MODULE I

Fundamentals of Computing
Computing is the activity of using a computer and writing programs for it.Relating to computers and their uses
Introduction To
Computers
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

❖ Introduction to Computer System

❖ Elements of Computer System
❖ Computing Environment
❖ Computer Languages
COMPUTER SYSTEM
• A computer system is an integrated form of different components that work together to give a desirable
result.
• It has different component and each works for a specific purpose; however, they generate a common
result as required by the user.
OR
A Computer system is defined as combination of components designed to process data and store files.
A Computer system requires hardware, software and a user to fully function.

:
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:
ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER

A computer system is composed of six essential parts. They all work together to complete
the task at hand. Let's have a look at them all.
1] Hardware:Hardware components are the electronic or mechanical instruments, like
keyboard, monitor, printer etc.. The four types of hardware are, depending on which
function they perform.
Input Hardware: For users to enter data into the computer system. Ex.Keyboard, mouse,
Scanner
• Output Hardware: displaying and translating the data processing's outcome . Example:
Monitor Screen, Printer etc.
• Processing and Memory Hardware: Where data and information are processed and
altered in order to complete the task at hand. It is also the computer's workspace,
where data is temporarily stored. Ex. Central Processing Unit (CPU), Read Only
Memory (RAM)
• Secondary Storage Hardware: Where the computer system stores data permanently. Ex.
Harddisk, Pendrive etc.
2] Software
Software is nothing more than a collection of computer programmes (or instructions). It
allows the user to communicate with the computer system via hardware.
There are basically six different categories of software:
.Operating System: These specialized programmes enable connection between software
and hardware. Operating systems run all other computer programmes and even control
the computer's startup process. Ex: Windows XP, Macintosh etc.
.Application Software: These are designed to perform a specific task or a bunch of tasks. They can be
user-designed (specific to the user’s needs) or readymade application software. Example: PowerPoint, Tally
etc
.Utility Software: Like operating system, it is a system software. It helps maintain and protect the computer
system. For example, Anti-virus software is a utility software.
.Language Processors: Software that converts from machine language into computer language. Additionally,
it looks for and corrects syntax faults in the language..
.System software controls the hardware, data reading, and other internal processes.
.Software designed to ease connections between computers and servers is referred to as connectivity
software. This makes it possible for computers to exchange information and interact with one another.
3] People : There are three various kinds of users who communicate with the system:
• Programmers: Professionals who create computer programmes that allow users to
connect with computers. They must be familiar with computers and computer languages.
• System Analyst: They mostly create data processing systems and troubleshoot data
processing issues.
• End-Users: The individuals who interact with the computer system are known as
end-users or operators.
4] Procedures
These are a set of instructions written in code that instruct a computer on how to do a
task, run software, perform calculations, and so on.
• Hardware-Oriented Procedure:  explains the hardware of the system and makes sure it
functions properly.
• Software Oriented Procedure:  gives guidance on how to operate and start software
packages.
• Internal Procedures: Directs the flow of information and sequences data.
5] Data
• The basic facts and statistics we enter into the computer are known as data. Data that
has been structured and processed through the use of a computer system is known as
information. Decisions can then be made using the information.
• Data is measured in "bytes," which are units of storage. The equivalent of one kilobyte
(KB) is around 1000 bytes, one megabyte (MB) is roughly 1 million bytes, and one
gigabyte (GB) (1,000,000,000)is roughly 1 billion bytes.
• 6] Connectivity
• This occurs when a network is connected to the computers. Sharing of data, files, and
other resources is made easier by it.
• Through LAN cables, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellites, and other methods,
• computers can join a network. In a computer system, connection is best demonstrated
through the internet.
COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

• Computing is nothing but process of completing a task by using the computer technology
and it may involve computer hardware and/or software.
• Computing Environments : When a problem is solved by the computer, during that
computer uses many devices, arranged in different ways and which work together to
solve problems. This constitutes a computing environment where various number of
computer devices arranged in different ways to solve different types of problems in
different ways
• Based on the organization of different computer devices and communication processes
there exists multiple types of computing environments. 
TYPES OF COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
PERSONAL COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT :

•  In personal computing environment there is a stand-alone machine. Complete program

resides on computer and executed there. Different stand-alone machines that constitute
a personal computing environment are laptops, mobiles, printers, computer systems,
scanners etc. That we use at our homes and offices.
.
TIME-SHARING COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

 In Time Sharing Computing Environment multiple users share system simultaneously.
Different users (different processes) are allotted different time slice and processor
switches rapidly among users according to it. For example, student listening to music while
coding something in an IDE. Windows 95 and later versions, Unix, IOS, Linux operating
systems are the examples of this time sharing computing environment
CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING
ENVIRONMENT
• In client server computing environment two machines are involved i.e., client machine
and server machine, sometime same machine also serve as client and server. In this
computing environment client requests resource/service and server provides that
respective resource/service. A server can provide service to multiple clients at a time
and here mainly communication happens through computer network.
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT 

•  In a distributed computing environment multiple nodes are connected together using
network but physically they are separated. A single task is performed by different
functional units of different nodes of distributed unit. Here different programs of an
application run simultaneously on different nodes, and communication happens in
between different nodes of this system over network to solve task.
GRID COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT :

• In grid computing environment, multiple computers from different locations works on

single problem. In this system set of computer nodes running in cluster jointly perform a
given task by applying resources of multiple computers/nodes. It is network of computing
environment where several scattered resources provide running environment for single
task.
CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT :

• In cloud computing environment on demand availability of computer system resources

like processing and storage are availed. Here computing is not done in individual
technology or computer rather it is computed in cloud of computers where all required
resources are provided by cloud vendor. This environment primarily comprised of three
services i.e software-as-a-service (SaaS), infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and
platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
CLUSTER COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT :

• In cluster computing environment cluster performs task where cluster is a set of loosely
or tightly connected computers that work together. It is viewed as single system and
performs task parallelly that’s why also it is similar to parallel computing environment.
Cluster aware applications are especially used in cluster computing environment.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
• The languages through which the user can communicate with the computer by giving
instructions known as computer languages
 TABLE OF CONTENT

❖ Word processor –MS word

❖ Spreadsheet –MS Excel
❖ Presentation Graphics-MS PowerPoint graphics
❖ Databases
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

A word processor is an application that allows the user to compose and edit simple
documents.
One of the most widely used is Microsoft Office. This includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint
and Access
• MS Office Applications & its Functions
• Currently, MS Office 2016 version is being used across the world and all its applications
are widely used for personal and professional purposes.
1. MS Word
• First released on October 25, 1983 
• Extension for Doc files is “.doc” or “.docx”
• It is useful in creating text documents
• Templates can be created for Professional use with the help of MS Word
• Work Art, colors, images, animations can be added along with the text in the same file which is
downloadable in the form of a document
• Authors can use for writing/ editing their work.
Uses of MS Word
• In Education
• In workplace
• Creating and updating Resumes
• For Authors
BASICS OF MS WORD

• MS Word is a word processor created by Microsoft that is used to create

professional-quality documents, letters, reports, and so on. It offers advanced tools
that allow you to prepare and modify your files and documents in the best way
possible.
• Open Microsoft Word on your computer by following these easy steps:
Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.
• To generate an MS Word doc, open Microsoft Word as described above. After the software
has opened, select "File" and then "New." This creates a new document in which something new
can be created.
NEW DOC FILE
FEATURES OF MS WORD : HOME,INSERT,DESIGN,PAGE LAYOUT,REFERENCES,REVIEW
2. MS Excel
• Majorly used for making spreadsheets
• A spreadsheet consists of grids in the form of rows and columns which is easy to manage and can be
used as a replacement for paper
• It is a data processing application
• Large data can easily be managed and saved in tabular format using MS Excel
• Calculations can be done based on the large amount of data entered into the cells of a spreadsheet
within seconds
• File extension, when saved in the computer, is “.xls”
• Basics of MS Excel
MS Excel is a spreadsheet program where one can record data in the form of tables. This
gives the user a more systematic display of data.. An example of an Excel spreadsheet is
shown in the image below:

• Features: The main features of MS Excel include inserting a pivot table, sorting of
tabulated data, adding formulas to the sheet, and calculating large data.
• Open Microsoft Excel on your computer by following these easy steps:
Start
→ All Programs → MS Office → MS Excel
A spreadsheet looks like a table with rows and columns. A cell is formed by the
rectangular box at the junction of rows and columns. The cell address is the name by
which is cell can be addressed. Below is a picture of a cell:
BENEFITS OF USING MS EXCEL

Easy to store data

Easy to recover data
Application of Mathematical Formulas
More Secure
Data at one place
Neater and cleaner visibility of information
MS EXCEL – POINTS TO REMEMBER
MICROSOFT EXCEL AND GOOGLE SHEETS ARE THE TWO BEST-KNOWN
SPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE TODAY

• An.xls extension is used to save MS Excel files.

• MS Excel is used by businesses with a large workforce to make saving personnel data
easier.
• Excel spreadsheets are also utilized in hospitals so that patient data can be saved more
readily and erased conveniently after their medical history has been cleared.
• Worksheet refers to the sheet on which you are working. A single Excel file can include
several worksheets.
• This is a data processing application
• 3. MS PowerPoint
• It was released on April 20, 1987
• Used to create audiovisual presentations
• Each presentation is made up of various slides displaying data/ information
• Each slide may contain audio, video, graphics, text, bullet numbering, tables etc.
• The extension for PowerPoint presentations is “.ppt”
• Used majorly for professional usage
• Using PowerPoint, presentations can be made more interactive
BASICS OF MS POWER POINT

• PowerPoint (PPT) is a versatile, user-friendly presentation graphics software tool that

allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows.
Start-> → All Programs → MS Office → MS PowerPoint
•  A combination of various slides depicting a graphical and visual interpretation of data, to
present information in a more creative and interactive manner is called a PowerPoint
presentation or PPT.
• When all the slides of a PowerPoint presentation are set in series and then presented to
a group of people, where each slide appears one after the other, is a set pattern, this is
known as a PowerPoint slide show. 
The following elements can be added to a PowerPoint slide:
• Clip Art,Graphs,Tables,Photographs,Charts,Media Clips, Videos
Features of MS PowerPoint:
Slide Layout, Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc,slide design, animations
Uses of PowerPoint Presentation:
Education,Marketing,Business,creating resumes,depicting growth
DATABASES

• Data is nothing but information that is collected in various formats such as numbers, text, media, and
others
• A database is a systematic or organized collection of related information that is stored in such a way that
it can be easily accessed, retrieved, managed, and updated
• Database system is an excellent computer-based record-keeping system.
• Database defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple applications.
Purpose of Database
• The intent of a database is that a collection of data should serve as many applications as possible.
• A database management system DBMS, which provides centralized control of data, is the solution to all
of the problems that arise in ordinary file processing.
• MySQL, SQL Server, MongoDB, Oracle Database, PostgreSQL, Informix, Sybase, etc. are
all examples of different databases. These modern databases are managed by DBMS.
Structured Query Language, or SQL as it is more widely known, is used to operate on
the data in a database.
• A database is typically represented by a cylindrical structure.
COMPONENTS OF DATABASES
COMPONENTS OF DATABASES

• Hardware: Physical electronic devices such as storage devices, I/O devices, and many more
• Software: Programs for managing and controlling the overall database. DBMS itself is software. 
• Data: It is the information that is gathered, stored, accessed, and processed by a DBMS
• Procedure: It is the specific set of instructions and rules to use a database for designing and
running the DBMS, as well as to instruct users on how to operate and manage it.
• Database access language: This facilitates data export to and database access of the same. You
can create instructions in the database access language to add new data, edit existing data, or
retrieve data from the database. The results are then presented to the user by the DBMS.
APPLICATION OF DATABASE
TYPES OF DATABSES
• Relational Database:This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in
the form of rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A
relational database uses SQL for storing, manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. Each table
in the database carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational
databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.
• Operational Database:The type of database which creates and updates the database in
real-time. It is basically designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in several
businesses. For example, An organization uses operational databases for managing per day
transactions.
• Distributed Database: Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is
distributed among different database systems of an organization. These database systems are
connected via communication links. Such links help the end-users to access the data
easily. Examples of the Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase, Ignite, etc.
• Cloud Database: A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and
executes over the cloud computing platform. It provides users with various cloud computing
services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing the database. There are numerous cloud platforms,
but the best options are:Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud SQL, etc.
• End User Databases: An end user database software is simply a software which
helps store data created by an end user. Examples of such software could include,
word processors, spreadsheet managers etc. Any database software which allows the
end user to create and manage data comes under this category.
.
RDBMS CONCEPTS

RDBMS stands for relational database management system. A relational model can be

represented as a table of rows and columns. A relational database has following major
components:
1. Table
2. Record or Tuple
3. Field or Column name or Attribute
4. Domain
5. Instance
6. Schema
7. Keys
1. TABLE
A TABLE IS A COLLECTION OF DATA REPRESENTED IN ROWS AND COLUMNS. EACH TABLE HAS A NAME IN
DATABASE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE FOLLOWING TABLE “STUDENT” STORES THE INFORMATION OF STUDENTS
IN DATABASE.
TABLE: STUDENT

Student_Id Student_Name Student_Addr Student_Age

100 Ram Bengal 22

101 Rani Jaipur 18

102 Arya Delhi 19

103 Neha Bombay 21

104 Raj Chennai 20

 100 Ram Bengal 22

2. RECORD OR TUPLE
EACH ROW OF A TABLE IS KNOWN AS RECORD. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS TUPLE. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE FOLLOWING ROW IS A RECORD THAT WE HAVE TAKEN FROM THE
ABOVE TABLE.
3. FIELD OR COLUMN NAME OR ATTRIBUTE
THE ABOVE TABLE “STUDENT” HAS FOUR FIELDS (OR ATTRIBUTES): STUDENT_ID,
STUDENT_NAME, STUDENT_ADDR & STUDENT_ AGE
4. DOMAIN
A DOMAIN IS A SET OF PERMITTED VALUES FOR AN ATTRIBUTE IN TABLE. AN
ATTRIBUTE CANNOT ACCEPT VALUES THAT ARE OUTSIDE OF THEIR DOMAINS. FOR
EXAMPLE, IN THE ABOVE TABLE “STUDENT”, THE STUDENT_ID FIELD HAS INTEGER
DOMAIN SO THAT FIELD CANNOT ACCEPT VALUES THAT ARE NOT INTEGERS FOR
EXAMPLE, STUDENT_ID CANNOT HAS VALUES LIKE, “FIRST”, 10.11 ETC.
5.DBMS Schema
Definition: Design of a database is called the schema. For example: An employee table in
database exists with the following attributes:

EMP_NAME EMP_ID EMP_ADDRESS EMP_CONTACT

• This is the schema of the employee table. Schema defines the attributes of tables in the
database.
DBMS Instance
• Definition :The data stored in database at a particular moment of time is called instance of
database
EMP_NAME EMP_ID EMP_ADDRESS EMP_CONTACT
------- ------ ----------- -----------
Lohit 101 Noida 95********
Amar 102 Delhi 99********
• 6. Keys:Key plays an important role in relational database; it is used for identifying unique rows from table. It also
establishes relationship among tables.

Types of keys in DBMS

• Primary Key – A primary is a column or set of columns in a table that uniquely identifies tuples (rows) in that
table.
• Super Key – A super key is a set of one of more columns (attributes) to uniquely identify rows in a table.
• Candidate Key – A super key with no redundant attribute is known as candidate key
• Alternate Key – Out of all candidate keys, only one gets selected as primary key, remaining keys are known as
alternate or secondary keys.
• Composite Key – A key that consists of more than one attribute to uniquely identify rows (also known as
records & tuples) in a table is called composite key.
• Foreign Key – Foreign keys are the columns of a table that points to the primary key of another table. They act
as a cross-reference between tables
 TABLE OF CONTENT

❖ Creating and Running Programs

❖ Software Development
❖ Flow charts
❖ Number Systems
CREATING AND RUNNING C PROGRAM

• Program consists of set of instructions written in a High-level language like English. The computer only understands Low-level
language. We need a translator to convert high-level language to low-level language and vice versa. We have two translators
known as compiler and interpreter.
• Many of the popular programming languages use the compiler as a translator. The job of compile is to translate the set of
instructions to low-level language, while translating it checks the syntax of the instruction if any error (Wrong syntax) it will list
all the errors.
There are 4 steps Creating and Running a Program
• Writing and Editing
• Compiling
• Linkers
• Executing
INSTALL BASH IN NEWER WINDOWS 10 AND 11

• The good thing is that the latest set of upgrades, including the stable release of WSL
v1.0 released from Windows, makes it easier to install Bash on Windows.
There are two ways you can go about it:
link to Install WSL https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/
• You can get it in one click from Windows Store.
• Choose to use the command-line.
1. INSTALL WSL USING THE MICROSOFT STORE

• Launch the Microsoft Store and search for "Windows subsystem".

• Install it, and you're done with the first step. Next, you have to install a Linux
distribution.
• So, if you try to open WSL, you will get
to see a window informing you that no
distribution is installed.
• Similar to WSL, search for the
distribution on Microsoft Store, and then
install it.
• For instance, I installed Ubuntu from the
store as shown in the image :

• And, then proceed to "Open" it and it will

automatically start installing. The procedure
is same for any distribution you choose.
• We then have to configure it,
2. INSTALL WSL AND THE DEFAULT DISTRIBUTION USING
THE COMMAND-LINE

• In WSL, the default distribution is

Ubuntu (which can be changed). To
install, open Powershell as an
administrator.
• For this, search for Powershell in the
start menu, right-click on Powershell and
select Run as Administrator.
• Inside PowerShell, enter the following command to install WSL, along with all necessary
features and the default distribution, that is, Ubuntu.
wsl - -install
• Once finished downloading and installing, you need to reboot to apply the changes.
Configure the newly installed Ubuntu
• After rebooting, search for Ubuntu in Start Menu and open it.
• It will ask you to enter a UNIX
Username and Password. Enter these details and press
enter key.
YOU WILL NOW BE INSIDE THE TERMINAL WINDOW OF UBUNTU.

• Once logged in, you need to update the

installed Ubuntu. For this, enter the
following commands one by one:
sudo apt update
sudo apt full-upgrade
After completing the update, you are good
to go with Ubuntu in WSL.
WRITING AND EDITING

• To write and edit a program we use Text editors. First we open the text editor and write program(set of instructions) and
save the file to disk. The file is known as source file. Every c program, source file is saved with extension of '.C' example
"filename.c"
• The following steps are used to create a source code
command to open editor “nano filename.c"
• Type the program
• To save the file (ctrl + o) and To exit(ctrl + x)
Compiling
• “Compiler” is a software that translates the source code written in a high-level language into the corresponding object code of
the low-level language. Once the compilation is successful (with out any errors) then system will generate an object file(.obj).
• Command for compiling the file is ‘gcc –o filename filename.c’
Linkers
• Many of the high-level languages allow splitting the complex program into multiple
modules. The Linker arranges the object code of all the modules that have been
generated and combines with specified header file code that generates an
Executable(.exe) file.
Executing
• Once the executable file is created, we have to execute the program. Command for
executing the file is './filename'. The command submits the executable file to CPU; the
processor performs the task specified in the source file and generates results.
PROCESS OF CREATING AND RUNNING PROGRAM
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
• The process of creating software applications using standard business practises is called
the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
• Planning, requirements, design, construction, documentation, testing, deployment, and
maintenance are the six to eight phases that are typically divided into them.
• Some project managers will mix, divide, or omit steps depending on the size of the
project.
• These are the fundamental elements of every software development project.
ALGORITHM

• A series of activities must be performed in order to obtain the desired output from a given input.

• An algorithm is a set of rules/instructions that specify how a work is to be completed in order to get the desired results. Because the
algorithm is stated in English-like words that can be executed in any language, the output will be the same regardless of the language used.

Properties of algorithm
• Finiteness, means it must always terminate after a finite number of steps.
• Definiteness, means each step must be precisely defined and clear.
• Input, means it has zero or more inputs, i.e., an algorithm can run without taking any input.
• Output, means it has one or more outputs, i.e., an algorithm must produce atleast one output.
• Effectiveness, means it is also generally expected to be effective.
An algorithm should be and unambiguous and independent of any programming code, i.e., language independent.
FLOWCHART

A flowchart is a pictorial or graphical representation of a process.

• Standard symbols are typically used in flowcharts to represent the many kinds of
instructions.
• The flowchart is created using these symbols to demonstrate the problem's solution in
step-by-step fashion.
• Arrows that point in the direction of the process flow connect the flow chart symbols
together.
• A step-by-step solution to the problem can be provided by this pictorial presentation.
GENERAL RULES FOR FLOWCHARTING

1. All boxes of the flowchart are connected with Arrows. (Not lines)
2. Flowchart symbols have an entry point on the top of the symbol with no other entry
points. The exit point for all flowchart symbols is on the bottom except for the Decision
symbol.
3. The Decision symbol has two exit points; these can be on the sides or the bottom and
one side.
4. Generally a flowchart will flow from top to bottom. However, an upward flow can be
shown as long as it does not exceed 3 symbols.
5. Connectors are used to connect breaks in the flowchart. Examples are
From one page to another page.
An upward flow of more then 3 symbols
6. Subroutines and Interrupt programs have their own and independent flowcharts.
7. All flow charts start with a Terminal or Predefined Process (for interrupt programs or
subroutines) symbol.
8. All flowcharts end with a terminal or a contentious loop
NUMBER SYSTEMS: BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, AND
HEXADECIMAL

• Number System
• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Decimal Number System
• Hex Number System
• Number System Conversion Table
NUMBER SYSTEM

b - numeral system base

dn - the n-th digit
n - can start from negative number if the number has a fraction part.
N+1 - the number of digits
BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM - BASE-2

• Binary numbers uses only 0 and 1 digits.

• B denotes binary prefix.
Examples:
• 101012 = 10101B = 1×24+0×23+1×22+0×21+1×20 = 16+4+1= 21
• 101112 = 10111B = 1×24+0×23+1×22+1×21+1×20 = 16+4+2+1= 23
• 1000112 = 100011B = 1×25+0×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20 =32+2+1= 35
OCTAL NUMERAL SYSTEM - BASE-8

• Octal numbers uses digits from 0..7.

• Examples:
• 278 = 2×81+7×80 = 16+7 = 23
• 308 = 3×81+0×80 = 24
• 43078 = 4×83+3×82+0×81+7×80= 2247
DECIMAL NUMERAL SYSTEM - BASE-10

• Decimal numbers uses digits from 0..9.

• These are the regular numbers that we use.
• Example:
• 253810 = 2×103+5×102+3×101+8×100
HEXADECIMAL NUMERAL SYSTEM - BASE-16

• Hex numbers uses digits from 0..9 and A..F.

• H denotes hex prefix.
• Examples:
• 2816 = 28H = 2×161+8×160 = 40
• 2F16 = 2FH = 2×161+15×160 = 47
• BC1216 = BC12H = 11×163+12×162+1×161+2×160= 48146
NUMERAL SYSTEMS CONVERSION TABLE

16 10000 20 10
DecimalBase-1 HexadecimalBa
BinaryBase-2 OctalBase-8 17 10001 21 11
0 se-16
18 10010 22 12
0 0 0 0
19 10011 23 13
1 1 1 1
20 10100 24 14
2 10 2 2
21 10101 25 15
3 11 3 3
22 10110 26 16
4 100 4 4
23 10111 27 17
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6 24 11000 30 18

7 111 7 7 25 11001 31 19
8 1000 10 8 26 11010 32 1A
9 1001 11 9 27 11011 33 1B
10 1010 12 A 28 11100 34 1C
11 1011 13 B 29 11101 35 1D
12 1100 14 C 30 11110 36 1E
13 1101 15 D 31 11111 37 1F
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F 32 100000 40 20
Thank You and All The
Best

Nandini CDS101 Instructor

CDS101 FIRST MODULE IS FINISHED.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• The output device could be either a monitor, speaker, printer, storage device or any other output
device.
• What are the three main components of computer environment?
• Every computer system has the following three basic components: Input unit. Central processing
unit. Output unit.

Features of the Computer System

Computer System is programmable.
Computer Accepts Raw Data And Produces information.
Computer System is a Digital Machine.
• The Computer System consist of both software and hardware components. Software is
essential to drive the hardware.
• The computer program(software) is an essential component of every computer system
which directs the computer to perform various tasks.
• Computer Architecture
• The Computer system is programmable. That means computer will perform the task
only as per the program instructions. The computer needs a program written in
programming language to execute a particular task on the computer system.