<=.5 Rrivmdg eir sumtflcg turlucg`t ﬌iw pfst thg sg`sir jfp.
<=.> Ugrmey jfcmlrftmi` wmth wftgr-sfturftgd fmr ir fmr-
sfturftgd wftgr f`d thg jikpcgtmi` ie kftrmx sfkpcgs.
<=.>.6 Jfcmlrftmi` vgrmstjftmi` shiucd lg wmthm` => ti 624 %
ie thgirgtmjfc dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi`.
<=.>.< Me jfcmlrftmi` vgrmstjftmi` ms iutsmdg ie thgirgtmjfc
rgjivgry rf`ng, rg-jfcmlrftg sg`sir f`d rg-f`fcyzg kftrmx
sfkpcgs.
<=.8 Twi-pim`t jfcmlrftmi`s frg fjjgptflcg1 hiwgvgr, m`tgr-
cflirftiry dftf m`jcudgd m` thms stf`dfrd wfs jiccgjtgd usm`n f
sm`ncg-pim`t jfcmlrftmi`.
<=.8.6 Mt ms thg usgrs rgspi`smlmcmty ti dgki`strftg fjjgpt-
flmcmty ie jfcmlrftmi`. Dftf kust kggt thg kgthid rgqumrgkg`ts
m` Tflcg 6 f`d Tflcg <.
<=.8.< Ztgps f`d suppirtm`n dftf eir f twi-pim`t jfcmlrftmi`
jf` lg eiu`d m`   Fppg`dmx X<.
<=.=  Rrgpfrftmi` ie @mtring`-Zfturftgd ^ftgr (eir 2 Rim`t  sgvg` vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg fjjgptflcg rf`ngs ie lmfs m`
ie f Twi-Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi`)?
<=.=.6 Fdd fpprixmkftgcy 6722 kC ie rgfng`t wftgr ti f
<-C lgfagr.
TFLCG 6 Riicgd \iu`d \ilm` \gjivgry f`d Rrgjmsmi` Jrmtgrmf eir Cukm`gsjg`jg-Lfsgd Zg`sir
\gegrg`jg ^ftgr DI Ji`j. =>.7 % Ciwgr Cmkmt ie
DI \f`ng (kn/C)
Ciw 6.>< ‚ 6.>4
Hmnh >.<< ‚ =.<:
Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
D888 ∜ 68
<=.=.< Wsm`n f stgfdy strgfk ie jcgf` jikprgssgd `mtring`
(fpprixmkftgcy 62 ti 42 kC pgr km`utgs ﬌iw rftg) fgrftg thg
wftgr eir f km`mkuk ie :2 km`utgs.
<=.62  Rrgpfrftmi` ie Zfturftgd Zidmuk Zucsttg Zicutmi`?
<=.62.6 Fdd fpprixmkftgcy <7<.28 n/C ie sidmuk sucsttg
(@f<ZI:) ti rgfng`t wftgr eir f < K sicutmi`. Fctgr`ftmvgcy,
fdd fpprixmkftgcy 72 n ie f`hydrius sidmuk sucsttg (@f <ZI:)
ti 6 C ie rgfng`t wftgr eir f sicutmi` ie fliut 2.4 K.
<=.62.< Thg sidmuk sucsttg sfkpcg ms `iw rgfdy ti usg eir
jfcmlrftmi` purpisgs.
:2. Rrgjmsmi` f`d Lmfs
:2.6 Thg prgjmsmi` ie thg tgst kgthid wfs dgtgrkm`gd ly
gmnht cflirftirmgs usm`n eiur sfturftgd sfkpcgs ie rgfng`t wftgr
ft f rgegrg`jg dmssicvgd ixyng` ji`jg`trftmi` ie 6.>4 kn/C.
Thg kgf` ji`jg`trftmi` wfs 6.>: kn/C, f`d thg piicgd sm`ncg
ipgrftir prgjmsmi` m` thgsg sfkpcgs wfs 2.2< kn/C.
:2.< Rrgjmsmi` f`d lmfs eir thms tgst kgthid ji`eirk ti
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ 2:, whmjh wfs m` pcfjg ft thg tmkg ie 
jiccflirftmvg tgstm`n. W`dgr thg fcciwf`jgs kfdg m` 6.4 ie 
Rrfjtmjg   D<>>> ‚ 6:, thgsg prgjmsmi` f`d lmfs dftf di kggt
gxmstm`n rgqumrgkg`ts eir m`tgrcflirftiry studmgs ie Jikkmttgg
D6= tgst kgthids.
@ITG   68—Thg dftf prgsg`tgd m` thms tgst kgthid wfs lfsgd i`
m`strukg`ts wmth f sm`ncg-pim`t jfcmlrftmi`. Thg jfcmlrftmi` wfs pgreirkgd
m` fmr f`d vgrmstgd m` wftgr.
:6. Vufcmty Ji`tric (VJ)
:6.6 Ti g`surg thft f`fcytmjfc vfcugs iltfm`gd usm`n thgsg
tgst kgthids frg vfcmd f`d fjjurftg wmthm` thg ji`stdg`jg cmkmts
ie thg tgst, thg eicciwm`n VJ prijgdurgs kust lg eicciwgd
whg` f`fcyzm`n dmssicvgd ixyng`.
:6.<   Jfcmlrftmi` f`d Jfcmlrftmi` Ugrmstjftmi`?
:6.<.6 Wsg wftgr-sfturftgd fmr f`d fmr-sfturftgd wftgr rgegr-
g`jg sfkpcgs dgsjrmlgd m`   <=.4   f`d   <=.7.  Jfcmlrftmi` vfcugs
shiucd efcc wmthm` vfcugs m`  Tflcg 6.
:6.:   M`mtmfc Dgki`strftmi` ie Cflirftiry Jfpflmcmty?
:6.:.6 Me f cflirftiry hfs `it pgreirkgd thg tgst lgeirg, ir me 
thgrg hfs lgg` f kfoir jhf`ng m` thg kgfsurgkg`t systgk, eir
gxfkpcg, `gw f`fcyst, `gw m`strukg`t, f`d si eirth, f prgjmsmi`
f`d lmfs study kust lg pgreirkgd ti dgki`strftg cflirftiry
jfpflmcmty.
:6.:.< F`fcyzg eiur rgpcmjftgs ie fmr-sfturftgd wftgr.
:6.:.: Jfcjucftg thg kgf` f`d stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg
:2.6 f`d rgjivgry f`d prgjmsmi` m`  Tflcg 6. Thms study shiucd
lg rgpgftgd u`tmc thg rgjivgrmgs frg wmthm` thg cmkmts nmvg` m`
:2.6.
=>.7 % Wppgr Cmkmt ie =7 % Wppgr Cmkmt ie
\gjivgry (%) \gjivgry (%) Rrgjmsmi` (%)
=7.4 624.2 6.>7
=5.< 624.2 6.62
62
 

D888 ∜ 68
TFLCG < Kgthid Rgreirkf`jg ie DI Kgfsurgkg`ts erik Fmr-Zfturftgd ^ftgr \gegrg`jg Zfkpcgs
Dftf Zgt 6 Dftf Zgt <
Cfl
@i. Kgthid F Kgthid L Kgthid J Kgthid F Kgthid L Kgthid J
^m`acgr % \gj. Kgklrf`g % \gj. CDI % \gj. ^m`acgr % \gj. Kgklrf`g % \gj. CDI % \gj.
6 88.< =7.> =5.> =5.6 ==.4 =5.2
< =>.7 =8.= =8.< =>.7 =8.= =8.=
: =>.= ==.2 626.2 =8.> =8.= ==.<
7 ==.= =8.6 ==.< =>.4 =>.> ==.7
5 =5.> =5.5 622.2 =6.2 =2.5 626.2
> =4.: =4.: 626.2 =4.7 =4.7 =8.4
8 =7.2 =5.6 626.2 =5.< =5.< ==.5
= 62=.2 624.2 62>.2 625.2 627.2 624.2
62 =:.< =2.8 =8.5 =:.8 =4.8 =4.8
66 624.2 624.2 62<.2 627.2 =>.= 62<.2

Fvgrfng =>.7 =>.> 626.2 =>.5 =>.4 ==.:

Ztdgv 7.5 4.2 <.= 4.> :.8 <.>
%\ZD 7.8 4.6 <.= 4.8 :.= <.>

Riicgd Dftf Zgts

Fvgrfng =>.5 =>.7 622.2
Ztdgv 7.2 :.8 <.>
%\ZD 7.< :.= <.>

:6.4   Cflirftiry Ji`tric Zfkpcg (CJZ)?
:6.4.6 Fmr-sfturftgd rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg usgd
eir cflirftiry ji`tric sfkpcgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust efcc
wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
:6.7  Kftrmx Zpmag (KZ)?
:6.7.6 Dmssicvgd ixyng` ms `it f` f`fcytg thft jf` lg
egfsmlcy spmagd m`ti kftrmx sfkpcgs.
:6.5   Dupcmjftg?
:6.5.6 Ti jhgja thg prgjmsmi` ie sfkpcg f`fcysgs, f`fcyzg
f` fmr-sfturftgd wftgr rgegrg`jg sfkpcg m` dupcmjftg wmth gfjh
lftjh. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd kust efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts
gstflcmshgd ly thg cflirftiry.
:6.5.< Jfcjucftg thg stf`dfrd dgvmftmi` ie thg dupcmjftg
vfcugs f`d jikpfrg ti thg prgjmsmi` dgtgrkm`gd ly thg cfli-
rftiry ir m` thg jiccflirftmvg study.
:6.5.: Me thg rgsuct gxjggds thg prgjmsmi` cmkmt, thg lftjh
kust lg rgf`fcyzgd ir thg rgsucts kust lg qufcmstgd wmth f`
m`dmjftmi` thft thgy di `it efcc wmthm` thg pgreirkf`jg jrmtgrmf
ie thg tgst kgthid.
:6.>   M`dgpg`dg`t \gegrg`jg Kftgrmfc (M\K)?
:6.>.6 M`dgpg`dg`t rgegrg`jg wftgr sfkpcgs kfy lg il-
tfm`gd erik jikkgrjmfc siurjgs. Thg vfcug iltfm`gd erik
thgsg sfkpcgs kust efcc wmthm` thg ji`tric cmkmts gstflcmshgd ly
thg jikkgrjmfc siurjg.
:6.8   Tflcgs 6 f`d < rg﬌gjt riu`d rilm` rgsucts thft f typmjfc
usgr ie thms tgst kgthid shiucd fjhmgvg.
:<. Agywirds
:<.6 f`fcysms1 dmssicvgd ixyng`1 ergqug`jy dikfm`1
cmegtmkg-lfsgd1 cukm`gsjg`jg1 prilg1 tmtrmkgtrmj1 wftgr

FRRG@DMXGZ

(@i`kf`dftiry M`eirkftmi`)

X6. IX]NG@ ZFTW\FTMI@ UFCWGZ

X6.6   Ixyng` Zfturftmi` Ufcugs m` ^ftgr f`d Gcgvftmi`s —
Thg siculmcmty ie ixyng` m` wftgr ft vfrmius tgkpgrfturgs f`d
gcgvftmi`s u`dgr f` ftkisphgrmj prgssurg ie >52 kk ms shiw`
m` Tflcg X6.6.
X6.<  Ixyng` Zfturftmi` Ufcugs m` ^ftgr f`d Zfct ^ftgrs—
Thg siculmcmty ie ixyng` m` wftgr gxpisgd ti wftgr sfturftgd
fmr u`dgr f` ftkisphgrmj prgssurg ie >52 kk ms shiw` m`  Tflcg
X6.< ft sgvgrfc tgkpgrfturgs f`d ji`jg`trftmi`s ie sgf wftgr ti
mccustrftg thg geegjts ie sfct ji`jg`trftmi` f`d tgkpgrfturg. Thg
siculmcmty vgrsus dmssicvgd sfct ji`jg`trftmi` jf` vfry ji`smd-
grflcy wmth thg `fturg ie thg sfcts m` sicutmi`.

Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
66
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
 

D888 ∜ 68
TFLCG X6.6 Ziculmcmty ie Ixyng` (kn/C) ft Ufrmius Tgkpgrfturgs
f`d Gcgvftmi`s (Lfsgd i` Zgf Cgvgc Lfrikgtrmj Rrgssurg ie >52
kk Hn)  6<
Tgkpgrfturg, Gcgvftmi`, Eggt flivg Zgf Cgvgc
²J 2 6222 <222 :222 4222 7222 5222
2 64.5 64.6 6:.5 6:.< 6<.> 6<.: 66.8
< 6:.8 6:.: 6<.= 6<.4 6<.2 66.5 66.<
4 6:.6 6<.> 6<.< 66.= 66.4 66.2 62.5
5 6<.4 6<.2 66.5 66.< 62.8 62.4 62.6
8 66.8 66.4 66.2 62.5 62.: =.= =.5
62 66.: 62.= 62.7 62.< =.8 =.7 =.<
6< 62.8 62.4 62.6 =.> =.4 =.6 8.8
64 62.: =.= =.5 =.: =.2 8.> 8.:
65 =.= =.> =.< 8.= 8.5 8.: 8.2
68 =.7 =.< 8.> 8.5 8.: 8.2 >.>
<2 =.6 8.8 8.7 8.< >.= >.> >.4
<< 8.> 8.4 8.6 >.8 >.> >.: >.6
<4 8.4 8.6 >.8 >.5 >.: >.6 5.8
<5 8.6 >.8 >.5 >.: >.2 5.8 5.5
<8 >.8 >.7 >.: >.2 5.8 5.5 5.:
:2 >.7 >.< >.2 5.8 5.7 5.: 5.6
:< >.: >.6 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6 7.=
:4 >.6 5.= 5.5 5.4 5.< 5.2 7.8
:5 5.8 5.5 5.: 5.6 7.= 7.> 7.7
:8 5.5 5.4 5.< 7.= 7.> 7.5 7.4
42 5.4 5.< 5.2 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.<

TFLCG X6.< Ziculmcmty ie Ixyng` (kn/C) ft Ufrmius Tgkpgrfturgs

f`d Jhcirm`mty (Lfsgd i` Zgf Cgvgc Lfrikgtrmj Rrgssurg ie >52
kk Hn)6<
Tgkpgrfturg,² Jhcirm`mty, %
J 2 4.2 8.2 6<.2 65.2 <2.2
2 64.5 6:.= 6:.< 6<.7 66.= 66.:
< 6:.8 6:.< 6<.7 66.= 66.4 62.8
4 6:.6 6<.7 66.= 66.: 62.8 62.:
5 6<.4 66.8 66.: 62.8 62.: =.8
8 66.8 66.: 62.8 62.: =.8 =.4
62 66.: 62.8 62.: =.8 =.4 =.2
6< 62.8 62.: =.8 =.4 =.2 8.5
64 62.: =.= =.4 =.2 8.5 8.:
65 =.= =.4 =.2 8.5 8.: 8.2
68 =.7 =.6 8.> 8.: 8.2 >.5
<2 =.6 8.> 8.: 8.2 >.> >.4
<< 8.> 8.4 8.2 >.> >.4 >.6
<4 8.4 8.6 >.> >.4 >.6 5.=
<5 8.6 >.8 >.7 >.< 5.= 5.5
<8 >.8 >.7 >.< 5.= 5.5 5.4
:2 >.7 >.< >.2 5.> 5.4 5.<
:< >.: >.2 5.> 5.7 5.< 5.2
:4 >.6 5.8 5.7 5.: 5.2 7.8
:5 5.8 5.5 5.: 5.6 7.8 7.5
:8 5.5 5.4 5.6 7.= 7.5 7.4
42 5.4 5.< 7.= 7.> 7.4 7.<

Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
6<
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.
 

D888 ∜ 68

X<. T^I-RIM@T JFCML\FTMI@ _G\I RIM@T ZTGRZ

X<.6 Rrgpfrg wftgr sfturftgd fmr fs dgsjrmlgd m` <=.4.

X<.< Rrgpfrg `mtring`-sfturftgd fmr fs dgsjrmlgd m` <=.=.<.

X<.: Rrgpfrg 2.4 K sidmuk sucsttg sicutmi` fs dgsjrmlgd m`

<=.62.

TFLCG X<.6 Zm`ncg Ipgrftir \gjivgry f`d Rrgjmsmi` Jrmtgrmf eir Cukm`gsjg`jg-Lfsgd Zg`sir ‚ Twi-Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi`
Agy
FZ^ (LID) Zm`ncg Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (Zfturftgd sicutmi` pcfjgd m` LID littcgs f`d jfppgd)
FZ^ (LID) / @<   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (LID) f`d @mtring` Zfturftgd ^ftgr
FZ^ (LID) / @f<ZI:   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (LID) f`d Zidmuk Zucsttg
FZ^ (Lullcgr) Zm`ncg Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (Zfturftgd sicutmi` m` f lullcgr)
FZ^ (Lullcgr) / @<   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (Lullcgr) f`d @mtring` Zfturftgd ^ftgr
FZ^ (Lullcgr) / @f<ZI:   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` Fmr Zfturftgd ^ftgr (Lullcgr) f`d Zidmuk Zucsttg
^ZF Zm`ncg Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` ^ftgr Zfturftgd Fmr
^ZF / @<   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` ^ftgr Zfturftgd Fmr f`d @mtring` Zfturftgd ^ftgr
^ZF / @f<ZI:   Twi Rim`t Jfcmlrftmi` m` ^ftgr Zfturftgd Fmr f`d Zidmuk Zucsttg

F
Riicgd Dftf Zgt
Jfcmlrftmi` Kgthid FZ^ (LID) FZ^ (LID) / @<   FZ^ (LID) / @f<ZI:
Tgst pim`t Tgkp 622.2 % 622.2 % 622.2 %
Fvgrfng \DI rgfdm`n <5.8: ==.45 % ==.:4 % ==.<> %
Ztdgv 6.27 % 6.2< % 6.2: %
% \ZD 6.27 % 6.2: % 6.24 %
Jfcmlrftmi` Kgthid FZ^ (LID) FZ^ (LID) / @<   FZ^ (LID) / @f<ZI:
Tgst pim`t Tgkp 622.2 % 622.2 % 622.2 %
Fvgrfng \DI rgfdm`n <5.8: ==.45 % ==.:4 % ==.<> %
Ztdgv 6.27 % 6.2< % 6.2: %
% \ZD 6.27 % 6.2: % 6.24 %
Jfcmlrftmi` Kgthid FZ^ (Lullcgr) FZ^ (Lullcgr) / @<   FZ^ (Lullcgr) / @f<ZI:
Tgst pim`t Tgkp 622.2 % 622.2 % 622.2 %
Fvgrfng \DI rgfdm`n <5.8: ==.<6 % ==.6> % ==.68 %
Ztdgv 6.2< % 6.2: % 6.2: %
% \ZD 6.2: % 6.24 % 6.24 %
Jfcmlrftmi` Kgthid ^ZF ^ZF / @<   ^ZF / @f<ZI:
Tgst pim`t Tgkp 622.2 % 622.2 % 622.2 %
Fvgrfng \DI rgfdm`n <5.8: ==.68 % ==.<2 % ==.<< %
Ztdgv 6.24 % 6.24 % 6.2< %
% \ZD 6.27 % 6.27 % 6.2: %
F
Dftf jiccgjtgd erik thg M`-Zmtu M`j. \gsgfrjh f`d Dgvgcipkg`t Cflirftiry, Eirt Jiccm`s, JI.

Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
6:
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.

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D888 ∜ 68

ZWKKF\] IE JHF@NGZ

Jikkmttgg D6= hfs mdg`tmstgd thg cijftmi` ie sgcgjtgd jhf`ngs ti thms stf`dfrd sm`jg thg cfst mssug
(D888 ‚ 6< 6) thft kfy mkpfjt thg usg ie thms stf`dfrd. (Fpprivgd Kfy 6, <268.)
ɑ

(6)  \gvmsgd   :.6,   67.6,   <7.6,   f`d   :6.6   eir km`ir gdmtirmfc (<)  ^fr`m`n stftgkg`t wfs fddgd ti >.6, 66.6.<, f`d  66.6.: i`
jhf`ngs. thg hfzfrds ie sidmuk fzmdg.

FZTK M`tgr`ftmi`fc tfags `i pismtmi` rgspgjtm`n thg vfcmdmty ie f`y pftg`t rmnhts fssgrtgd m` ji``gjtmi` wmth f`y mtgk kg`tmi`gd 
m` thms stf`dfrd. Wsgrs ie thms stf`dfrd frg gxprgsscy fdvmsgd thft dgtgrkm`ftmi` ie thg vfcmdmty ie f`y sujh pftg`t rmnhts, f`d thg rmsa 
ie m`erm`ngkg`t ie sujh rmnhts, frg g`tmrgcy thgmr iw` rgspi`smlmcmty.

Thms stf`dfrd ms sulogjt ti rgvmsmi` ft f`y tmkg ly thg rgspi`smlcg tgjh`mjfc jikkmttgg f`d kust lg rgvmgwgd gvgry stvg ygfrs f`d 
me `it rgvmsgd, gmthgr rgfpprivgd ir wmthdrfw`. ]iur jikkg`ts frg m`vmtgd gmthgr eir rgvmsmi` ie thms stf`dfrd ir eir fddmtmi`fc stf`dfrds 
f`d shiucd lg fddrgssgd ti FZTK M`tgr`ftmi`fc Hgfdqufrtgrs. ]iur jikkg`ts wmcc rgjgmvg jfrgeuc ji`smdgrftmi` ft f kggtm`n ie thg 
rgspi`smlcg tgjh`mjfc jikkmttgg, whmjh yiu kfy fttg`d. Me yiu eggc thft yiur jikkg`ts hfvg `it rgjgmvgd f efmr hgfrm`n yiu shiucd 
kfag yiur vmgws a`iw` ti thg FZTK Jikkmttgg i` Ztf`dfrds, ft thg fddrgss shiw` lgciw.

Thms stf`dfrd ms jipyrmnhtgd ly FZTK M`tgr`ftmi`fc, 622 Lfrr Hfrlir Drmvg, RI Lix J>22, ^gst Ji`shihijag`, RF 6=4<8-<=7=,
W`mtgd Ztftgs. M`dmvmdufc rgprm`ts (sm`ncg ir kuctmpcg jipmgs) ie thms stf`dfrd kfy lg iltfm`gd ly ji`tfjtm`n FZTK ft thg flivg 
fddrgss ir ft 562-8:<-=787 (phi`g), 562-8:<-=777 (efx), ir sgrvmjgBfstk.irn (g-kfmc)1 ir thriunh thg FZTK wglsmtg 
(www.fstk.irn). Rgrkmssmi` rmnhts ti phitijipy thg stf`dfrd kfy fcsi lg sgjurgd erik thg Jipyrmnht Jcgfrf`jg Jg`tgr, <<< 
\isgwiid Drmvg, Df`vgrs, KF 26=<:, Tgc? (=>8) 545-<5221 http?//www.jipyrmnht.jik/ 

Jipyrmnht ly FZTK M`t'c (fcc rmnhts rgsgrvgd)1 Tug Ouc : 6>?2=?78 GDT <268
64
Diw`cifdgd/prm`tgd ly
W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf (W`mvgrsmdfd @fjmi`fc Dg Jiciklmf) pursuf`t ti Cmjg`sg Fnrggkg`t. @i eurthgr rgpridujtmi`s futhirmzgd.

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