Name: John Redz Christian M.

Tuso Date: 29/03/2023

CYS: BSMT-2 ALPHA

Stone Age Architecture: During the Stone Age, people built

structures made of stones and rocks, such as dolmens,
menhirs, and cairns. These were typically used as tombs, burial
mounds, and communal meeting places. Stone Age
architecture was a product of necessity and available
resources. Many structures were simple and functional, with
little decoration or ornamentation.

Stone Age Art: The art of the Stone Age includes cave paintings
and carvings, such as those found in the Lascaux Caves in
France. These artworks depict animals, hunting scenes, and
geometric patterns. Stone Age art is one of the earliest
examples of human creativity, and it reveals the importance of
animals and nature to early cultures. Cave paintings often
depicted hunting scenes and animals, while carvings featured
figures and symbols that likely held significant cultural
meaning.

Neolithic Architecture: Neolithic architecture and art differ from

other architectural and artistic styles, such as those of the Bronze
Age, Iron Age, and Ancient Egypt. In terms of architecture, Neolithic
structures were built using locally available materials, such as wood,
stone, and mud, and were often smaller and less complex than later
styles. These structures were primarily used for shelter and storage,
rather than for religious or ceremonial purposes.

Neolithic art: Often took the form of small sculptures, figurines, and pot tery
made from clay, stone, or bone. These works were used for a variety of
functions, including religious, ritual, and decorative purposes. Many of the
figurines and sculptures were likely used in religious or magical ceremonies,
and featured abstract or stylized forms rather than realistic depictions of
animals or humans.
Mesopotamian Architecture: The Mesopotamians were
known for their impressive ziggurats, which were massive
stepped structures used as temples and administrative
centers. Mesopotamian architecture developed in response to
the need for centralized administration and religious worship.
The ziggurat was a massive stepped structure that served as a
hub of religious activity, with smaller structures surrounding it
for administrative purposes.

Mesopotamian Art: Mesopotamian art was characterized by

intricate relief carvings, pottery, and sculpture, such as the
famous "Winged Bulls" found in the ancient city of Nineveh.
Mesopotamian art was a reflection of the culture's religious
and political beliefs, and often depicted deities and rulers in
highly stylized forms. Cylinder seals were small, intricate
carvings used to mark documents and demonstrate the
owner's status and authority.

Bronze Age Architecture: were often larger and more complex than those of earlier periods, and were
built using new techniques and materials. Bronze Age buildings were often made of stone, wood, and
other materials, and featured more elaborate designs and construction methods.

Bronze Age Art: similarly, differed from earlier forms in its complexity and sophistication. Bronze Age
artists used new techniques and materials, such as metalworking, to create intricate sculptures and
other works. Bronze Age art was often used for religious or ceremonial purposes, and featured stylized
forms and motifs that were both decorative and symbolic.

Bronze Age Architecture:

 Megalithic structures: Megalithic structures are large stone structures that

were built without the use of mortar or cement. They are found in many
cultures during the Bronze Age and are believed to have served a variety of
purposes, such as burial sites or religious monuments.

 Citadel and Palace Architecture: Many Bronze Age cultures built citadels and
palaces as centers of government and administration. These structures were
often fortified and featured impressive walls, gates, and towers.
  Circular Houses: Some Bronze Age cultures, such as the Mycenaeans, built
circular houses that featured a central hearth and a surrounding ring of
rooms. These houses were often made of stone and were designed for
protection and defense.

Bronze Age Art:

 Metalworking: Bronze Age cultures were known for their advanced metalworking techniques,
which allowed them to create intricate jewelry, weapons, and sculptures. Bronze, gold, and
silver were commonly used in art during this period.

 Figurative Art: Bronze Age cultures produced many figurative works of art, including sculptures
and reliefs depicting humans, animals, and mythological creatures. These works often featured
stylized, exaggerated forms and were highly symbolic.

 Pottery: Pottery was also an important art form during the Bronze Age, with many cultures
producing highly decorated vessels for everyday use as well as ceremonial purposes. These
vessels often featured geometric patterns and stylized animal and plant motifs.

Iron Age Architecture:

Hillforts: Hillforts were fortified settlements built on hills or other high

ground
for defense purposes. They were common in many Iron Age cultures and
often featured impressive walls and gates.

Circular Houses: Like in the Bronze Age, circular houses were also common in
some Iron Age cultures, such as the Celts. These houses were often made of
wood and thatched with straw or reeds.

Burial Mounds: Many Iron Age cultures built burial mounds, also known as
barrows, for their leaders and important individuals. These mounds often
featured stone chambers or cists and were covered with earth and stones.

Iron Age Art:

Metalworking: Like in the Bronze Age, metalworking continued to be an important art form
during the Iron Age. Iron, as well as bronze, gold, and silver, were commonly used to create
intricate jewelry, weapons, and decorative objects.

Figurative Art: Iron Age cultures produced many figurative works of art, including sculptures and
reliefs depicting humans, animals, and mythological creatures. These works often featured
realistic forms and were highly expressive.
 Celtic Art: The Celtic culture, which flourished in Europe during the Iron Age, produced some of
the most distinctive and recognizable works of art from this period. Celtic art is characterized by
its intricate, abstract designs, often featuring interlacing patterns and stylized animals.

Egyptian Architecture: The ancient Egyptians are famous for their monumental
architecture, such as the pyramids, temples, and obelisks. These structures
were built to honor the gods and pharaohs and were often adorned with
intricate carvings and hieroglyphics. Egyptian architecture was driven by the
desire to create lasting monuments to the pharaohs and their gods. Pyramids
and temples were often decorated with intricate hieroglyphics and reliefs,
depicting the pharaoh's accomplishments and divine connections.

Egyptian Art: Egyptian art is known for its iconic depictions of pharaohs, gods, and
animals. Some of the most famous examples include the Great Sphinx, the bust of
Nefertiti, and the tomb paintings found in the Valley of the Kings. Egyptian art was highly
symbolic and often featured stylized, idealized forms. The use of symmetry, frontalism,
and hieratic scale helped to convey the importance and power of the figures depicted.

Ancient Egyptian Architecture:

Pyramids: The most iconic example of Ancient Egyptian architecture is the pyramid, which was used as a
burial place for pharaohs and their consorts. The pyramids were typically made of limestone and were
often surrounded by other structures, such as temples and causeways.

Temples: Temples were important structures in Ancient Egypt and were used for a variety of religious
and ceremonial purposes. They often featured large courtyards, hypostyle halls with rows of columns,
and sanctuaries.

Tombs: In addition to the pyramids, Ancient Egyptians also built elaborate tombs for the wealthy and
powerful. These tombs often featured elaborate murals, hieroglyphics, and sculptures.

Ancient Egyptian Art:

Sculpture: Ancient Egyptian sculpture was typically made of stone, and often featured stylized forms
that were meant to represent the idealized human form. Sculptures were often highly detailed, and
were used for both religious and secular purposes.

Painting: Ancient Egyptian paintings were often done in a highly stylized, symbolic style, and typically
depicted scenes from everyday life, as well as religious and mythological themes. The paintings often
featured bold, flat forms and bright colors.

Hieroglyphics: Hieroglyphics were a form of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, and were often used
in art to convey religious and mythological themes. Hieroglyphics were typically carved or painted onto
walls or other surfaces.