Power System Operation and Control: A
Data-Driven Approach
Parvaiz Ahmad Ahangar Shameem Ahmad lone
2022 International Conference on Intelligent Controller and Computing for Smart Power (ICICCSP) | 978-1-6654-7258-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICCSP53532.2022.9862029
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Dept.of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar NIT Srinagar salone@nitsri.net
Parvaiz06Phd19@nitsri.net
Abstract—Renewable energy is becoming more popular around
the world, especially wind power and solar photovoltaic (SPV)
systems with data interfaces and IoT sensors that generate
significant volumes of data. In addition to serving as a monitoring
device, the data provided by such devices can be used to improve
system reliability and efficiency by providing real-time data.
When compared to traditional model-based operation, data-
driven based optimal renewable power operation is an emerging
method for ensuring trouble-free power system operation. The
data-driven method is effective for studying the impact of
rapid distributed generation systems integration on utility power
system functioning. In data-driven approach, Machine-learning
(ML) is an emerging technology for addressing the optimal func-
tioning power system networks. Data-driven operated distributed
energy resources (DER) provide real-time management of our
dependable power supply through suitable forecasting methods
and hence give rise to the smart grid idea. In this proposed work,
our objective is to apply a data-driven based strategy to the smart
grid in order to ensure the smooth operation and control of both
utility and renewable-rich power system.
Index Terms—Distributed generation system, solar power, data
driven technology, machine learning, support vector machine,
Generative adversarial network, battery energy storage. Load
forecasting.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Modern power grids are equipped with many digitalization
technologies and encompass different Distributed energy re-
sources (DERs), such as solar panels, wind farms, and energy
storage. owing to utilization of sensors and data measuring
units can generate significant volumes of data [1], [2]. Tra-
ditional power systems are currently under severe strain as
a result of high consumer demand for energy, and they are
emitting significant volumes of carbon dioxide, such as in
thermal power plants that use coal as an input, rendering our
climate unfit for human habitation. Since we do not have super
thermal power plants in our country, we rely on traditional
power plants for roughly 65 percent of our electricity demand.
There is a growing demand for renewable energy to reduce
our reliance on traditional power plants and to protect the
environment, and this demand is supposed to increase at
a quicker rate due to strong demand for clean electricity.
978-1-6654-7258-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Neeraj Gupta
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Srinagar neeraj5822@gmail.com
These environmentally friendly power sources serve as a
replacement for existing electric power systems by acting as a
number of small-scale power generation sources with storage
technologies. These DERs are dispatchable sources that can
be connected to a traditional distribution system. Nonetheless,
their integration has a significant impact on current utility
power systems and attracts attention for its seamless operation
[3]. The power system operation is described as the state
of the power system network in a given period, such as
a day, an hour, or a snapshot, as determined by generator
output, load demand, transmission topology, and power flow.
These patterns have a significant impact on the operation and
planning of electricity generation systems. Because renewable
energy is stochastic in nature and is dependent on a various
factors such as weather and household load, it poses a number
of issues in terms of power system management and planning
and hence their accurate forecasting is required.
A lot of research has been done in the past, but it is mostly
based on traditional and empirical experience, which did not
produce precise results. [4]. According to the literature review,
the stochastic optimal planning model of MG, such as [1]
has not taken into account the randomness of solar and load.
Similarly, in [2] has tackled power system stability evaluation
using traditional methods, but it falls short of addressing data-
driven ML techniques and the emerging Io T technology. Un-
like hydro power facilities, which have seasonal fluctuations,
stochastic renewable energy makes balancing generation and
demand difficult. As a result, by performing accurate load and
generation forecasting analysis and constructing appropriate
dynamic models based on such analysis using ML and Io
T, this difficulty can be mitigated. As smart devices function
across the whole network, a vast amount of data is generated
and shared across grid components. AI and ML-based algo-
rithms are now effective in overcoming the challenges posed
by traditional approaches such as how to detect faults and
how to optimize the operation of an interconnected power
systems to achieve higher reliability and efficiency [5], [6].
As illustrated in Fig. 1, there are various types of machine
learning techniques accessible today, such as supervised and
unsupervised learning, which may be further classified into
classification, regression, and clustering.
This paper emphasizes on novel technology and improvement
over traditional methods and hence a data-driven based optimal
 CLASSIFICATION
SUPERVISED
LEARNING
REGRESSION
MACHINE LEARNING
UNSUPERVISED
LEARNING
CLUSTERING
Fig. 1. Classification of Machine Learning techniques.
power system operation is being proposed. Due to significant
growth of communication technology,IoT, the current power
systems are being deployed with massive number of wide
area measurements and sensors. So, to analyze the operation
of such power systems has become easy in real time domain
[7]. To ramp up implementation of such data-driven based
techniques is regarded as a better approach due to their
appreciable results [8], [9].
Attempts are now being made to modify this strategy. Our
primary concern is grid stability, as any disruption can be
extremely costly to the system’s operation. As a result, the
data received by sensors should be learned by an efficient
algorithm in order to generate real-time corrective actions
and make proper decisions for actuators to react on time
so that the power system can run smoothly. Based on the
information provided above, the paper is organized in the
following manner:
TABLE I
T HIS MANUSCRIPT IS SECTIONED AS FOLLOWS
Section name explanation in section
Section: I Introduction
Section: II Architecture of methodology
Section: III Data-driven based power system dynamic models
Section: IV ML Algorithms and observations
Section: V Optimizing renewable power and energy storage
Section: VI ML based demand response
Section: VII Results and future plan
Section: VII Conclusion
II. A RCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Our future grids are supposed to be operated by artificial
intelligence and machine learning owing to significant
development of IoT followed by AMI. The traditional static
model based control will be entirely replaced by data based
control. The traditional based operation requires human rules
and modelling whereas data based ML approach works on
real time learning based dynamic models. The basic typical
diagrams for ML operation modes is shown in Figure 2. ML
being a part of data-driven technology and computational
intelligence is in development these days. ML is subset of
AI whose sole purpose is to extract and squeeze information
present in captured power system data The ML is a powerful
emerging set of non-linear optimization technique based
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Data
Go next
Capturing
Study the Train ML Evaluate
problem Algorithm Solution
Analyze
Errors
Fig. 2. Typical illustration of Machine learning based approach.
on data where we have a ton of labelled data for training
and testing. The desired criterion for training and testing of
data is 80:30. We can train this data through various ML
based algorithms like convolution neural network, support
vector machine, decision tree, linear regression and k-means.
Post training, we do testing and observe the accuracy of
data based results, if results are not accurate, we repeat
the training step. Important component of data-science is
machine learning for extracting useful information from data
that may provide predictions regarding future events which
are of prime objective [10]. By using data driven approach,
we can extract useful information from the data collected on
real time and thereby can provide exact predictions about
load and generation scenario of power system network.
Machine learning and Artificial learning is being adapted
in power system areas like generation and load forecasting,
transient stability and weak inertia estimation [11], [14].
Machine learning approach generally address applications
where conventional methods are inappropriate. Due to
availability of large size of data related to Power system
operation obtained through installed measurement units, we
can develop real-time power system operation simulation
model to get sufficient information related to forecasting
analysis [15].
In this proposed work, a remote isolated area of UT of
Jammu and Kashmir is being selected to implement the
data-driven approach towards renewable rich power system
for balancing power generated from renewables and load
demand of that particular area, as well as irradiance and
impact of renewables on utility mains is also considered by
using using ML based forecasting models.Besides, the tariff
charged on electricity usage coming from conventional sources
is compared with renewable cost. Figure 3 depicts a high-
level overview of all components. The required renewable
data is obtained from NREL website and load curve of
selected location. During the implementation of ML based
approach on selected geographical loacation, various costs
and environmental aspects are ensured. Unlike model-based
approaches, the ML approach allows for the analysis of system
dynamics using actual observations in real-time circumstances.
The application of data-driven approach in power system is
 Seperate signal from
Weather data noise, correlate data
Use ML model to train IoT data
Energy Market Preprocessing Training/Modelling
Financial Data clean & Contexualize
data
Activity data
Real Time
ML algorithm
bank
IoT Data
Fig. 3. Overview of data-driven based power system operation.
discussed under the two following sub headings:
• Data-driven based optimal power system management
and cost reduction
• Data-driven based power system abnormality prediction
A. Data-driven based optimal power system management and
cost reduction
In a distributed energy system, it is the power genera-
tion, load switching, and network parameters that fluctuate
frequently in a power system network. Power generation is
predicted using data in machine learning algorithms like linear
regression algorithms which takes renewable data of solar,
wind as input. Moreover, a data-driven strategy provides real-
time access to the status of renewable energy generation. As a
result, the data is fed into AI and ML technologies, allowing
us to obtain knowledge on electrical and electromechanical
conditions for observing the status of power system [16]. It is
possible to take appropriate anticipatory necessary measures
by having access to numerous power system parameters that
are responsible for the smooth operation of the power sys-
tem. Predictive maintenance using machine learning and the
internet of things can forecast equipment damage in advance,
allowing corrective action to be conducted. The unplanned
shutdown of DERs can be reduced thereby, saving money
on operating costs. Appropriate measures relating to power
system operation data, such as power flow, unit generation,
load demand, intermittent renewable generation can be ob-
tained through measuring instruments and AMI and a suitable
simulation model can be developed from where we can get
information about various operation modes.
B. Data-driven based power system abnormality prediction
Normally, faults in grids and their associated components
are detected by continuously visualizing system performance.
However, thanks to significant advancements in information
technology and the proliferation of the internet of things,
data collection and operation is no longer difficult, especially
weather data, which helps us in knowing the future gener-
ation and demand of consumers. These DERs being locally
developed are of primary importance in predicting operating
conditions like faults [19]. Data-driven based algorithms ca-
pable of training and testing the data related to power system
parameters are given to ML technology and predictive models
are generated to predict the occurrence of fault. Therefore,
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Use training ML model the collected data can be trained and analyzed using learning
for real-time analysis
Prediction
algorithms and a response model can be developed which can
Visualization
help us in knowing the necessary parameters of power system.
Through forecasting analysis based on data-driven approach,
Optimization
we can mitigate system contingencies and thereby stability can
be improved by taking prior steps required for keeping power
system frequency and voltage intact and hence avoiding large
frequency and voltage excursions.
III. DATA - DRIVEN BASED POWER SYSTEM DYNAMIC
MODELS
Traditional static models require explicit analysis to deter-
mine the state of the system, whereas data-driven models can
give real time relevant and required information for displaying
the relationship between generation and load profile without
requiring explicit system knowledge and manual interpreta-
tion. The suggested model can replicate real-time renewable
energy generation such as solar and wind power, allowing for
hourly system operation planning. Because renewable energy
is intermittent, its influence must be assessed in a real-time
context. Every time, we must design a data-based model
for generation and load, as well as tactics for maintaining
the balance [20]. A stochastic based differential equation
(SDE) can be used to simulate renewable energy output on
an hourly basis. On a daily basis, a unit commitment model
is constructed for short-term power system operation based
on network restrictions. The load generation balance, hourly
operating reserve requirements, operational limits of each unit,
and transmission limits are all addressed while taking into
account various constraints. As illustrated in figure 4, the data-
based power system dynamic model could contain generation
of each unit, power flow of each transmission line, load of
each bus, cost pattern, load curtailment, and renewable power.
Input Power system Power System Operation
Parameters Operation Simulation Analysis
Power Flow
Load Forecasting Schedule of Conventional
units like hydro, thermal
Unit generation
Unit Parameters
Power grid topology
Solar and wind generation Load on Buses
Simulation
Conventional Load
Solar and Wind data
Day to Day Operation
Curtailment
Coordination Renewable energy
Simulation data setup
Curtailment
Daily Optimal Operation
Simulation
Fig. 4. Proposed Simulation Model for Power System Operation
IV. ML A LGORITHMS AND OBSERVATIONS
A. Machine learning and Deep learning algorithm
Machine learning is a new technique that is gaining popu-
larity these days and has enetered into power system as well.
 Researchers are working tirelessly in removing barriers erected
by conventional power systems. They are simpler to put into
practise when it comes to their application and are working as
” assistants” in power system areas as a decision tool. Machine
learning can be segmented into supervised, unsupervised, and
reinforcement learning same is indicated in figure 01. Among
the machine learning algorithms, supervised learning is applied
in areas where we have labelled data. Whereas unsupervised
learning did not have labelled data and works on its own
intelligence. Similarly reinforcement learning works on obser-
vations based approach. In order to fit data points better during
training process, Neural networks have been found to be
effective at fitting non-linear relationships, which are prevalent
in renewable energy because the data used for training in
unsupervised learning is not labelled, we must first use an
unsupervised method to find an appropriate clustering solution.
The trained data for real-time power systems is typically high-
dimensional, highly correlated, and difficult to comprehend.
Furthermore, when renewable penetration is large, the number
of operation patterns increases. As a result, the algorithm
adopted must be capable of handling sophisticated data anal-
ysis. In general, the following steps are followed to complete
this activity:
• Preprocessing
• Clustering
• Dimension reduction
• Visualization
1) Preprocessing: Each operation mode is a complicated
vector associated with irrelevant data, starting with the pre-
processing stage. Because there may be some garbage data
owing to smart metre failures and measurement errors, the
preprocessing stage is called to squeeze the information and
remove the worthless data in order to improve computing
efficiency. Principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm is
generally suggested for data compression analysis wherein a
matrix is selected. For instance, Let K= (k1 k2....Km)N × N
represents the incoming matrix of operation modes, where
column matrix represents operation mode vector, M = no. of
operation modes, where each operation mode has N Dimen-
sions. In preprocessing only valuable data is processed and
garbage data is removed.
2) Clustering: Clustering is considered as the most im-
portant tool in unsupervised machine learning for making
grouping of data based on similar attributes. It dissociates
complexity of data sets based on their similarity into smaller
groups with the result, the data required for making appro-
priate prediction is reduced. In clustering phase wherein we
have an unlabelled data set and we need an algorithm which
can intuitively group the data into synchronous subsets or
into identical groups. K- Means algorithm is regarded as
more suitable clustering algorithm. Moreover, Partitioning and
hierarchical methods are the two main clustering tools.
K Means is an iterative algorithm and it does two things.
First is a cluster assignment step, and second is a move
centroid step. For finding the informative and useful patterns
under massive operation scenario of power system, we require
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huge computation, which can bring several challenges as
they make training extremely slow, also they make it difficult
to achieve a better solution [22], [24]. Therefore, dimension
reduction is vital for keeping only required information and
eliminating the redundancy.
Reducing dimensionality may filter out the noise present and
unnecessary details thereby making training faster. Moreover,
dimensionality reduction assists in visualizing the data on
2D/3D plots and hence important insights can be achieved by
analyzing these patterns. Different algorithms work for dimen-
sion reduction like: PCA, t-SNE and LDA. t-SNE (Distributed
stochastic neighbour embedding) takes a high dimension data
set and reduces it to low dimensional graph and retains a lot
of original information [25]. It does so by giving every data
point a location in 2D or 3D map.
3) Dimension reduction: Dimension reduction is second
type of unsupervised learning problem. Reducing the dimen-
sions of data not only allows us to compress the data for
saving computer memory or disk space, but it also allows us to
speed up our learning algorithms. We can do dimensionality
reduction using 2D to 1D transformation without losing the
required features.
4) Visualization: Second application of dimensionality re-
duction is to visualize the data. For a lot of machine learning
applications, it really helps us to develop effective learning
algorithms, for understanding our data better, there is some
way of visualizing the data better, and so, dimensionality
reduction offers us, often, another useful tool to do so. Let’s
say we have collected a large volume of data set of may
generating units and connected consumers in a power system
network. The different features/attributes can be represented
as:
X1 = Total generation of desired location
X2 = Total load demand........
X3 = Solar generation.........
X4 = Wind generation..........
• and so on.. and suppose we may have huge data say 50
attributes like X ∈ R50 where each generating unit can
be represented as X (i) ∈ R50 it turns out that when we
look at output of dimensionality reduction algorithm, it
does not astride physical meaning to new features.
V. O PTIMIZING RENEWABLE POWER AND ENERGY
STORAGE
Data-driven enabled ML and optimization techniques can
be applied in entire power system operation, such as electric
power data analytics, energy forecasting, Renewable scenario,
optimal ESS, MGs and distribution networks [26]. Present-day
power systems encounter numerous exigencies owing to fast
accommodation of RESs. Meanwhile environmental impact
assessment(EIA) forecasts that by 2050 renewables will
contribute half of world electricity. Since their output widely
depends on weather condition and hence their prediction and
control are essential for grid reliability. Thanks to massively
deployed sensors and big energy data, ML along with Deep
 Learning is being purely implemented to predict Renewable
Generation and electric load demands. The perfect forecasting
of PV and wind power is also of vital importance for making
strategic development in renewable power areas [27], [28].
Moreover, ESS integrated with renewable power acts as a
perfect partner to renewables by controlling the grid under
volatile generation and loads, and is widely deployed for peak
shaving, frequency regulation, bidding in renewable power
areas, demand response, etc by acting as back-up.
AI based operation of storage devices make real-time decisions
by selecting best time for charging and discharging of storage
devices and is attracting greater interest of researchers
towards this approach. Inspite of recent advancements
in information and communication technology, optimal
operation of power system still remains a challenging
problem. Dynamic and intermittent nature of weather,
complexity and non-linear nature of power system network
make model-based approaches difficult, particularly when
renewable power is incorporated [29]. These models are
normally constructed based on statistical assumptions and
require physical examination. These models are not too much
accurate. In order to extract benefit from recent information
technology, we shift to machine learning which is a growing
research at present by utilizing large volume of unlabelled
training data.
The advantage of such machine learning technology is that
it incorporates unsupervised learning thus avoiding tough
manual labelling which are too difficult while handling large
data [30]. we are also interested in realizing and forecasting
a group of scenarios which can inform system operators
future realizations of power generation. For renewable
energy generations, we are interested to formulate and solve
an optimization problem iteratively to obtain high quality
scenario forecasts thereby making balance between generation
and electric power demand at all times and adopting the
demand side optimization and thus avoiding unfavourable
power cuts to customers.This way we can enhance our
reliability of power supply.
VI. ML BASED DEMAND RESPONSE
Demand response is a promising method for easing the
strain on the electrical grid. By studying the behaviour of
both demand side and renewable based generation, AI-based
machine learning can perform well for DR. The benefit of
demand response is that it allows for accurate forecasting of
load demand and grid generation. As a result, operators may
enhance their electric power usage patterns and provide more
flexibility to the power grid. AI and ML are seen as viable
solutions for making real-time judgments due to the abundance
of data. Consumer response, understanding their attributes,
dynamic pricing, and overall device control are all concerns
that can be addressed using a machine learning method.
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Load
Solar PV
Converter Wind turbine
Converter
Bi-Directional
Converter
Bi-Directional
Converter Diesel unit
Battery Unit
DC Bus AC Bus
Fig. 5. Typical diagram of chosen case study
VII. R ESULTS AND FUTURE PLAN
As a result of the preceding discussion, it is clear that a
data-driven approach to power system operation can help in
ensuring its smooth operation. Our primary concern is grid
stability, as any disruption can be extremely costly to the
system’s operation. Currently, many power system activities
are carried out manually and with antiquated mechanisms.
Furthermore, while there has been a lot of work done in
the past on renewable penetration power, but data-driven
based grid operation and optimization has not been addressed
; instead, the work has focused on various model-based
control and operation tactics. By feeding changeable data to
smart learning based algorithms, data-driven based machine
learning can provide a realistic model of the system and can
make forecasting as well. To provide predictive and optimal
operation and control, the chosen technology integrates the
internet of things with machine learning.
In the future, our proposed approach will be used to
plan and optimize DERs while taking into account our
native geographical area’s topography, the solar and wind
generation data is available at NREL website, load data is
taken from load curve available at our nearby grid station.
after this, data based forecasting, topology identification and
power flow calculation can be done and the same data will
be carefully selected while adhering to system constraints.
Figure 4 shows the implicit look of the same method. Aside
from that, a number of other parameters are being computed,
such as the optimal cost and quantity of DERs required
to match the load demand while lowering the annualized
cost of the system. The entire project will be completed
using the above-mentioned approach, including a comparative
examination of our recommended approach. This proposed
technique can increase the value of dispersed energy resources
by ensuring flexibility and reliability.
VIII. C ONCLUSION
Integration of different renewable power sources pose sev-
eral technical challenges in microgrid type power grid. The
ML based methods for intermittent renewable based power
grids are providing promising results for technical challenges
posed by renewable integration. In general, the idea of using
 ML technique is to exploit the available data using suitable
algorithms. Due to availability of high data through advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI), ML techniques give excellent
results and here we do not need explicit system models and
control stability can be ensured. To avoid repeating manual and
traditional work in power grids, Auto ML is a fascinating so-
lution, which aims at automatically implementing the process
of applying ML through an ML model. ML being one of the
most exciting recent technologies enable Learning algorithms
to mimic how the human brain learns. Currently, ML has so
disseminated due to growth of web and growth of automation
due to which we have large volumes of data than ever before
in all fields of engineering including power system. Normally,
we use different types of learning algorithms based on their
application. In our proposed case study, following algorithms
are proposed and likely to be implemented:
• Linear regression
• Support vector machine (SVM)
• Decision trees
• K-means clustering
• Random forest
In future work, we will extend this technique to distribution
side of power system for better operation and control of system
network as it is the distribution side in a power system which
encounters frequent frequency and voltage excursions. The
proposed work will be carried out in MATLAB and PYTHON
environment.
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