Sultanate of Oman.
Highway Design Standards 2010
Road Lighting
and Electrical Installations
18.1 Function Of Road Lighting 18-1
18.1.1 General 18-1
18.1.2 Necessity for Road Lighting 18-1
18.1.3 Scope 18-1
18.2 Principles Of Design For Vehicular 18.7 Lighting Columns 18-5
Traffic 18-1
18.2.1 Visual Guidance 18-1
18.2.2 Luminance and Illuminance Methods 18-1
18.2.3 Lighting of Surrounds 18-1
18.2.4 Glare 18-1
18.2.5 Road Surface Classifications 18-2
18.3 Lighting Classes For highways 18.13.7 Energy Saving 18-8
And Other Traffic areas 18-2
18.3.1 General 18-2
18.3.2 Road Lighting Classes 18-2
18.3.3 Lighting Classes for Conflict Areas 18-2
18.3.4 Lighting Criteria 18-3
18.4 Recommended Practice 18-3
18.4.1 General 18-3
18.4.2 Lighting Schemes 18-4
18.5 Maintenance Factor (MF) 18-4
18.5.1 General 18-4
18.5.2 Typical Luminaire Maintenance Factor (MF) 18-4
18.6 Lamps And Luminaires 18-4
18.6.1 Light Sources 18-4
18.6.2 Selection Of Lamps 18-5
18.6.3 Selection Of Luminaires 18-5
18.7.1 General 18-5
18.7.2 Requirements for Column Locations 18-5
18.8 Lighting For Outdoor Areas 18-6
18.8.1 Lighting for Pedestrian Areas 18-6
18.8.2 Lighting for Subways, Footbridges,
Stairways and Ramps 18-6
18.9 Lighting Of Car Parks 18-6
18.9.1 General 18-6
18.9.2 Outdoor Car Parks 18-6
18.9.3 Calculation Procedure 18-6
18.10 Lighting Of Conflict Areas - 18.14.1 General 18-9
General Principles 18-7
18.10.1 Lighting Class and Luminaire Positions 18-7
18.10.2 Functions of Lighting at Conflict Areas 18-7
18.10.3 Limitation of Glare 18-7
18.11 Lighting Of Conflict Areas - Siting Of
Lighting Columns At Roundabouts 18-7
18.11.1 Approach and Exit Roads 18-7
18.11.2 Set-Back of Lighting Columns 18-7
18.11.3 Mounting Height 18-7
18
18.12 Lighting For Other Outdoor Areas 18-7
18.12.1 Lighting in the Vincinity of Coastal Waters 18-7
18.12.2 Lighting of Areas Around Aerodromes, Railways,
Harbors and Navigable Inland Waterways 18-7
18.12.3 Lighting in the Vicinity of Railways 18-7
18.13 Electrical Requirements 18-8
18.13.1 Equipment Specifications 18-8
18.13.2 Power Distribution 18-8
18.13.3 Feeder Pillars 18-8
18.13.4 Cabling 18-8
18.13.5 Ducts 18-8
18.13.6 Earthing 18-8
18.13.8 Duct and Cable Markers 18-8
18.13.9 Emergency Roadside Telephone System 18-9
18.14 Guidance For Lighting Columns -
Concrete Base Details 18-9
18.15 References And Standards 18-9
18.15.1 References 18-9
18.15.2 Standards 18-9
List of Tables
Table 18.2.5.1: R-Tables 18-2
Table 18.3.2.1: Road Lighting Classification 18-2
Table 18.3.3.1: Lighting Classes for Conflict Areas (1) 18-2
Table 18.3.3.2: Lighting Classes for Conflict Areas (2) 18-2
Table 18.3.4.1: Lighting Requirements for Traffic Routes ME 18-3
Table 18.3.4.2: Lighting Requirements for Conflict Areas CE 18-3
Table 18.4.1.1: Recommended Minimum Clearances
from Edge of Carriageway to Face of Lighting Column 18-3
Table 18.5.2.1: Luminaire Maintenance factors 18-4
Table 18.8.1.1: Lighting Classes and Requirements
for Different Road Types in Pedestrian Areas 18-6
Table 18.8.2.1: Lighting Levels for Subways,
Footbridges, Stairways and Ramps 18-6
Table 18.9.2.1: Lighting Levels for Outdoor Car Parks 18-6
Table 18.14.1.1: Typical Column and Base Parameters for
Preliminary Engineering Estimation Purposes 18-9

Drawings
GD 18-01: Typical Structural Details For Column Bases 18-10
GD 18-02: GRP Column Details 18-11
SD 18-03: Sections of Signal, Low Voltage and
Telecommunications Cable Ducts at Road Crossings 18-12
SD 18-04: Ducts Markers 18-13
SD 18-05: Cable Drawpit Details 18-14
 Sultanate of Oman. Highway Design Standards 2010

Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

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18.1 FUNCTION OF ROAD LIGHTING 18.2.2 Luminance and Illuminance Methods

18.2.2.1 Road lighting design is based on two fundamental methods:

18.1.1 General
Luminance design method.
n
18.1.1.1 The essential function of road lighting is to provide an appropriate level of illumination for all route Illuminance design method.
n
classifications, to indicate road alignment and traffic routing, increase traffic safety and ease the passage of all
users, during the hours of darkness. It also contributes to minimize crime and to disclose all road features to road 18.2.2.2 The illuminance method of roadway lighting design determines the amount of light incident on the road
users including pedestrians, cyclists and police. surface from the road lighting system. Illuminance is measured in Lux.

18.1.1.2 Where a decision is taken to illuminate a road, the lighting should be sufficient to reveal to the drivers 18.2.2.3 The luminance design takes into consideration the road surface contrast from side to side in order to
all the important physical features of the road and any other users. Lighting installations should also be pleasing allow visibility of objects in the direction of a driver. This condition is realized by directing beams of light onto the
in appearance during night and day. road surface at angles such that light is reflected towards the approaching vehicle. Luminance is a measure of the
reflected light from the road pavement in the direction of the driver at a particular angle of incidence. The unit of
18.1.1.3 Lighting of roads and public areas must be considered as an integral part of the overall highway design. measurement of luminance is the candela per square meter (cd/m2).
The Public Authority of Electricity and Water (PAEW) should be consulted at an early stage in the design process
to identify power sources, cable runs and duct requirements. 18.2.2.4 The luminance and illuminance criteria depend on the road pavement type used, defined in sub-section
18.2.5.
18.1.2 Necessity for Road Lighting
18.2.2.5 Standard Computer programs Dialux, Ulysse (Schreder), Calculux (Philips), … are available to carry out
18.1.2.1 The following factors are to be considered in the decision to light a road: the detailed design using either of these methods, and computing the values of the lighting quality characteristics
used in Table 18.3.4.1, which are maintained average road surface luminance (Lav), overall (Uo) and longitudinal
The importance of the road (Class of the Route).
n
(Ul) uniformity of luminaire, surround ratio (SR) and threshold increment (TI). A detailed description of these
The volume of the traffic.
n
terms is given in paragraph 18.3.4.2.
The visual guidance for some special points such as junctions, bends, crossings, etc…
n

The type of premises that are being served (e.g. cities, factories, stadia, housing).
n
18.2.3 Lighting of Surrounds
The character of the road (e.g. open country, urban areas, main routes, shopping areas).
n

Aesthetic considerations.
n
18.2.3.1 Generally lighting of roads is specified in luminance, while roundabouts, complex junctions, car parks,
etc. are specified in illuminance.
The characteristics of the road surface pavement.
n

The geometric layout of the road.

n 18.2.3.2 On all roads, except these with heavy traffic, adjacent footways and/or cycle tracks and emergency
Lighting installation cost and economics.
n lanes of National Routes, lighting of the surrounds should be achieved by applying surround ratio to the values
given in BS EN13201-2-2003 - Table 1a, calculated in accordance with BS EN13201-3:2003 - Clause 8.6.
18.1.3 Scope
18.2.3.3 For traffic routes with heavy movement in adjacent footways and /or cycle tracks, an appropriate lighting
18.1.3.1 This Section gives recommendations to be adopted in the design of lighting for all types of roads and class from BS EN 13201-2 should be applied to a footway or other relevant area adjacent to the carriageway.
public areas, including those for pedestrians and cyclists, and for pedestrian subways, bridges, and car parks. It
provides additional remarks for lighting of roads positioned around aerodromes and other sensitive sites. 18.2.4 Glare

18.2.4.1 The disability glare reduces the contrast between objects and their background so that their visibility is
18.2 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC decreased.

18.2.1 Visual Guidance
18.2.1.1 The visual field of the driver consists of the carriageway, the surrounds on each side, the visible landscape
and the sky. Any object must be clearly displayed against that part of the field, which forms the immediate
background.
18.2.4.2 In traffic route lighting, the parameter threshold increment (TI) is used to measure the loss of visibility
caused by the disability glare from the road lighting luminaires. Maximum values of TI are set for important
roads (National Routes, Arterial Routes, etc.), as shown on Table 18.3.4.1. It is impracticable to calculate TI in
conflict areas, due to the non-standard layouts designed in these areas and because the changing viewpoint of
the driver makes the adaptation of luminance uncertain.

18.2.1.2 A moving vehicle driver has to adapt sufficiently to visual information from the changing view in front 18.2.4.3 For subsidiary routes (e.g. access roads, residential roads and associated pedestrian areas, footpaths
of the vehicle in order to proceed safely at a certain speed, see potential conflicts ahead, respond and maneuver and cycle tracks), an appropriate installed intensity class should be selected, in order to limit direct glare produced
accordingly and in good time. by the luminaires.

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 Ministry of Transport & Communications . DGRLT

Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

18.2.5 Road Surface Classifications 18.3.2.2 Road Lighting classes are as follows (Table 18.3.2.1):

National Routes: Road Lighting Class

18.2.5.1 The calculation of luminance requires information about the directional surface reflectance characteristics
Dual Carriageway ME1
of the road pavement. Most common pavements can be grouped in four classes; following the CIE classification.
Single Carriageway ME2
The classification is based on the specularity of the pavement and a scaling factor Q0 as determined by the overall
Emergency lanes ME4a
brightness of the pavement.
Arterial Routes:
1.1.2.1.1 These data are presented in R-tables (Table 18.2.5.1) as follows: Single carriageway ME1
Mode of Dual carriageway ME2
Class Q0 Description
Reflectance Secondary Routes:
Portland cement concrete road surface. Asphalt road surface with a Single carriageway ME3
R1 0.1 Mostly Diffuse
minimum of 12 percent of the aggregates (e.g. labradorite, quartzite)
Dual carriageway ME2
Asphalt road surface with an aggregate composed of a minimum 60 Mixed (diffuse and
R2 0.07 Distributor Routes (Rural areas)
percent gravel (size greater than 1 cm (0.4 inch.)) specular)
Asphalt road surface (regular and carpet seal) with dark aggregates Daily traffic flow ≤ 7000 ME4a
R3 0.07 (e.g., trap rock, blast furnace slag); rough texture after some months Slightly Specular Daily traffic flow > 7000 and ≤15000 ME3b
of use (typical highways)
Daily traffic flow > 15000 ME3a
R4 0.08 Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture Mostly Specular
Distributor Routes (Urban areas)
Table 18.2.5.1 R-Tables
Daily traffic flow ≤ 7000 ME3c

18.3 LIGHTING CLASSES FOR Highways AND OTHER TRAFFIC areas Daily traffic flow > 7000 and ≤15000 ME3b
Daily traffic flow > 15000 ME2

18.3.1 General Access Routes

Rural areas ME5
18.3.1.1 The selection of lighting classes is based on the following parameters: Urban areas ME4b
n Route Classification and Location (Area) Table 18.3.2.1 Road Lighting Classification

n Traffic flow (vehicles/day) 18.3.3 Lighting Classes for Conflict Areas

n The flow of pedestrians and cyclists
n Presence of conflict areas 18.3.3.1 Conflict areas are typically, shopping streets, junctions, road/intersections, roundabouts, queuing areas,
pedestrian crossings, etc… and occur whenever traffic flows intersect each other or run into areas frequented by
n Crime risk
pedestrians, cyclists, or other road users, or when an existing road is connected to a road with reduced width.
n Ambient luminance levels
18.3.3.2 Recommended lighting levels for classes CE are related to the lighting classes on the roads approaching
18.3.2 Road Lighting Classes the conflict area. The lighting class CE for the conflict area is given in Table 18.3.3.1 (e.g. if the road leading to the
conflict area is ME1, the conflict area should be lit to CE0 class).
18.3.2.1 The basic lighting classes for motor traffic are defined as follows:
n ME: intended for drivers of motorized vehicles on traffic routes of medium and high driving speeds. 18.3.3.3 For footways and cycle tracks adjacent to a carriageway within the boundaries of a road, the lighting
The ME classes go from ME1 to ME5, with ME1 defining the strictest requirements. classification in Table 18.3.3.2 should be applied:

n CE: intended for drivers of motorized vehicles in conflict areas such as shopping streets, road Road Type Conflict Area Class Road Type Conflict Area Class
intersections of some complexity, queuing areas, roundabouts, etc…. These areas allow also ME1 CE0 ME1 CE1
provision for cyclists and pedestrians. The CE classes go from CE0 to CE5, with CE0 defining the ME2 CE1 ME2 CE2
strictest requirements. ME3 CE2 ME3 CE3
ME4 CE3 ME4 CE4
ME5 CE4 ME5 CE5
Table 18.3.3.1 L
 ighting Classes for Conflict Table 18.3.3.2 L
 ighting Classes for Conflict
Areas (1) Areas (2)

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 Sultanate of Oman. Highway Design Standards 2010

Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

18
18.3.4 Lighting Criteria 18.3.4.4 The recommended design values as well as the uniformity ratios represent the lowest maintained (in-
service) values for the road classes shown.
18.3.4.1 The requirements of the lighting classes reflect the category of the road use in question or the type
of road area. The ME classes are based on the road surface luminance, while the CE classes are based on the
illumination of the road area. 18.4 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

18.3.4.2 The lighting design terms can be defined as follows: 18.4.1 General
Average road surface luminance (of a carriageway of a road) (Lav):
n
18.4.1.1 Consideration should be given to the appearance of the lighting installation by day as affected by the:
Luminance of the road surface averaged over the carriageway. The unit is candelas per square meter
Height of the lighting columns in relation to the surrounding buildings and trees.
n
(cd/m2).
Location of the lighting columns with respect to views of scenic value; obstruction should be as little
n
Overall uniformity (of road surface luminance, illuminance on a road area or hemispherical illuminance) (Uo):
n
as possible.
 Ratio of the lowest to the average value.
Design of supporting elements.
n
Longitudinal uniformity (of road surface luminance of a driving lane) (Ul):
n
Complexity of the lighting arrangement.
n
Ratio of the lowest to the highest road surface luminance found in a line in the centre along a driving lane.
Design of luminaires.
n
Threshold increment (TI):
n

Measure of the loss of visibility caused by the disability glare of the luminaires of a road lighting 18.4.1.2 The following recommendations are to be followed in street lighting design:
installation. 1. The installation of lighting columns adjacent to bridges should be such that the light from the luminaire is not
Surround ratio (SR):
n obstructed and does not create problems of glare to users on top of the bridge.
Average horizontal illuminance on the two longitudinal strips each adjacent to the two edges of the 2. Install lighting columns in a way not to interfere with the view of a building or with architectural interest.
carriageway, and lying off the carriageway, divided by the average horizontal illuminance on two 3. In streets where trees are to be planted, the lighting should be designed first and the planting sites fixed
longitudinal strips each adjacent to the two edges of the carriageway, but lying on the carriageway. afterwards.
The width of all four strips shall be the same, and equal to 5m, half the width of the carriageway, 4. The recommended setback of lighting columns should be sufficient to allow the Design Horizontal
Speed Clearance*
or the width of the unobstructed strip lying off the carriageway, whichever is the least. For dual free passage of people in footways. Guidelines according to the traffic speed are (km/h) (m)
carriageways, both carriageways together are treated as a single carriageway unless they are provided in Table 18.4.1.1. Suitable complementary lighting column protection 50 0.8
separated by more than 10m. must be applied as necessary (see Sub-sections 16.1 to 16.4 of these Standards). 80 1
Average illuminance (on a road area) (Eav):
n
5. The lower point of overhang of luminaires or bracket arms should have a vertical 100 1.5
Horizontal illuminance averaged over a road area. The unit is lux (Lux). clearance of at least 6.5m on National Routes and 6.0m on all other routes from 120 1.5
Minimum illuminance (on a road area) (Emin):
n the road level. Similarly, the height clearance over a pedestrian area should not *: S
 ee paragraph 18.4.1.2
Lowest illuminance on a road area. The unit is lux (Lux). be less than 2.1m. item 4
Table 18.4.1.1 Recommended
Maintained luminance/illuminance level:
n 6. In siting of lighting columns in residential roads, consideration is to be given to
Minimum Clearances from
Luminance /illuminance level reduced by a maintenance factor (MF), in-service level. the convenience of occupants with regard to the windows, entrances, drives, Edge of Carriageway to Face
etc. of Lighting Column
18.3.4.3 The lighting requirements for traffic routes and for conflict areas are shown respectively in Tables 7. In residential roads having footways of width 3m or less, and situated directly
18.3.4.1 and 18.3.4.2.
adjacent to the carriageway, lighting columns should if possible be sited at the rear of the footway, i.e. away
Maintained Overall Longitudinal Maximal from the carriageway.
Road Average Uniformity Uniformity Threshold Surroundings Average Maintained
Horizontal Illuminance 8. On roads where traffic speeds are high and there are few pedestrians or in cases where vehicles might have a
Class Luminance Ratio Uo Ratio Ul Increment Ratio SR
Lav (cd/m2) (minimum) (minimum) TI (%) (minimum) Class and Uniformity higher than normal risk of colliding with lighting columns, the installation of breakaway or energy absorbing
ME1 2 0.4 0.7 10 0.5 lighting columns could be considered.
Eav (Lux) Uo
ME2 1.5 0.4 0.7 10 0.5 (minimum) (minimum) 9. For aesthetic reasons, the height of the lighting columns and luminaries should not exceed that of adjacent
ME3a 1 0.4 0.7 15 0.5 CE0 50 0.4 buildings.
ME3b 1 0.4 0.6 15 0.5 CE1 30 0.4 10. Typical mounting heights are 6m for Access Roads, 8m, 10m, and 12m for Distributor and Secondary Routes,
ME3c 1 0.4 0.5 15 0.5 CE2 20 0.4 and 12m and 16m for Arterial and National Routes.
ME4a 0.75 0.4 0.6 15 0.5 CE3 15 0.4 11. If mounting height is reduced, the number of luminaires should increase.
ME4b 0.75 0.4 0.5 15 0.5 CE4 10 0.4
ME5 0.5 0.35 0.4 15 0.5 CE5 7.5 0.4
Table 18.3.4.1 Lighting Requirements for Traffic Routes ME Table 18.3.4.2 L
 ighting Requirements
for Conflict Areas CE
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 Ministry of Transport & Communications . DGRLT

Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

12. For low mounting heights, post-mounted luminaries without brackets can be aesthetically advantageous. Value of Luminaire Maintenance Factor
13. The use of a very long bracket is to be avoided, unless essential for reasons of safety or when surrounding Cleaning IP2X Minimum (Protected against
IP5X Minimum IP6X Minimum
objects effectively obscure its full length. Interval Solid Foreign Objects of Diameter
(Dust-protected) (Dust-tight)
125mm and Greater)
14. Bracket projection should not exceed one quarter of the column mounting height.
High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low
15. Wall brackets are not normally permitted in residential roads. Months
Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution
16. Lighting poles, positioned adjacent to a crossing bridge, are to be at equal distances of not more than 10-15m 12 0.53 0.62 0.82 0.89 0.9 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.93
from this bridge. 18 0.48 0.58 0.8 0.87 0.88 0.91 0.9 0.91 0.92
24 0.45 0.56 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.9 0.88 0.89 0.91
18.4.2 Lighting Schemes 36 0.42 0.53 0.78 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.83 0.87 0.9
Table 18.5.2.1 Luminaire Maintenance Factors
18.4.2.1 The following lighting schemes should be considered:
Notes:
1. The twin central arrangement; (used on dual carriageways).
1. The pollution category of the lamp housing (IPXX), is to be selected according to BS EN 60529: 1992:
2. The opposite arrangement i.e: two single rows on the outer edges of roads or carriageways; (used generally
The first digit indicates level of protection against dust ingress.
n
on wide roads or dual carriageways with narrow central reserve width).
The second digit indicates level of protection against ingress of water.
n
3. The staggered arrangement; (used on traffic routes, residential and subsidiary roads).
2. The high pollution category is specified generally for large urban areas and heavy industrial areas.
4. The single- sided arrangement; (used on narrow roads, widely separated carriageway, curved link road and
3. The medium pollution category is specified generally for semi-urban, residential and light industrial areas.
slip roads).
4. The low pollution category specified generally for rural areas.
5. The combined twin central and opposite; (used for wide carriageway layout and merge and divide areas).
6. High mast lighting; (used at large junctions, grade-separated junction and toll plazas, interchanges, parking
areas and for continuous lighting on highways that have wide cross sections). 18.6 LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES

18.6.1 Light Sources

18.5 MAINTENANCE FACTOR (MF)
18.6.1.1 There are four main types of lamps used for road lighting:
18.5.1 General
High pressure mercury vapor lamps (HPMV)
n

18.5.1.1 Luminaires should conform to BS EN 60598-1: 2004 (IEC 60598-1: 2003).The sealing of luminaires, and High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)
n

their resistance to the ingress of dirt and water, is indicated by their international protection code (IP) number. Metal halide lamps (HPI)
n

Low pressure sodium lamps (LPS)

n
18.5.1.2 The luminance and illuminance levels should not, in service, fall below the values specified for the
lighting class selected from BS EN 13201-2, as these are maintained levels. The calculation method in BS EN 18.6.1.2 High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps (HPMV) shall be to IEC 60188: 2001, and shall include a quartz
13201-3 should be used to determine luminance and illuminance levels and quality criteria. discharge tube in an internally coated ovoid outer tube. Coating shall be Yttrium Vanadate Phosphor with color
temperature of 3300 deg.K. Guaranteed rated life (down to 80% output) shall be above 8000 hours. Initial luminous
18.5.1.3 This method incorporates a maintenance factor MF, which is the product of the lamp maintenance.
output shall be above the following:
18.5.1.4 Consideration should be given to the IP number of both the optical compartment and the control gear 3800 lumens for 80W lamps.
n
compartment.
6500 lumens for 125W lamps.
n

14000 lumens for 250W lamps.

n
18.5.2 Typical Luminaire Maintenance Factor (MF)
18.6.1.3 High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS) shall conform to IEC 60662 and shall be type SON-T Plus (tubular),
18.5.2.1 The average maintained luminance and illuminance levels are minimum levels when the output of the
with guaranteed average rated life (down to 80% output) above 12,000 hours, and having initial luminous output
lamp and luminaire is diminished by the maintenance factor (MF).
equal to or above the following:
18.5.2.2 The maintenance factors to be used in design calculations, take into account luminaire IP ratings (IP 16500 lumens for 150W lamps.
n

code: Degree of protection provided by enclosure), pollution category and cleaning interval (Table 18.5.2.1). 31500 lumens for 250W lamps.
n

55000 lumens for 400W lamps.

n

90000 lumens for 600W lamps.

n

135000 lumens for 1000W lamps.

n

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 Sultanate of Oman. Highway Design Standards 2010

Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

18.6.1.4 Metal Halide Lamps (HPI) shall be to (IEC 61167: 1992 + AMD: 1995) with E40 base and shall comprise
of a quartz discharge tube enclosed in a clear tubular hard-glass outer bulb, operating on the same principle as
all gas discharge tubes with iodide additives, indium, thalium and sodium in the mercury discharge, to increase
intensity in three spectral bands; blue, green and yellow-red with high colour rendering. Lamps up to 150W shall
18
18.6.3 Selection of Luminaires
18.6.3.1 Luminaires shall conform to BS EN 60598-1: 2004.The sealing of the luminaire and their resistance to
the ingress of dirt and water, is indicated by their international protection code (IP) number. Consideration shall

be provided with electronic ballast. Guaranteed average life shall not be less than 10000 hours and luminous be given to the IP number of both the optical compartment and the control gear compartment.

outputs, after 100 hours burning, shall be above the following: 18.6.3.2 Luminaires with HPI lamps are generally used for sports fields, car parks and garden lighting.
32500 lumens for 400W lamps.
n
18.6.3.3 The main applications for HPS luminaires are in street lighting, due to their long service life and to almost
90000 lumens for 1000W lamps.
n
constant luminous flux of the HPS luminaires over their life time, making these lamps the most economical type.
190000 lumens for 2000W lamps.
n

18.6.3.4 Luminaires fitted with HPMV lamps are used in pedestrian precincts, gardens, parks and public areas.
18.6.1.5 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps (LPS) shall conform to IEC 60192: 2001, with guaranteed average rated life
(about 18000 hours), having a monochromatic yellow color for high contrast visibility even in mist and fog, or in 18.6.3.5 Low pressure sodium luminaires shall be used for street lighting design where color rendition is
environmental sensitive areas, having initial luminous output equal to or above the following: considered unimportant, and are recommended to be used in the vicinity of the sea close to turtle habitats. They
should be avoided in areas where the crime risk is high and pedestrian activities predominate.
SOX type:
8100 lumens for 55W lamps.
n

13500 lumens for 90W lamps.

n 18.7 LIGHTING COLUMNS
22500 lumens for 135W lamps.
n

33000 lumens for 185W lamps.

n
18.7.1 General

SOX-E type: 18.7.1.1 Lighting column design in steel should be fabricated from steel galvanized to BS EN ISO 1461, of circular
1800 lumens for 18W lamps.
n
or octagonal section. When specifying lighting columns, it should be ensured that the weight and windage area
of the luminaire(s), the design wind speed (198km/h), and any loads imposed by additional items fixed to the
3600 lumens for 26W lamps.
n
lighting column such as signs and banners, are taken into consideration.
5800 lumens for 36W lamps.
n

10500 lumens for 66W lamps.

n 18.7.1.2 Generally, the street lighting design results in installing the lighting supports adjacent to the traveled
17000 lumens for 91W lamps.
n roadway in order to provide adequate lighting levels on the carriageway surface. Lighting poles should be located
26000 lumens for 131W lamps.
n outside the clear zone, in order to reduce the risk of errant vehicle impact.

18.7.1.3 In cases where the lighting system cannot be placed outside the clear zone or behind a longitudinal
18.6.2 Selection of Lamps
traffic barrier, on roads where traffic speeds are moderate to high and pedestrians are not expected, the use
18.6.2.1 The choice of light source for road lighting application is to be established according to the following factors: of breakaway column bases can be considered. If a vehicle collides with a breakaway lighting column where
pedestrian or other moving vehicles are close by, the consequences are likely to be serious. Breaking supports
Energy efficiency:
n
should therefore not be used in urban areas with high pedestrian and traffic activity.
 The lamp efficacy defined by the ratio of luminous flux (in lumens) to power (in watts), is to be taken
into account: 18.7.1.4 Columns for breakaway shall incorporate a cast aluminium breakaway transformer base and electrical
 - For mercury vapor lamp, the efficacy is 25-60 (poor lamp efficacy). breakaway quick disconnect. When there is a collision of a vehicle with a lighting column, the impact is absorbed
 - For metal halide lamp, the efficacy is 65-115 (lower photopic efficiency than HPS). by the cast aluminium base, and the pole is normally undamaged and can be remounted on a new transformer

 - For high pressure sodium lamp, the efficacy is 85-150 (high lamp efficacy). base. These bases can be used for columns up to 16m height.

 - For low pressure sodium lamp, the efficacy is 100-200 (highest lamp efficacy). 18.7.1.5 GRP (Glass reinforced polyester) columns should be considered as an alternative to galvanised steel in
Color rendering.
n particularly corrosive environments such as along coastel highway alignments.
Lamp life.
n

Luminous flux depreciation:

n 18.7.2 Requirements for Column Locations
Data on lamp life and luminous flux depreciation should be obtained from manufacturers: the HPI
18.7.2.1 To decrease the likelihood of collisions, the minimum clearance of a lighting column to the edge of the
lamps have lumen depreciation worse than the HPS lamps; the HPMV lamps have lumen depreciation
carriageway should be as shown in Table 18.4.1.1 and include appropriate curb or barrier protection. Care should
worse than the HPS or the metal halide lamps.
be taken that the siting of columns does not inconvenience pedestrians. They should usually be placed outside
Lamp restrike time.
n
the sidewalk. Where practical, for lighting public areas, it is sometimes preferable to support lanterns on adjacent
18.6.2.2 High pressure mercury lamps give a white light tinged with blue/green; while the high pressure sodium buildings with the owner’s agreement.
lamps give a white light tinged with yellow/orange. HPS lamps are more efficient than HPMV lamps.
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Road Lighting and Electrical Installations

18.7.2.2 The minimum vertical clearance above the carriageway and 1m either side of the carriageway should 18.8.2 Lighting for Subways, Footbridges, Type Eav Emin
be 6.5m for National Routes and 6.0m for all others. Stairways and Ramps Subways 50 25
Footbridges 30 15
18.7.2.3 Where lighting columns are used with baseplates, the top of the baseplate shall not be greater than 18.8.2.1 Subways, footbridges, stairways and ramps
Stairways/ramps 30 15
50mm above surrounding ground level. Where lighting columns are positioned in, or at the edge of, the sidewalk, shall be lit to the appropriate level given in Table 18.8.2.1:
the baseplate and holding down bolts should be set below the surface of the sidewalk so that a flush surface can Table 18.8.2.1 L
 ighting Levels for Subways, Footbridges,
Stairways and Ramps
be maintained.
18.9 LIGHTING OF CAR PARKS
18.7.2.4 Lighting columns can be obtained in a wide variety of styles and sizes; they vary from 5m high amenity
lighting through 18m high columns for main traffic routes. Between these extremes many different heights and 18.9.1 General
forms are available.
18.9.1.1 The purpose of lighting car parks is to enable all users, including vehicle drivers and pedestrians, to
18.7.2.5 At single and multi-level intersections, high mast lighting can be considered. This avoids an unsightly proceed safely, and to reduce the risk of crime.
forest of individual columns. However, the masts offer a greater danger to vehicles and so should be sited in a
18.9.1.2 At Pay Stations, additional task lighting of good color rendering, to identify coinage and to deter crime,
location well away from the road, or be protected by safety barriers.
should be designed. The lighting of ticket offices should be in accordance with BS EN 12464-1:2002 - Clause 5.7.5.
18.7.2.6 Isolated installations, roundabouts and the first 60m of their approach roads must only use one lamp type.
18.9.2 Outdoor Car Parks
18.7.2.7 The preferable minimum lighting requirement for any road is to illuminate the junctions.The arrangement
of lighting should be such as to clearly indicate at night the location and layout of a junction. It should be visible 18.9.2.1 In many instances, surface car parks are close to properties and roads. Lighting from these can
from at least 300m on the approaches. contribute some light into the car parking area but, as this type of lighting cannot be assured in terms of quality
and duration, car parks, should ideally have independent lighting provisions.
18.7.2.8 The dimensions of the foundation block should be determined according to the design wind load of 198km/h,
the soil bearing capacity 2kg/cm2 or 200kN/m2 (2bars) and in accordance with the weight of the fitting(s) installed and 18.9.2.2 The orientation of the luminaire in the driver’s line of sight should be arranged to ensure that glare is
the length of the bracket selected (See Sub-section 18.14 and General Drawings GD 18.01 and GD 18.02). minimized. In order to limit glare, an appropriate lamp intensity class should be selected from BS EN 13201-2:2003
- Table A1.

18.8 LIGHTING FOR OUTDOOR AREAS 18.9.2.3 The appropriate lighting level should be selected from Table 18.9.2.1, and should be provided and
maintained through all the night time hours of use.
18.8.1 Lighting for Pedestrian Areas
Type of Area and Usage Eav (Lux) Uo (Emin/Eav)
18.8.1.1 There are seven classes of lighting, P1 to P7, which are enumerated in Table 18.8.1.1. Class P1 is used Light traffic, e.g. parking areas of shops, terraced and apartment houses; cycle parks 5 0.25
for prestige areas where a high level of lighting is required to produce an attractive ambience. The remaining six Medium traffic, e.g. parking areas of department stores, office buildings, plants, sports
10 0.25
and multipurpose building complexes
classes are graded according to use by pedestrians.
Heavy traffic, e.g. parking areas of schools, mosques, major sports and multipurpose
20 0.25
Horizontal Illuminance sports and building complexes
(Lux) on whole of used Table 18.9.2.1 Lighting Levels for Outdoor Car Parks
Description of Road Use Lighting surface (Maintained)
Class
Average Minimum 18.9.2.4 When selecting the location of luminaires and mounting components, access for maintenance should
High prestige roads P1 20 7.5 be taken into account.
Heavy night-time use by pedestrians or pedal cyclists P2 10 3
Moderate night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians P3 7.5 1.5 18.9.3 Calculation Procedure
Minor night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians solely associated with
P4 5 1
adjacent properties. 18.9.3.1 The calculation procedure for car parks should be in accordance with BS EN 13201-3:2003 - Clause 7.
Minor night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians solely associated with
adjacent properties. P5 3 0.6 18.9.3.2 The lighting levels should be calculated using a grid spacing of no more than 1.0m (for enclosed car
Important to preserve village or architectural character of environment. parks) or 5.0m (for outdoor car parks) over the area under consideration.
Very minor night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians solely associated with
adjacent properties. P6 1.5 0.2
18.9.3.3 A minimum of 36 points per grid should be used.
Important to preserve village or architectural character of environment
Roads where only visual guidance provided by the direct light from the luminaires Not Not
P7
is required applicable applicable
Table 18.8.1.1 L
 ighting Classes and Requirements for Different Road Types in Pedestrian Areas

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18.10 LIGHTING OF CONFLICT AREAS - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
18.10.1 Lighting Class and Luminaire Positions
18.10.1.1 Conflict areas, as noted earlier, are typically junctions, intersections, roundabouts and pedestrian
crossings, where significant streams of motorized traffic intersect with each other or with other road users such
as pedestrians and cyclists. The illuminance classes in Table 18.3.4.2 should be used.
18.10.1.2 The selected lighting class provides the overall criteria, in terms of average illuminance and
uniformity.
18.10.1.3 Solutions using multiple positions of lighting columns of 10m or 12m height or high-mast installations,
should be considered.
18.10.2 Functions of Lighting at Conflict Areas
18.10.2.1 Junction: The lighting at a junction should be related to the need of drivers approaching the junction to
see the junction layout and the vehicles approaching from other directions.
18.10.2.2 Roundabout: The lighting should also enable the driver to have adequate forward vision, when on the
roundabout, to see entering traffic and to decide whether it is safe to proceed.
18.10.3 Limitation of Glare
18.10.3.1 In any conflict area, glare control should be better than or equal to that of the approach roads, as the
conflict area situation increases the visual demands on the driver.
18.10.3.2 For glare control, it is normally sufficient to use the same luminaires within the conflict area, but if
different luminaires are to be used, an appropriate installed intensity class should be selected from BS EN
13201-2:2003 - Table A.1.
18.11 LIGHTING OF CONFLICT AREAS - SITING OF LIGHTING COLUMNS AT
ROUNDABOUTS
18.11.1 Approach and Exit Roads
18.11.1.1 Lighting columns should not be placed on the central traffic island opposite to any entry road, as in this
location they increase the possibility of vehicle collisions.
18.11.2 Set-Back of Lighting Columns
18.11.2.1 The clearance between the lighting columns and the carriageway should be not less than the minimum
distance recommended in Table 18.4.1.1 for the applied design speed.
18.11.3 Mounting Height
18.11.3.1 Mounting height should generally be uniform throughout a conflict area. It should not normally be less
than that on any approach road, but may be increased to reduce the number of lighting columns.
Sultanate of Oman. Highway Design Standards 2010
Road Lighting and Electrical Installations
18
18.12 LIGHTING FOR OTHER OUTDOOR AREAS
18.12.1 Lighting in the Vincinity of Coastal Waters
18.12.1.1 If a road lighting scheme is designed in a way that could interfere with observation of navigation marks,
or could affect night vision of seamen, the appropriate Concerned Authority should be consulted.
18.12.2 Lighting of Areas Around Aerodromes, Railways, Harbors and Navigable Inland
Waterways
18.12.2.1 The Concerned Authorities should be consulted regarding any special necessary provisions for a new
road lighting installation. Provisions shall be mutually acceptable, and fully documented for incorporation at the
relevant design stage.
18.12.2.2 Road lighting can present a hazard due to the effect on the pilot’s visual picture within the flight paths
around an aerodrome. For instance, where a road lies in the vicinity of an aerodrome that has approach lighting
and that road has a similar alignment to the runway, the road lighting can present a pattern to the pilot that is
similar to the runway lighting. Restrictions for the lighting pole heights and types of luminaire placed adjacent to
airports and in their landing zone are to be determined in coordination with the concerned Authority.
18.12.2.3 Aerodromes with Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) also need to have Runway Visual Range (RVR)
during operation hours. Where an aerodrome has ILS facilities, account should be taken of RVR sensor equipment
when designing lighting installations.
18.12.2.4 Lighting installations in the vicinity of a military site should be referred to the Ministry of Defense.
18.12.3 Lighting in the Vicinity of Railways
18.12.3.1 If a road lighting scheme is designed within an area that could affect the safe use of a railway, the
relevant Authority should be consulted.
18.12.3.2 The lighting scheme should be designed in a way that does not affect track visibility for railway
operatives, and the colors used for road lighting should not cause confusion with the signal lights.
18.12.3.3 In order to ensure adequate illumination of rail level crossings and to help motorists identify the crossing
and the presence or absence of a train, the following principles are to be applied in selecting and locating lighting
equipment:
Appropriate roadway lighting on the approach to the track crossing area should be started 30m
n
before the crossing and end 30m after the crossing, with uniformities meeting recommended values
in the approved standards.
Vertical illuminance (minimum of 10Lux) on railroad cars should be achieved. Vertical illuminance of
n
train cars at the crossing is most important to provide adequate visibility.
Lighting should extend along the railway right-of-way 50m on each side of the crossing.
n
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18.13 ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
18.13.1 Equipment Specifications
18.13.1.1 All electrical equipment and materials are to be selected in conformity with the requirements of the
current Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction in Oman.
18.13.1.2 Minor deviations from these specifications may be made subject to the approval of the respective
Authority.
18.13.1.3 Equipment is to be the latest standard product of the manufacturer.
18.13.2 Power Distribution
18.13.2.1 Before commencing any electrical work, the contractor is to ensure the approval of all electrical
documents related to the project.
18.13.2.2 The incoming power supply, usually from a Medium voltage network, will be provided by the concerned
Local Power Authority.
Nominal characteristics of power supply and distribution are to be as follows:
n Medium voltage: 11KV or 33KV, 3-phase system (coordinate with PAEW).
n Low voltage: 415V, 3-phase, 4-wire, solidly earthed neutral.
n Frequency: 50Hz.
18.13.2.3 The contractor is to coordinate with the Concerned Authority for the connection of designed substations/
feeder pillars to the nearest existing supply (at design stage).
18.13.2.4 The voltage at any point in the street lighting installation shall not deviate from nominal voltage level
by more than 5%, under normal system operation conditions, as per applicable local and international codes.
18.13.3 Feeder Pillars
18.13.3.1 The power supply to lighting poles will be provided from feeder pillars located along the road at the
nearest points to the existing substations. Dedicated substations will be provided where necessary.
18.13.3.2 A feeder pillar will be 4-way, 6-way or 8-way (as needed in the design), equipped with 3-phase circuit
breakers.
18.13.3.3 The main cable for the feeder pillar will be sized according to the maximum permitted total voltage drop
of 5% from the transformer LV terminals to the farthest point on a lighting circuit.
18.13.3.4 The components of a feeder pillar shall generally be:
n One main breaker (M.C.C.B.) of 3-phase 415V.
n One magnetic contactor, inductive type, 3-phase.
n 40 Amps 3-phase 240/415V MCCB’s breaker for outgoing street lighting circuits.
n One No. 24 hour dial time switch.
n Fluorescent lamp for panel interior illumination.
n 13A service socket outlet.
18-8
Two photo electric cells mounted in parallel, permitting automatic switch-on when the daylight
n
illumination reduces to 70 Lux.
Three ammeters, one voltmeter.
n
Management and control elements where called for (PMLCS).
n
18.13.3.5 At least two spare wires per phase shall be provided on the feeder pillar.
18.13.3.6 Earth electrode shall be installed for every feeder pillar.
18.13.3.7 The size of the feeder pillar and the internal layout, equipment and wiring, shall be determined by the
designer. It shall be the minimum size capable of housing the necessary equipment and terminations plus 30%
spare space.
18.13.4 Cabling
18.13.4.1 The cables supplying the street lighting installation are to be copper conductor PVC insulated armored
type, directly buried in the ground. Generally PVC insulated, steel wire armored, PVC sheathed cables should be
used. Cables sizes 16mm2 and larger are to be considered for columns or high mast circuiting cables.
18.13.4.2 Columns with three or more luminaires shall be connected over 3 phases and neutral, unless otherwise
shown on the Drawings, in order to maintain a uniform distribution. High masts shall be cabled with 3-phase
4-wire supplies.
18.13.5 Ducts
18.13.5.1 Cables which cross roads shall be run inside uPVC ducts, of suitable diameter and encased in concrete,
all in accordance with current Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (see Standard Drawings
SD 18-03 and SD 18-04) and where necessary in accordance with overseeing Authority requirements.
18.13.6 Earthing
18.13.6.1 Separate protective earthing cables of size 16mm2 for lighting column and high mast circuits are to be
run with power circuits. These cables have to be accounted for separately in the BOQ.
18.13.6.2 Each last column or each high mast shall be bonded via an earthing bolt to a single 16mm diameter
copper covered steel rod of 2.5m long driven into the ground adjacent to the column / high mast. Bonding is to
be 16mm2 stranded bare copper conductor.
18.13.7 Energy Saving
18.13.7.1 Where required, lighting columns and high masts used to light the main roads and interchanges can be
controlled by a Public Lighting Management and Control System (PLMCS), allowing, as necessary, a partial cut-
off of luminaire wattage by at least 30%, over user define periods in darkness. Thus, energy savings are realized
by reducing the light of HPS and HPMV lamps and without reducing lamp life.
18.13.8 Duct and Cable Markers
18.13.8.1 All designs should include for the installation of precast duct markers and cable markers in order to
identify the locations of underground utilities, for future access.
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18
18.13.8.2 The markers shall be inscribed with the size and number of ducts in the duct bank and shall give 18.15 REFERENCES AND STANDARDS
information in Arabic and English to locate the cables.
18.15.1 References
18.13.8.3 Cable markers for directly buried cable shall be placed at no more than 25m intervals throughout
and at points where the cables change direction. Details of duct markers are provided in Standard Drawing 18.15.1.1 The following publications should be referenced for the application of procedures noted in this Section 18.
SD 18-04. n CIE 115-1995 (Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic).

18.13.9 Emergency Roadside Telephone System 18.15.2 Standards

18.13.9.1 Emergency roadside telephones are to be provided on roadside verges for use in the event of an
accident or vehicle breakdown.
18.13.9.2 Emergency roadside telephones are to be linked to a police control office.
18.13.9.3 Emergency roadside telephones should normally be installed at 1.5km intervals and should be provided
in pairs opposite each other.
18.14 Guidance for lighting columns - Concrete base details
18.14.1 General
18.14.1.1 For preliminary estimation purposes Table 18.14.1.1 provides indicative sizing for a range of column
bases related to column height and section. Further information on foundation requirements and fittings are
presented in General Drawing GD 18-01.
18.15.2.1 The following standards can be referenced for the application of this document:
1. BS 5489-1: 2003 + A2: 2008 (Code of practice for the design of road lighting - Part 1: Lighting of roads and
public amenity areas).
2. BS EN 13201-2: 2003 (Road lighting - Part 2: Performance requirements).
3. BS EN 13201-3: 2003 (Road lighting - Part 3: Calculation of performance).
4. PD CEN/TR 13201-1: 2004 (Road lighting - Part 1: Selection of lighting classes).
5. BS EN 60598-1: 2004 (Luminaires – general requirements and tests).
6. BS EN 60529: 1992 (Specifications for degrees of protection provided by enclosures - IP codes).
7. IEC 60188: 2001 (High pressure mercury vapor lamps – Performance specifications).
8. IEC 60662: 2002 (Specification for high pressure sodium vapor lamps).
9. IEC 61167: 1992 + AMD1: 1995 (Specification for metal halide lamps).
10. IEC 60192: 2001 (Low pressure sodium vapor lamps – performance specifications).
11. BS 5649 EN 40 (all parts): (Lighting columns).
12. BS EN 12464-1: 2002 (Light and lighting – lighting of workplace – Part 1: indoor work places).

Cross
Section of Fixed Distance Maximum
Mounting Cross Column at Double between Dimensions Distance Anchor Maximum area of a M:Bending T:Shearing Suggested
Height in Sections Cross Flange Level Bracket Bracket: Bending Column Height of Width of Bottom of Space between Thickness Bolts Weight Lantern Moment Stress Dimensions
Relation R:round- Section (octagonal Projection bracket Radius Weight with Door Door of Door Available for Centers of Flange Dimensions on Top Exposed (under (under of Foundation
to Flange Conical at Top of Columns from Axis projection of the Accessories and Control Gear of Plate (diameter/ (lanterns and to Wind extreme extreme Block to be
Plate O:octa- column and poles: of Shaft from axis Bracket Flange (widthxdepth) Anchor thread) accessories) Direction pressure) pressure) Cast (AxB)
conical dimensions of shaft Plate Bolts 198Km/h (Note1)
across flats)
(m) (mm) (mm) (m) (m) (mm) (kg) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mmxmm) (mm) (mm) (mm/mm) (kg) (m2) (daN.m) (daN) (mxm)
6 O 62 190 94 600 130 500 110x116 300 10 18/20 50 0.59 1104 278 0.6x0.9
8 O 62 158 1 1300 119 500 95 600 90x110 300 10 18/20 20 0.05 1598 315 0.6x1.0
8 O 60 190 1 1030 108 600 130 500 110x119 300 10 18/20 15 0.1 1179 274 0.6x1.0
8 O 60 190 1.5 1500 123 600 130 500 110x119 300 10 18/20 15 0.08 1190 277 0.6x1.0
10 O 60 190 1.5 1500 129 600 130 500 110x125 300 10 18/20 15 0.08 1600 328 0.6x1.0
10 O 60 190 2 1500 130 600 130 500 110x125 300 10 18/20 15 0.08 1597 331 0.6x1.0
10 O 60 190 2.5 1330 132 600 130 500 110x125 300 10 18/20 15 0.08 1598 335 0.6x1.0
10 R 60 174 1.5 1500 133 500 101 500 110x95 300 10 18/20 20 0.05 1440 225 0.6x1.0
12 R 60 237 1.5 1500 197 600 137 500 170x120 300 20 18/20 20 0.05 1971 288 0.6x1.3
14 O 60 252 2 2500 288 600 135 500 135x185 300 25 24/25 25 0.21 4992 706 0.8x1.8
14 O 60 252 2.5 2500 291 600 135 500 135x185 300 25 24/25 25 0.15 4986 709 0.8x1.8
16 R 89 373 600 140 500 200x170 300 25 D30/32 150 0.34 5057 552 0.8x1.8
18 R 89 465 600 140 500 200x180 400 30 D30/32 150 0.62 8323 751 1.0x2.15
Table 18.14.1.1 Typical Column and Column Base Parameters for Preliminary Estimation Purposes
Notes:
1. Column foundations are designed assuming a bearing soil capacity equal to 2bars (2Kg/cm2).
2. These
 tables for general guidance only. Detailed design, calculations and approvals are to be project specific. 18-9
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GD 18-01 Typical Structural Details For Column Bases

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GD 18-02 GRP Columns Details

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SD 18-03 Sections of Signal, Low Voltage and Telecommunications Cable Ducts at Road Crossings

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SD 18-04 Ducts Markers

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SD 18-05 Cable Drawpit Details

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