LBOLYTC CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION AND
TERMINOLOGIES
DR. WILSON CORDOVA

CENSUS is the process of collecting information

PURPOSE OF STATISTICS
from the population

 To provide information SURVEY is the process of collecting information

 To provide comparisons from the population
 To help discern relationships
 To aid in decision making PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
 To justify claims or assertions
 To estimate unknown quantities
PARAMETER is a summary or numerical measure
 To predict future outcomes used to describe a population

WHAT IS STATISTICS? STATISTIC is a summary or numerical measure

used to describe a sample

STATISTICS is a science that deals with the

collection, organization, presentation, analysis and CONSTANT AND VARIABLES
interpretation of data.
CONSTANT is a characteristic or property of a
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS population or sample which makes the members
similar to each other.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS consists of methods

VARIABLES is any characteristic or information
concerned with collection, organization,
measurable or observable on every element of the
summarization and presentation of a set of data
population or sample

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS is comprised of

those methods concerned with making predictions or
inferences about an entire population based on
information provided by the sample
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
POPULATION consists of the totality of all the
elements or entities from which you want to obtain an
information
SAMPLE is a subset of the population
CENSUS AND SURVEY
TYPES OF VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE (CATEGORICAL) VARIABLES
indicate what kind of a given characteristic an
individual, object, or event possesses.
QUANTITATIVE (NUMERICAL) VARIABLES
indicates how much a given characteristic an
individual, object, or event possesses
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
DISCRETE VARIABLES are variables whose
values are obtained through the process of counting

1 (LBOLYTC)
LBOLYTC CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION AND
TERMINOLOGIES
DR. WILSON CORDOVA

CONTINUOUS VARIABLES are variables whose
values are obtained through the process of measuring
DEPENDENT VARIABLE is a variable which is
affected by another variable
RATIO are variables whose values have all the
properties of the interval scale and the ratio of two
values is meaningful
 Has a true zero point;

 Ex. “test scores” is dependent on number of  It is the highest level of measurement

hours spent in studying, IQ, attitude
towards studying, etc...

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE is a variable which

affects the dependent variable

 Ex. “number of hours spent in studying”

affects test scores

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT OF
VARIABLES

NOMINAL are variables whose values are simply

labels or names or categories without any explicit or
implicit ordering of the labels;

 It is the lowest level of measurement known

as CATEGORICAL SCALE.
ORDINAL VARIABLES are variables whose
values are simply labels or names or categories with
an implied ordering in these labels;

 Ranking can be done on the data

 Distance between two labels cannot be

determined.

INTERVAL VARIABLES are variables whose

values can be ordered and distance between
any two labels are of known size;

 Always numeric and have no true zero

point.

2 (LBOLYTC)