COURSE INFORMATION

1. Course Code CRIMSOC 3

2. Course Unit 3 units

3. Course Name/ Human behavior and Victimology

Title

4. Course This module is designed as a teaching tool for criminology

Description students studying Human Behavior and Victimology. It

introduces the lifespan approach to human development, as well

as the principles of human behavior, abnormal behavior, sexual

deviance, and crisis management, with a focus on hostage taking

situations, negotiation, and recovery. To satisfy the demands of

the

CMO 5 series of 2018, victimization and victimology theories were

introduced.

5. Time Frame 54 hours

Title: MENTAL DISORDER AND CRIMINALITY

Topics:

 Definition of criminal behavior;

 Sexual Deviances; and

 Crisis intervention management.

Introduction:

The importance of human behavior is by knowing the root, origin and the theories, in able

the student

to fully understand the course.

Intended Learning Outcome/ILO: In the course of the discussion, the students will be able

to:
 • Recognize and comprehend various perspectives about human development;

• Recognize how a person's describe sexual deviances; and

• Describe how these phases can influence a person's motivation and capacity to respond

to a given scenario.

Cognitive Approach- looks at differences in the way people process information to explain

differences in behavior.

Human Intelligence- is a mental quality that consist of the abilities to learn from experience

adapt to new situation, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to

manipulate ones environment.

Binet scale of human Intelligence

IQ score Original Name Modern Name

Below 20 Idiot Profound

20-49 Imbecile Severe

50-69 Moron/Feebleminded Moderate

70-79 Boarder line Deficiency Mild

80-89 Dull Dull normal

110-119 Superior

120-139 Very Superior

Over 140 Genius or near Genius

The Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5) is an individually administered

measure of intelligence and cognitive abilities for person 2- 85 and older.

Criminal law and intelligence

McNaughton Rule- In 1734, an English court maintain that a man was not responsible for an

act if “he does not know what he is doing no more a wild beast”.

The formal Insanity Defense has its beginnings in 1843 when Daniel McNaughton tried to

kill Robert Peel the British Prime Minister. (He shoot and kill his secretary instead). At his

trial, McNaughton testified that he believe that the British Government was plotting against
him, and he was acquitted of murder. The McNaughton rule requires that a criminal

defendant:

1. Not to watch he was doing at the time or

2. Not know that his action were wrong.

The rule Created the presumption of Sanity, unless the defense proof at the time of

committing the act, the accuse was laboring under such a defect of treason, from disease of

the mind, has not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know

it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong.

Durham Rule- Also called as product test which state that a accuse is not criminally

responsible of he’s unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental defect. Some state

in USA added to their statute their doctrine which is also known as irresistible impulse

recognizing some ill individual may respond correctly, but maybe unable to control their

behavior.

All “Substantial” capacity test- many state in the USA adapt aversion of guidelines set out by

the American law institute in 1962 which allows the insanity defense if, by virtue of mental

illness, the defendant:

1. Lacks the ability to understand the meaning of his or her act or

2. Cannot control his or her impulses also known as irresistible impulse test. The new

rule stated that a person is not responsible for his criminal act if, as a result of mental

disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality or his act

or to conform his conduct to the requirement of the law.

Behavioral Personality Theory – model of personality that emphasizes learning and

observable behavior.

Social Learning Theory – explanation of personality that combines learning principles and

effects of social relationship.

Self-reinforcement – refers to the praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular

response.
Identification – refers to a feeling from which one is emotionally connected to a person and

a way of seeing as himself or herself. Specifically, the following are some criminological

learning theories under the behavioral or social learning factor.

1. Differential Association Theory – Edwin Sutherland

2. Imitation Theory by Gabriel Tarde

3. Identification Theory by Daniel Glaser

Criminal Law and Intelligence in the Philippines

The court has established a more stringent criterion or insanity to be exempting as it is

required that there must be a complete deprivation of intelligence of committing an act. i.e,

the accuse is deprive of treason, he acted without the less discernment because there is a

complete absence of the power to discern, or that there is a total deprivation of the will. More

abnormality of the mental faculties will not exclude in immutability- establishing the insanity

of an accuse requires opinion testimony which may give by a witness who is intimately

acquainted with the accused, by a witness who has rational basis to conclude that the

accused was insane based on the witness own perception of the accused, or by a witness who

is qualified as an expert, such as a psychiatrist.

The Revised Penal Code

Article 12 of the Code exempts a person from criminal liability in consideration of

intelligence. They are as follows:

Par 1. Any person who has committed a crime while the said person was imbecile or insane

during the commission. When that imbecile or an insane person has committed an act which

the law defines as a felony (delito) the court shall order his confinement in one of the

hospitals or asylums established for persons thus afflicted, which he shall not be permitted

to leave without first obtaining the permission of the same court.

Paragraph 2

A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment,

in which case, such minor shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of

art 80 of the code.

Note: In connection to paragraph 2 and 3, Republic Act no. 9344 otherwise known as Juvenile

Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, as amended by Republic Act 10609, raised the criminal

exemption from 9 to 15 years old. In addition, a person of this age is totally exempted, withier

he/she acted with or without discernment during the commission of crimes.

Theories of Emotion

James- Lange Theory by William James and Carl Lange- This states that emotion results from

physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment: emotion occurs after

physiological reactions. “The perception of bodily changes as they occur in the emotion”.

Cannon – BARD Theory by Philip Bard and Walter Cannon- This suggests that people feel

emotions first and then act upon them. This is a theory that emotion and physiological

reactions occur simultaneously.

Two Factor Theory by Schachter & Singer- this posits that emotion is the cognitive

interpretation of a physiological response. Most people consider this to be the “common

sense” theory to explain theory to explain physiological change; their physiological changes

as a result of their emotion.

Emotional Intelligence- is the area of cognitive ability that facilitates interpersonal behavior.

It was popularized in 1995 by psychologist and behavioral science journalist Dr. Daniel

Goleman in his book, Emotional Intelligence.

Conflict- is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between

incompatible.

Types of Conflict

1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)- Psychological conflict could be going on

inside the person and no one would know. Freud would say unconsciousness id

battling superego and further claimed that our personalities are always in conflict.

2. Social Conflict- the different kinds of social conflicts are:

-Interpersonal Conflict

-Two individuals me against you

-Inter-group struggles (us against them)

 -Individual opposing a group (me against them, them against me)

-Intra-group conflict (members of group all against each other on a task).

Postpartum Depression- this occurs after having a baby a new mother develops a major

depressive episode within one month after delivery. In rare cases, a woman may have severe

form of depression called postpartum psychosis.

Three phases of stress (Gas General Arousal Syndrome)

1. Alarm- the body’s stress response is a state of alarm. At this stage adrenaline will be

produce in order to bring about fight or fight response.

2. Resistance- although the body begins to try to adapt to the strains or demands of the

environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so it resources are gradually

deflated.

3. Exhaustion- all of the body’s resources are eventually deflated and the body is unable

to maintain normal function. The result can manifest itself in obvious illnesses such

as ulcers, depression, and diabetes, trouble with the digestive system or even

cardiovascular problems, along with the other mental illnesses.

4. Frustration- is a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from

reaching a goal. It associated with motivation since we won’t frustrated if we were

not motivated to achieve the goal.

5. Coping Mechanisms- refers to the sum total of ways in which people deal with minor

to major stress and trauma.

6. Defense Mechanisms- refers to the individual way of reacting to frustration.

According to Freud defense mechanisms are methods that ego uses to avoid

recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety, it is the unrealistic

strategies used by the ego to discharge tensions.

7. Delusion- false belief

8. Hallucination- false perception

9. Illusion- false belief of outside stimuli

10. Mental disorder- broad term use to group physical symptoms that cause abnormal

thoughts and behaviors-commonly referred to as mental illnesses.

 Causes of Mental Disorder

The most common model use by psychologists to explain why mental disorder occurs is

called the bio psychosocial model. It is simply means that biological psychological and

social factors all contribute to mental disorders.

Malingering- is not a form of mental illness. However, people who adopt malingering

behaviors often have a diagnosable mental illness called anti-social personality disorder.

Dissociative disorder- refers to one which loses the integration of consciousness, identity

and memories of important personal events.

Altruism- behavior is normally described as altruistic it is motivated by a desire to benefit

someone other than oneself for the person’s sake.

ADHD- one of the common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Usually diagnosed

in childhood utter last into adulthood. Children with ADHD have trouble paying attention,

controlling impulsive behavior or overly active.

Complex Behavior- a combination of different types of behavior.

Morality- descriptive account of social and personal valves about the ways people in society

should behave. This types of crime includes prostitution, bigamy, pornography, illegal

gambling and illegal use of drugs.

Typology of Crime- a criminological theory made manageable in a way that can be practically

applied to organize, classify & make sense of a range of behavior that violate the law.

Bio psychosocial Theory- Models are a class of trans- disciplinary models which look at the

interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio- environmental factors,

conceptualized by George Engel in 1997.

KALLIKAK Family Theory – a study of Henry Herbert Goddard, a study in the heredity of

feeble-mindedness which is presently known as intellectual disability.

SOCIALIZED DELINQUENT – individual with delective socialization process or development

thus he lacks proper moral values or ethical standards

Other base on Mental Attitude Criminals

Acute Criminal- one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion.

Active Criminal – one who commits crime due to aggressiveness.

Chronic Criminal- one who commits crime is consonance with deliberate thinking.

Culture Violent Criminals- an offender who commits barbarically of such crimes is the honor

crime. In which individuals commits acts that are influenced by the cultural norms of the

minority group of which they are part but are contrary to the criminal laws of the dominant

society, have been named cultural offenses or culturally crimes.

Passive Criminal- one who commits crime due they are forced by a reward or promise.

Victim Facilitation- occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to

commit crime.

OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS

Accident Criminal - one who commit crime when the situation is conductive.

Habitual Criminal – one who consciously developed the habit of committing crime due to lack

of self-control.

Theories of crime as Explanations of criminal behavior.

Psychological theories of crime personality – based explanation of criminality

Three personality dimensions have been proposed [Eysenck & Gudjonsson, 1989]

Extroversion – [active, aggressive and impulse]

Neurotism – [restless, emotionally volatile, and hypertensive]

Psychoticism – [troublesome, lacking in empathy, and intensive to the point of cruelty].

EXPLANATION OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Moralism – evil; sin

Positivism – free will/choice

Biological determinism – born band

Psychological determinism – childhood issues

Social determinism – society made me do it

THEORIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Classical and neo-classical

Biological

Psychological

Sociological

Sexual Deviancy

Sexuality- are behavior associated with the relation between sexes and their respective

reproductive organ.

Normal Sexuality- sexual completion that leads to a nature and well- adjusted individual,

capable of entering relationships with a member of the opposite sex, who physically and

mentally stable and satisfying heterosexual needs.

Abnormal Sexuality/ Sexual Deviancy- a kind of sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and

qualification by means other than normal, heterosexual norms.

Erectile Insufficiency- also known as impotence, defined by difficulty getting and keeping

an erection. It has been reported that more than half of men between the ages 40 to 70

experience some form of ED.

CRISIS INTERVENTION MANAGEMENT

CRIMINAL MANAGEMENT – Expert handling of a crisis emergency aim to reduce or eliminate

danger.

Crisis – the term came from the Greek word ‘Krisis’ which means to decide. A turning point

in the progress of an affair of series of event.

Emergency – the latin term “Emergentia” which means “dipping” or “plunging”. A sudden

condition or state of affairs calling for immediate action.

An emergency if the situation is already beyond normal control what happening is already a

crisis, however the effect of crisis can no longer be controlled even by its main instigator.

Then it is already disaster.

Lima Syndrome- is a psychological response where a captor or abuser forms a positive

connection with a victim. Opposite of Stockholm & first describe after hostage crisis in Lima,

Peru in 1990s.

Stockholm Syndrome- is coping mechanism to captive or abusive situation.

London Syndrome- described as the opposite of both Stockholm & lima syndromes, in that

it involves the development of negative feelings of hostage takers towards their hostages.

Theories on Crisis Management – this theory argue that successfully difussing a crisis

requires an understanding of how crisis should be handled before it occurs. There is four-

phase crisis management model process should be used to handle a crisis and this process

included.

1. Issues Management

2. Planning Prevention

3. The Crisis

4. Post-Crisis

The main propient are [ Gonzales - Herrero and Pratt]

Structural – Function System Theory – thus this theory propose that the provision of

information to an organization in a time of crisis is critical in ensuring effective crisis

management. It highlight the importance of an efficient information network and level of

commands that comprise organizational communication.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

1. Incident Management – refers to an act of containing the situation within a certain

level, mostly through the intervention of law enforcement.

2. Consequence Management – an act that focuses on mitigating the adverse effects that

may be brought about by an incident.

PURPOSE OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

SALVARI VITAS – the goal of Crisis management; TO SAVE LIVES.

Operational Supervision and control

 The power to direct, superintend, overseas and inspect the police units & forces. This

power also include the power to employ and deploy units or element of the PNP through

the station commander to ensure public safety and effective maintenance of peace and

order within the locality.

Executive Order No. 309 Series 1987 and Executive No. 366 Series 1996

These executive orders created the national peace and order council, local peace and order

council and the barangay Peace and Order Committees Section 5 R.A 6975 as amended [DILG

Act of 1990]

The mayor shall exercise operational supervision and control over PNP units in their

respective jurisdiction except during the thirty (30) day period immediately preceding and

the thirty (30) days following any national, local, and brgy election.

Memorandum Order No. 21

The government shall exhaust all peaceful means possible in seeking a resolution to a crisis

in order to minimize, if not prevent the loss of life and destruction of property.

5P’s of Crisis Management

Predict- attempt to remove uncertainly from the future. The predict component is

undertaken through strategic, operational and tactical situation awareness (SA) processes.

Prevent- a deliberation action that aims to avoid future harm by addressing its causes.

Prepare- this is a core component of effective response and covers six essential activities as

follows:

Planning, as well as evaluating and improving.

Perform- the actual implementation of contingency plans when a crisis occurs. Enhancing

capabilities in saving life and protection of property.

Post-action and assessment- a component which begin when crisis has been addressed and

the situation is deemed clear. Seeks ways to evaluate and improve prevention, preparation

and the actual execution.

Incident Command System (ICS)

It consist of six major functional areas as follows:

Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics, finance/administration and

Intelligence/investigation as an optional sixth functional areas which is activated on a case

to case basis.

Incident Command/ Incident Commander (IC)- the person designated by the chairman,

provider the overall supervision and management in handling incident response operation,

managing the human resources during the crisis.

Command Staff (CM)- they provide technical advice to the IC and consist of the safety officer

(SO), monitor the condition and design subsequence measure for assuring the safety of the

assign personnel, and the public information officer or (PIO) who disseminate information

to internal and external stakeholder, also serve as a Liaison officers.

Hostage Situation- refers to a set of circumstances wherein suspected law violators holds a

person captive with a use of force and the threat of violence, while the law enforcement

officers are in close contact with the suspect and his captive.

Category of Hostage Takers

1. Persons in Crisis- a type of hostage takers who hostage during the period of prolong

frustration, despair and problem.

2. Psychotic- mentally ill person who take hostages during the period of psychiatric

disturbance.

3. Common Criminals- who take hostages for personal instead of ideological reasons.

4. Prisoners- these are people who take hostages steaming from their dissatisfaction and

discontent regarding their living condition in prison.

5. Political Terrorist- these are ideologically inspired individuals or groups of peoples

who take hostages mainly due to their political and ideological belief.

Four Courses of Action

1. Amass Officer and massive firepower and assault

2. Use selective sniper fire

 3. Use chemicals agents

4. Contain the area and negotiate through specially trained negotiator

Icer Method- refers to the action that must be taken by the investigating patrol officer (First

Responder). Icers stand for Isolate, contain, evaluate and report.

Negotiation Approach a systematic process of starting to work on a task of negotiating and

dealing with hostage-takers.

The cardinal rule in hostage situation

The ground commander does not negotiate, and the negotiator does not command.

1. Maximum tolerance and how the police should apply it.

Maximum tolerance - means the highest degree of restraint that the military, police and

other peace keeping authorities shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of

the same. (BP 880 – The Public Assembly Act of 1985, sec 3-c. approved on October 22, 1985)

-Based on PNP Revised Operational Procedure 2013 Under Rule 24 – Rules on Labor and

Disputes, 24.1 – general policy and guidelines, letter e. “they shall exercise maximum

tolerance and when called for by the situation or when all other peaceful and non-violent

means have been exhausted, police officers may employ such means as may be necessary

and reasonable to prevent or repel an aggression.

Rule 24.2 – Applicable Legal Parameters – the pertinent provisions of the Public Assembly

Act of 1985 (Batas Pambansa Bilang 880), the Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442) as

amended and other applicable laws, shall be observed during rallies, strikes, demonstrations

or other public assemblies. Law enforcement agents shall, at all times:

a. Exercise maximum tolerance.

b. In case of unlawful aggression, only reasonable force may be employed to prevent

or repel it.

c. The employment of tear gas and water cannons shall be made under the control

and supervision of the Ground Commander.

d. No arrest of any leader, organizer, or participant shall be made during the public

assembly, unless he/she violates any pertinent law as evidence warrants.

- Under Rule 25 (Rallies and Demonstration), paragraph i. of PNP Revised Operational

Procedure 2013. – maximum tolerance shall be exercised in the conduct of dispersal

operations.

Under Rule 25.9 Guidelines in dealing with Assemblies, Rallies, Demonstrations and

Marches, letter g. PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance.

Rule 7. Use of force during police operations

7.1 Use of Excessive Force Prohibited

The excessive use of force during police operation is prohibited. However, in the

lawful performance of duty, a police officer may use necessary force to accomplish his

mandated tasks of enforcing the law and maintaining peace and order.

7.5 Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force

During confrontation with an armed offender, only such necessary and reasonable

force should be applied as would be sufficient to overcome the resistance put up by the

offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger posed by him; or to justify the force/act

under the principles of self-defense, defense of relative, or defense of stranger.

Rule 8. Use of firearm during police operations

8.1 Use of Firearm When Justified

The use of fi rearm is justified if the offender poses imminent danger of causing death

or injury to the police officer or other persons. The use of fi rearm is also justified under the

doctrines of self-defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger. However, one who

resorts to self-defense must face a real threat on his life, and the peril sought to be avoided

must be actual, imminent and real. Unlawful aggression should be present for self-defense to

be considered as a justifying circumstance.

2. Roles of the police during the conduct of demonstrations and demolitions.

Rule 25. Rallies and Demonstrations

25.1 Policies

a. The PNP adheres to the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials adopted by the

General Assembly of the United Nations which requires law enforcement officials to respect

and protect human dignity, maintain and uphold the human rights of all persons, and limit

the use of force to situations where it is strictly necessary and to the extent required for the

performance of their duty.

b. Public assemblies held in freedom parks or on private property do not need a permit for

the activity. Public assembly with permit or one held in a freedom park or private property

shall not be dispersed as long as it remains peaceful and no incidence of violence occurs.

c. The PNP shall provide police assistance only when requested by the leaders or organizers

for maintenance of peace and order or to ensure the safety of those participating in the public

assemblies held in freedom parks or on private property.

d. A public assembly held in a public place must have a permit from the mayor of the city or

municipality exercising jurisdiction over the place where it will be held.

e. A public assembly held with or without a permit may be peacefully dispersed. A public

assembly with a permit may be dispersed if the same is being held in violation of the terms

and conditions imposed in the permit. In both cases, before conducting any dispersal

operation, the PNP shall notify the concerned organizers and leaders of the public assembly.

f. Lightning demonstrations or rallies in areas where public assembly is prohibited shall be

dispersed peacefully. However, should any of the participants refuse to disperse voluntarily

or violate any law or ordinance during an unauthorized public assembly; they shall be taken

into police custody and be charged accordingly.

g. Ground Commanders are responsible in determining whether there is a permit for the

holding of the public assembly.

h. Close coordination with the mayor of the city or municipality, or his representative, where

the public assembly is being held should always be maintained especially when a permit has

not been issued but an application has been fi led prior to the holding of the public assembly.

i. Maximum tolerance shall be exercised in the conduct of dispersal operations. Violators of

the law shall be apprehended and brought to the nearest Police Station for proper

disposition

25.2 Limitations on the Role of the PNP

The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a public assembly. However, to ensure

public safety and to maintain peace and order during the assembly, the police contingent

under the command of a PCO preferably with the rank of Police Senior Inspector may be

detailed and stationed in a place at least one hundred (100) meters away from the area of

activity.
25.3 Guidelines for Civil Disturbance Management (CDM) Contingent During

Rallies/Demonstrations

a. CDM contingent shall be in prescribed uniform without firearm.

b. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or any similar anti-riot device shall be used only

when the public assembly is attended by actual violence or serious threats of violence, or

deliberate destruction of property.

25.4 Dispersal of Public Assembly with Permit

All public assembly with a permit shall not be dispersed. However, when an assembly

becomes violent, the police may disperse such public assembly in the following manner:

a. At the first sign of impending violence, the Ground Commander of the PNP contingent shall

call the attention of the leaders of the public assembly and ask the latter to prevent any

possible disturbance;

b. If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or other harmful objects from the

participants are thrown at the police officers or at the non-participants, or at any property,

causing damage to it, the Ground Commander of the PNP contingent shall audibly warn the

participants that if the disturbance persists, the public assembly will be dispersed;

c. If the violence or disturbance does not stop, the Ground Commander of the PNP contingent

shall audibly issue a warning to the participants of the public assembly, and after allowing a

reasonable period of time to lapse, he shall immediately order it to disperse; and

d. No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant shall be made unless he violates during

the assembly a law, statute, or ordinance.

25.5 Dispersal of Public Assembly without Permit

When the public assembly is held without a permit where a permit is required, the

said public assembly may be peacefully dispersed. However, when the leaders or organizers

of public assembly can show an application for permit duly filed at the Office of the Mayor

which has jurisdiction over the place where the rally will be held, at least five (5) days prior

to the intended activity and the Mayor did not act on the same, the grant of the permit being

then presumed under the law, and it will be the burden of the authorities to show that there

has been a denial of the application, in which case, the rally may be peacefully dispersed

following the procedure of maximum tolerance prescribed by law.

25.6 Prohibited Acts

 It shall be prohibited for a police officer to commit the following acts during peaceful

assembly:

a. Obstructing, impeding, disrupting or otherwise denying the exercise of the right to

peaceful assembly;

b. The unnecessary firing of firearms to disperse the public assembly;

c. Acts in violation of Rule 25.5 hereof;

d. Acts described hereunder if committed within one hundred (100) meters from the area of

activity of the public assembly;

(1) The carrying of a deadly or offensive weapon or device such as firearm, pillbox,

bomb, and the like;

(2) The carrying of a bladed weapon;

(3) The malicious burning of any object in the streets or thoroughfares;

(4) The carrying of firearms by CDM contingents;

(5) The interfering with or intentionally disturbing the holding of a public assembly

by the use of a motor vehicle, its horns and loud sound systems;

(6) The drinking of liquor or alcoholic beverages; and

(7) Gambling of any kind.

25.7 Police Responses During Public Assembly

The following are the police responses during the planning stage, initial and peaceful

stage, confrontational stage, violent stage and post operation stage:

a. During Planning Stage

(1) Initiate dialogue with the leaders/organizers to ensure the peaceful holding of a

public assembly, including among others, the detail of police escorts.

(2) Prepare appropriate security and CDM contingency plans.

b. During Initial and Peaceful Stage

(1) With Permit or Held in Freedom Parks/ Private Properties

(a) The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a public assembly. However, to

adequately ensure public safety, a CDM contingent, under the control and supervision of a

PCO shall be stationed at least one hundred (100) meters away from the area where the

public assembly is being held.

 (b) Monitor the activities at the public assembly area and respond to any request for

police assistance.

(2) Without Permit or Permit has been revoked

(a) As soon as it becomes apparent that an assembly is being held in a public place,

the Ground Commander shall immediately conduct an inquiry whether the assembly is

covered with a permit or not. If a permit could not be shown, verification should immediately

be done with the Office of the Mayor having jurisdiction over the place where the public

assembly is being held. Should the Office of the Mayor confirm that a permit has not been

issued; the leaders/organizers shall be informed of the fact that they are violating the law

and will be asked to disperse peacefully.

(b) The PNP shall exhaust all peaceful remedies to persuade the demonstrators to

disperse. This may include the involvement of Local Chief Executives / community leaders

when available to intervene in the situation so that dispersal operations could be avoided.

(c) Should negotiation fail and the demonstrators refuse to disperse voluntarily and

peacefully, thereby causing public inconvenience, CDM contingents may commence

dispersal operations.

c. During Breach of Peace/Confrontational Stage (With or without permit)

No public assembly with a permit shall be dispersed. However, when a public

assembly becomes violent, the CDM contingents may disperse such public assembly in the

following manner:

(1) At the first sign of impending violence, the Ground Commander shall call the

attention of the leaders/organizers of the public assembly and ask the latter to prevent any

possible disturbance. CDM contingents shall hold the line to prevent demonstrators from

proceeding to other areas where the holding of a public assembly is prohibited.

(2) If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or other harmful objects from the

participants are thrown at the CDM contingents or the nonparticipants, or at any property

causing damage to it, the Ground Commander shall audibly warn the participants that if the

disturbance persists, the public assembly will be dispersed;

(3) If the violence or disturbance does not stop, the Ground Commander shall audibly

issue a warning to the participants of the public assembly, and after allowing a reasonable

period of time to lapse, shall immediately order it to disperse. With the use of CDM
formations, the rank of demonstrators shall be disbanded, contained, and isolated from each

other, and should be prevented from regrouping.

(4) Water cannons and riot sticks maybe used to repel aggression and to disperse

demonstrators and reserve CDM contingents may be employed when situation requires.

(5) No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant shall be made unless he violates

a law, statute, or ordinance during the assembly.

d. During Violent Stage

(1) Non-lethal weapons and equipment may be used to suppress violence, to protect

lives and prevent further damage to properties.

(2) PNP security elements shall be tactically deployed to provide immediate

assistance to the CDM contingents.

e. Post-Operation Stage:

(1) CDM contingents shall be withdrawn after the area has been cleared of possible

danger to public safety.

(2) Sufficient police force shall be maintained to ensure peace and order in the area.

25.8 Guidelines in the Use of Non-Lethal Weapons

a. Shield and Truncheon

During the confrontational stage, truncheon or baton may be utilized only to push

back demonstrators and not as an instrument to strike individuals. However, when

demonstrators become aggressive, truncheon shall be the principal non-lethal weapon for

dispersal. In such situation, CDM contingents shall nonetheless, use the same with caution

and due diligence to avoid unnecessary injury.

b. Water Cannons

Water cannons may be utilized when demonstrators become unruly and aggressive

forcing troops to fall back to their secondary positions.

c. Tear Gas

Tear gas and pepper spray may be utilized to break up formations or groupings of

demonstrations who continue to be aggressive and who refuse to disperse despite earlier

efforts.

25.9 Guidelines in dealing with Assemblies, Rallies, Demonstrations and Marches

a. To ensure the protection, safety and welfare of the public and demonstrators as

well, the following must be observed:

(1) Confined Assemblies in Private Property (Churches, Schools, etc.)

(a) Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the leaders/organizers.

(b) Secure and maintain order within the perimeter.

(2) Confined Assemblies in Freedom Parks

(a) Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the leaders/organizers.

(b) Request for the permit from the leaders/organizers if the local

ordinance of the area requires one.

(c) Secure and contain the area within the limits of the permit to ensure

the orderly and peaceful conduct of the assembly.

(3) Mobile Assemblies in a Private Area

(a) Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the leaders/organizers.

(b) Secure and maintain order within the perimeter.

(4) Marches and Motorcades along Public Thoroughfares

(a) Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the leaders/organizers.

(b) Request for the permit from the leaders/organizers if the local

ordinance of the area requires one.

(c) Ensure the orderly and peaceful conduct of the marches and

motorcades to ensure public safety and to prevent compromise of public

convenience.

b. There shall always be a designated Ground Commander at the rally site;

c. Apply slow dispersal technique whenever it is applicable. Take the ground inch by

inch. Ground Commander shall refrain from using water cannon and tear gas as much

as possible; and

d. If necessary, provide a medical team to extend assistance;

e. All CDM operations shall be properly documented with video and photo coverage;

f. Respect for human rights and equal treatment and protection for everybody shall be

strictly observed; and

g. PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance.

Rule 27. Demolition and Ejectment Orders

27.1 Role of the PNP in the Enforcement of a Demolition and/ or Ejectment Orders

a. Police assistance in the enforcement or implementation of a demolition or ejectment order

shall be granted only upon a written request of the Sheriff or equivalent officer in quasi-

judicial and administrative bodies accompanied by a valid order issued by a competent court,

quasi-judicial or administrative body and, when required, with written permission from the

Local Housing Board in accordance with EO 708 amending EO 152 and DILG Memo Circular

No. 2008-143. The proponent shall only be provided with police assistance upon compliance

with the requirements including the requirements under Sections 27, 28, and 30 of RA 7279

(Urban Development and Housing Act), when applicable. Moreover, said police assistance

shall be coordinated with the concerned local Chief Executive before its enforcement. In no

case shall a demolition involving informal settlers be effected without a pre-demolition

conference being conducted between and among the parties involved.

b. The conduct of pre-demolition conference in cases where the affected families are informal

settlers shall be mandatory.

c. The duties of PNP personnel in any demolition or ejectment activity shall be limited to the

maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, and enforcement of laws

and legal orders.

d. PNP personnel tasked to provide police assistance shall be in prescribed uniform during

the actual demolition. They shall be limited only to occupying the first line of law

enforcement and civil disturbance control; shall not participate in the physical dismantling

of any structure subject of demolition; and shall use only necessary and reasonable force.

27.2 Procedures in the Enforcement of a Demolition and/or Ejectment Order

a. PNP personnel should be informed of the prevailing situation, their tasks, and strict

observance of Human Rights.

b. As much as practicable, the Chief of Police (COP) shall lead the PNP contingent detailed to

assist the Sheriff or equivalent officer during the demolition/ejectment activity.

c. All PNP personnel involved shall desist from the use of any unnecessary force or any act

that may harm, harass, or terrorize the affected parties.

d. The mode of participation shall be limited to the maintenance of peace and order during

the entire demolition/ejectment activity, ensuring the protection of all parties from harm

and injury.

e. Tear gas, water cannon, and reasonable force shall be used only when all other peaceful

and non-violent means have been exhausted.

3. Justify whether the strategies and techniques applied during the following incidents

were correct. Give your own suggestions on what should have been done.

a. Rizal Park Hostage taking incident involving P/INSP Rolando Mendoza and 8

Hongkong nationals. (August 23, 2010)

Errors made by the PNP during the Hostage Crisis at Rizal Park

September 20, 2010 the first official investigation delivered to the Chinese embassy

in Manila, indeed there are some errors with regards to the conduct and handling of

hostage crisis negotiation because it turns out into a bloody end due to casualty reported.

Some of the errors or contrary to the Police Operational Procedures were the following but

not limited to: 1. Firearms were used to take out the wheels of the bus. Rule No. 1 in

hostage takings – no unnecessary shots;

2. Too much media coverage. The hostage taker listened to the radio while inside the bus.

Ofcourse he knew what was gonna happen. Rule #2 in hostage takings: Media blackout; 3.

Usage of hammers to breakdown the door. The door of a bus is designed to withstand 50Gs

of instantaneous force or more. A hammer will do nothing to break it in one hit. There's an

emergency lever under the bus that can be used to open the door. Nobody knew about it.

Instead, they proceeded to hammer all sides of the fucking bus like it's a piñata;

4. Teargas concentrates can kill hostages and hostage takers alike. Tossing it in a zero

ventilation environment is about as reckless as it gets; 5. Non-uniformed officers ran too

and from the scene, creating unnecessary chaos;

6. Flash photography from the dimwitted mediamen created confusion and unnecessary

distractions; 7. SWAT didn’t even use hand signals. They were shouting for crying out loud;

8. There was no armored cover. A vios, really? what can a Toyota do against a rifle round?;

9. Zero crowd control. By the time the ordeal was over, reporters arrived at the bus even

before the medics did, and never left. The medics had a hard time entering the area;

10. It’s a bus. Nobody knew how to handle a hostage taking inside a bus;
11. M16 rifles used for CQB. Anybody with a remote knowledge in urban close quarters

should know better;

12. Flash bangs are used once, just before entry. Tossing loads of them into a crowed-filled

bus will not kill the hostage taker; and

13.Incompetence sheer incompetence.

Proposed Intervention

As a Criminologist involve in studying different theories that could relate to different

crimes and precisely suggest the possible strategies or techniques in suppressing and

neutralizing criminalities in the society. For example, the crime happened is all about

Hostage taking, and then what will be the precise intervention best suited for the crisis exists.

Moreover, best crisis intervention in the context of negotiation mostly embraces the four

primary stages: first, dealing with emotions – is a requisite skill for a crisis negotiator given

the fact that intense, volatile emotions are a hallmark of crisis situations. Second, establishing

communication – is the vehicle for the delivery of crisis intervention strategies and tactics.

The negotiator’s voice tone and intonation are at least as important as the content of the

communication. Third, identifying the precipitating events – is the last straw or trigger that

propels a person into crisis; it is critical in laying the groundwork for problem solving

because it identifies the conflict that needs to be resolved in the negotiation process. Finally,

problem solving – once emotions are better controlled, communication has been established,

and the triggering event has been identified and discussed, the subject is more likely to be

receptive to problem solving. To reiterate, the basic intervention for hostage crisis were

encompasses four stages like, dealing with emotions; establishing communication;

identifying the precipitating events; and problem solving.

b. Farmers rally in Kidapawan last March 30, 2016.

Conclusion

It is concluded that during the incidents, victims are always be one of the part against

their rally about how they suffer from el niňo, this is one of the reason why they protest to

ask for assistance from the government.

The police used batons and guns against the protesters; include women and children,

some of whom threw rocks at the police. Two were fatally shot, and dozens who were injured
and required hospitalization for gunshot and other wounds. The police also reported injuries

to their officers.

The HRW said police have detained 79 protesters and charged 74 of them with

offenses including assaulting a police officer.

Three separate investigations into the incident are underway by the Commission on

Human Rights (CHR), the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Senate committee on

justice and human rights.

The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) is also investigating the

incident.

DILG Secretary Mel Senen Sarmiento said they are ready to accept any complaints or

charges stemming from the violent dispersal.

Accordingly, as part of our democratic processes, we respect the right of anyone to

press charges against the DILG and the PNP, but this will not affect the government’s resolve

to get to the bottom of the Kidapawan incident.

Indeed, Sarmiento made the statement after some concerned groups said they are

mulling on filing charges against some officials of the DILG and the PNP over the incident.

Recommendation

Based on some concluding statements, thus some of the recommendations were

made:

a. Transparent and impartial investigations are needed to find out what went wrong

and should be held accountable in order to restore trust in the police;

b. Stringent measures should have been implemented to prevent politicians from

using calamities as their political staging platform;

c. Every Provinces in response to any calamities, should create their own Department

for Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management; and

d. Should observe the impartiality and independence particularly in human rights

advocacy throughout the country.

Litigation- generally thought of as the process of resolving nights-based dispute through the

court. System from filing a lawsuit through arguments on legal motions a discovery phase

involving formal exchange of information, courtroom trial & appeal.

Court Annex Mediation- is a voluntary process conducted under the auspices of the court

by referring the parties to the Philippine Mediation Center (PMC) Unit of the settlement of

their dispute, assisted by the first level by a mediator accredited by Supreme Court. Habeas

corpus decided by the first level court in the absence of the any Regional Trial Court Judge.

ADR Act- RA 9285 Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004 enacted by the Phil. Congress

is the declared policy of the state to actively promote party anatomy in the resolution of

disputes or the freedom of the parties to make their own arrangements to resolve their

disputes.

Transnational Crimes and Terrorism

1. Transnational crime and examples

- transnational crimes are crime that have actual or potential effect across national

borders and crime which are intra-State but which offend fundamental values of the

international community.

- describes crimes that are not only international, but crimes by their nature involve

border crossings as an essential part of the criminal activity.

- Transnational crime, as defined in the program, refers to certain criminal

phenomena transcending international borders, transgressing the laws of several states, or

having an impact on another country. It covers offenses whose inception, prevention and/or

direct or indirect effects involve more than one country. In other words, it is an offense that

has an international dimension and involves crossing of at least one border before, during or

after the fact.

The offenses covered by Philippine Center on Transnational Organized Crime, this

includes but not limited to the following:

1) Illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance - it is an international

term that includes many offenses involving narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances such

as the production, cultivation, import, smuggling and promotion

- is the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation,

manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and

possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
2) Money laundering – it is the process of transforming the proceeds of crime into

ostensibly legitimate money or other assets.

- is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity as herein defined are

transacted; thereby making it appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is

committed by the following: a) Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or

property represents, involves, or relates to, the proceeds of any unlawful activity, transacts

or attempts to transact said monetary instrument or property. b) Any person knowing that

any monetary instrument or property involves the proceeds of any unlawful activity,

performs or fails to perform any act as a result of which he facilitates the offense of money

laundering referred to in paragraph (a) above. c) Any person knowing that any monetary

instrument or property is required under this Act to be disclosed and filed with the Anti-

Money Laundering Council (AMLC), fails to do so.

3) Terrorism – US Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of

unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to

intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political,

religious, or ideological.

- is the premeditated use of violence or means of destruction perpetrated against

innocent civilians or non-combatants, or against civilian or government properties, usually

intended to influence an audience. Its purpose is to create a state of fear that will aid in

extorting, coercing, intimidating, or causing individuals and groups to alter their behavior.

Its methods, among others, are hostage taking, piracy or sabotage, assassination, threats,

hoaxes, and indiscriminate bombings or shootings.

4) Arms trafficking – also known as gunrunning, is the illegal trafficking or smuggling of

contraband.

- refers to the act of any person who, through the use of any fraudulent machinations,

shall import or bring into, or export from, the Philippines, or assist in so doing, any firearm

or parts thereof, explosive or ammunition or machine, implements, equipment or tools for

the manufacture of firearms. It shall likewise refer to the act of any person who, contrary to

law, shall receive, conceal, buy, sell or in any manner facilitate the transportation,

concealment or sale of said firearms or parts thereof, explosive or ammunition or machine,

implements, equipment or tools for the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or explosives

after importation, knowing the same to have been imported contrary to law.

5) Human trafficking – is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual

slavery, forced labor, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.

6) Piracy – robbery on sea’s under Article 123, of RPC.

- is described as (1) an act of any person who, on the high seas, shall attack or seize a

vessel or, not being a member of its complement, nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or

part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belonging of its complement or

passengers; (2) any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or the taking away of the whole or

part thereof, or its cargo, equipment, or the personal belongings of its complement or

passengers, irrespective of the value thereof, by means of violence against or intimidation of

persons or force upon things committed by any person, including a passenger or member or

complement of said vessel, in Philippine waters, and (3) any person who knowingly and in

any manner aids or protects pirates, such as giving them information about the movements

of the police or other peace officers of the government, or acquires or receives property

taken by such pirates, or any person who abets the commission of the piracy.

Note: Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Commission was created by virtue of Executive

Order No. 295, task to investigate and prosecute criminal elements in the country.

2. Contributory factors why many foreign transnational crimes operates in the

Philippines

1. Crime groups in the Philippines are still loosely organized and structured. These groups

are still in their infancy stages compared to their foreign counterparts who have

systematically established broad social spectrums of influence essential to their operation.

2. The illegal activities of crime groups in the country are largely domestic in implication and

effect. Except for firearms smuggling, prostitution and illegal drug trafficking, all other crime

activities in the Philippines has no direct bearing or relationship to other nations.

3. As the Philippines progresses economically with its Medium Term Development Plan

(MTDP). It is expected that transnational crimes sponsored by international crime groups

will proliferate in the country. This will further be hastened by the displacement of

Hongkong based syndicates after its return to China in 1997.

4. The Philippines needs to enact Anti-Racketeering and Anti-Money Laundering statutes to

cope with organized crime. These statutes will no doubt arm our law enforcement agencies

with effective measures to deny organized crime their substantial economic base of support.

5. With the existence of the extradition treaty between the Philippines and the United States,

neutralization of crime groups seeking sanctuary in both countries will be accelerated. The

Philippines needs also to expand and negotiate with other countries on the foregoing of

extradition treaties and re-negotiation of existing treaties that are hampered by

technicalities in enforcement.

3. Compare and contrast transnational crime and terrorism.

Transnational Crime is the crime which takes place in more than one country

jurisdictions, but their consequences significantly affecting other countries. Transnational

crime also against more than one country domestic law, however, it need not be based in

international law as such. Although, either international agreements or treaty (purely

procedural) and custom can be relevant to the issues concerning jurisdiction, enforcement,

due process, judicial cooperation, the serving of sentences. For example: human smuggling,

sea piracy, money laundering, terrorism, trafficking in illicit arm and drug.

According to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crime 2000, an offense is

transnational if, firstly, it is committed in more than one state, secondly, it is committed in

one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction, or control takes place

in another state, thirdly, it is committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group

that engages in criminal activities in more than one state, finally, it is committed in one state

but has substantial effects in another state.

Transnational crimes or known as borderless crimes are crimes that have actual or

potential effect across national borders and crimes that are intra-state but offend

fundamental values of the international community.

Transnational describes crimes that are not only international but crimes that by

their nature involve cross-border transference as an essential part of the criminal activity

and of course transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but

their consequences significantly affect another country and transit country. Example of

transnational crimes include: human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering,

terrorism and the others. Finally, transnational crimes may also be crimes of customary
international law meaning those aspects of international law that derived from custom; or

international crimes when committed in certain circumstances. e.g. they may in certain

situations constitute crimes against humanity, like rape and sexual violence, genocide, etc.

Terrorism is “the use of violence, threat or intimidation, or destruction of lives and

properties by any other means, with the objective of creating a state of fear in the public

mind to achieve a purported political end; or to coerce or to influence their behavior; or to

undermine the confidence of the general public on the government.”

- is any act designed to cause terror, in narrower sense, terrorism can be understood

to feature a political objective. Further, terrorism is defined as political violence in an

asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear trough the violent

victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets, such acts are meant to send a

message from an illicit clandestine organization.

- The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve maximum

attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted

audience in order to reach short and midterm political goals and/or desired long-term end

states.

- is the premeditated use of violence or means of destruction perpetrated against

innocent civilians or non-combatants, or against civilian or government properties, usually

intended to influence an audience. Its purpose is to create a state of fear that will aid in

extorting, coercing, intimidating, or causing individuals and groups to alter their behavior.

Its methods, among others, are hostage taking, piracy or sabotage, assassination, threats,

hoaxes, and indiscriminate bombings or shootings.

4. Effectiveness of the Philippine government initiatives in combating transnational

crime.

The comprehensive programme to combat transnational organized crime in the

Philippines was mandated under Executive Order No. 265, “Defining the approach and

institutional mechanism for the government’s comprehensive program on combating

transnational crime”, stipulated under sec. 2 of E.O. 265, components – the comprehensive

program on combating transnational crime shall henceforth include, but shall not limited to,

the following components:

a) Strengthening information and intelligence gathering – this component shall include

the establishment of a central shared database on national and international laws on

transnational crime, case files, profiles of groups and personalities engaged in transnational

crime, and other related information that will assist in the prevention and detection of

transnational crime and the apprehension and prosecution of persons engaged in

transnational crime;

b) Strategic research – this component shall involve the conduct of studies on the structure

and dynamics of transnational crime in all its forms and assessments of the vulnerability of

certain areas and sectors of transnational crime, towards the formulation of more effective

strategies, policies and legislations against such crimes;

c) Intensifying law enforcement operation – this component shall include the

development and adoption of synergistic implementation plans and operating procedures

among various law enforcement agencies that address both the supply and demand side of

any transnational crime;

d) Capacity-building and empowerment for major stakeholders – this component shall

involve the design and implementation of training and other programs to enhance the

capacity of law enforcement agencies, local government units, non-government

organizations, civil society groups and community leaders in combating transnational crime

and their consequences; and

e) Reinforcing regional and international cooperation – this components shall include

providing technical assistance and information exchanges, participation in regional and

international for a on transnational crime, forging of agreements, and other similar activities

to address more effectively the various aspects of crimes having a regional or international

dimension. Thus, these are the common components on comprehensive program especially

in combating transnational crime within the country and across borders.

The Comprehensive Programme to Combat Transnational Organized Crime

(CPCTOC) highlights an integrated approach to the prevention, combat and eradication of

transnational crime, under the following programme areas for action:

1. Legislation and policy development;

2. Institutional capacity-building especially strengthening the law enforcement agencies,

banking and finance institutions and local government units;

3. Strategic research, information and intelligence gathering;

4. International cooperation and partnership development with critical agencies of the

international community.

Some of the more salient strategies contained in the CPCTOC geared toward attaining

the consensus vision and broad goals are as follows:

1. Harmonization of Philippine laws and ensuring that these are likewise harmonized with

laws, policies and procedures of international partners;

2. Active involvement and participation of local government units in the fight against

terrorism and transnational crime;

3. Establishing a national integrated information and intelligence network through a shared

central data base that builds on the advances of information and communication technology

including linking with the Interpol I-24/7;

4. Simplifying operations systems and establishing focal points for each category of

transnational crime, both at the national and local levels;

5. Partnering with civil society for peace and order, public safety and local and national

security;

6. Pursuing judicial reforms;

7. Continuing conduct of strategic research, case studies on good practices and cross-country

comparative studies identifying critical success factors and models to prevent, combat and

eradicate transnational crime; and

8. Expanding and improving international relations, both multilateral and bilateral.

Review of Concepts

Helen E. Longino explores the complexities of human behavioral research in Studying Human
Behavior, a field still dominated by the age-old "nature versus nurture" debate. Rather than taking
a position on either side of the debate or attempting to replace it with another framework for
understanding behavior, Longino focuses on how scientists study it, in particular sexual behavior
and aggression, and asks what can be learned about human behavior through empirical
investigation. She breaks down five methods for studying behavior—quantitative behavioral
genetics, molecular behavioral genetics, developmental psychology, neurophysiology and anatomy,
and social/environmental methods—while highlighting the underlying presuppositions of each
discipline and the various issues and mechanisms that each focuses on. She also examines attempts
to combine various strategies. There is no one "right" strategy, according to Longino, but each one
advances our knowledge of how people behave in general. Longino also considers how this
behavioral research has been received and disseminated in the fields of science, society, medicine,
and politics. Studying Human Behavior is a groundbreaking study that sheds light on important
scientific issues. It will be required reading for scientists, philosophers, science journalists, and
anyone else interested in the fascinating difficulties of comprehending human behavior.

Post Test:

Instruction: On your own words define the following questions base on your own understanding:

1. Explain on your own idea the significance of Human Development?

2. Based on your own idea as a criminology student does identifying the behavior of a person
important in connecting why person committed a crime?

REFERENCES:

CHAPTERHOUSE PUBLISHING INCORPORATED (RODOLFO V. CASTILLO, JR., PhD/ ATTY. RAMIL G.

GIBAO