Electric

Charge
Electric Charge
An atom consista of three subatomic particles which
are proton(+), neutron (n) and electron (-)
Electric Charge
Electric Charge
An electric charge determines the electric interaction of and
magnetic interaction between subatomic particles and other
charged particles
A matter is electrically charged if it has an imbalanced
number of positive and negative charges
Electric Charge
It is represented by the symbol “q” and measured using the
unit coulomb (C).
The subatomic particles are measured in terms of e
The relationship between coulomb and e is

1 coulomb = 6.242 × 1018 ⅇ

Electric Charge
To compute the charge of ions, we use the relationship between
coulomb and e (conversion)
E.g. Cation with a charge of +3
G: +3e (e is the unit for E: 1 coulomb = 6.242 × 1018 ⅇ
subatomic particle charge)
1𝐶
R: C=? S: +3ⅇ = 4.806 × 1018 𝐶
6.242×1018 𝑒
Electric Charge
2. Cation with a charge of -3
1𝐶
S: −3ⅇ = −4.806 × 1018 𝐶
6.242×1018 𝑒

3. Cation with a charge of +2

1𝐶
S: +2ⅇ = 8.204 × 10−19 𝐶
6.242×1018 𝑒
Electric Charge

4. Cation with a charge of +5

5. Cation with a charge of -6
6. Convert 2.52 C to e
7. Convert 1.56 C to e
Law of Charges
Like charges repel each other, and unlike charges
attract each other.

a. b. c.
Electrical Charges
Determines the electric interaction and magnetic interaction
between subatomic particles and other charged particles
Caused by electromagnetism

Atoms with an unbalanced charge are called ions

Cations
These are positive ions
Have more protons than electrons
Anions
These are negative ions
Has more electrons than protons
Conductors
Materials that allow electrical charges to flow from one
material to another
They can be charged through different methods: rubbing,
conduction, and induction
Charging by rubbing
A body gains a charge through rubbing or friction
Friction between two
bodies results in the
“ripping off” of
electrons; these
“ripped off” electrons
are then transferred
to another body
Triboelectric Series
This is a list of common materials that were experimented on
and found to behave in a predictable way
Those that appear first in the list, tend to lose electrons
therefore making them positive
The ones that appear latter tend to gain electrons which make
them negative
Triboelectric Series
1. Dry hand 6. Wool 11. Rubber

2. Leather 7. Fur 12. Polyester

3. Glass 8. Silk 13. Polystyrene foam

4. Human hair 9. Wood 14. Polyurethane

5. nylon 10. amber 15. PVC

Triboelectric Series
Triboelectric Series
Triboelectric Series
To determine the charges of objects when rubbed together, we use
the Triboelectric series table

a. Wood and polystyrene foam

wood: positive
polystyrene foam: negative

Since wood appears first than polystyrene foam, wood will lose
electrons (become positive), and polystyrene foam will gain electrons
(become negative)
Triboelectric Series
1. Dry hand 6. Wool 11. Rubber

2. Leather 7. Fur 12. Polyester

3. Glass 8. Silk 13. Polystyrene foam

4. Human hair 9. Wood 14. Polyurethane

5. nylon 10. amber 15. PVC

Triboelectric Series
b. Silk and nylon
silk: negative
nylon: positive

Since nylon appears first than silk, nylon will lose electrons
(become positive), and silk will gain electrons (become negative)
Triboelectric Series
1. Dry hand 6. Wool 11. Rubber

2. Leather 7. Fur 12. Polyester

3. Glass 8. Silk 13. Polystyrene foam

4. Human hair 9. Wood 14. Polyurethane

5. nylon 10. amber 15. PVC

Charging byaConduction
This involves the contact of a charged material and a neutral
body
Conduction
Conduction is the process by which heat energy is
transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or
molecules. Conduction occurs more readily in solids and liquids
Charging by Induction
Involves the charging of material but does not involve direct
touching
The separation of charges is known as polarization
Charging by Induction
This process can also occur in grounding which involves a
grounding wire which connects a neutral body to the ground
Electric Dipoles
Polarization is the process in which particles with similar
charges group together and move toward the opposite ends of
the body
Polarization of a body results in a dipole
Point Dipoles
Atoms with a positive side and a negative side

Molecular Dipoles
Molecules having a negatively-charged side and a positively-
charged side
Electronegative atoms form the negative end of the molecule
while the electropositive ones form the positive end
Molecular Dipoles
Permanent Dipoles
Arise when bonding between elements of different
electronegativities

Instantaneous/Temporary Dipoles
term given to a molecule when a dipole of uneven charges is
created very quickly due to its random movement