Computer Basics

Computer:
A Computer is a General purpose machine, commonly consisting of digital circuitry, that accepts (inputs),
stores, manipulates, and generates (outputs) data as numbers, text, graphics, voice, video files, or electrical signals, in
accordance with instructions called a program.

➢ Father of the computer - Charles Babbage

➢ Father of the modern computer - Alan Turing
➢ Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann (1947-49)
➢ First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelace (1880)
➢ First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (1946) - J.P. Eckert & J.W. Mauchly
➢ First computer for the home user introduced - IBM in 1981

Memory Unit
Storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes. The data is represented as binary digits (0s and 1s)
• Hierarchy – Nibble<Bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB < PB < XB < ZB < YB
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the standard code the computer industry
created to represent characters (more than 64 character)

ONE LINERS:-

1. First Un Programmable Digital Computer - ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

2. First Electronic Digital Computer – ENIAC
3. ENIVAC stands for - ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR
4. World'S Fastest Computer - Sunway TaihuLight, in China.

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5. India's Fastest Computer -ParamYuva II
6. ParamYuva II developed by - Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC)

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS:
1. First Generation - (1940-56) - Vacuum tubes - Batch processing OS
2. Second Generation - (1956-63) - Transistors - Multi bag / Time sharing OS
3. Third Generation - (1964-71) - Integrated Circuits - Timesharing/ Real time OS
4. Fourth Generation - (1971-80) - Microprocessors - Real time/ Multi programming OS
5. Fifth Generation - (1980- present) - Semiconductors - Real time/ Multi programming OS

Languages according to Generations:-

GENERATION LANGUAGES
1st - Machine and Assembly language
2nd - Assembly language and high level languages (FORTRAN, COBOL)
3rd - High level languages (FORTRAN II - IV, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC, ALGOL68)
4th - High level languages (FORTAN 77, PASCAL, COBOL)
5th - High level languages(C, C++, JAVA, .NET)
Types of Computers Five Types:
Personal Computer.
Mini Computer.
Mainframes.
Super Computer.
Micro computer

Questions and Answers:-

1. This person created what is now known as the first computer program. The program was made to
help the Analytical Engine calculate numbers.
A. Charles Babbage B. Konrad Apple
C. Ada Lovelace D. William Zuse
2. Who invented the Internet?

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A. Steve Jobs B. Vint Cerf & Robert Kahn
C. Al Gore D. William Shockley
3. This invention was 1,000 times faster than any machine built before it. It was so big that it could fill up
a house.
A. Apple I B. ENIAC C. Windows D. Z3
4.This invention replaced vacuum tubes and made computers much smaller and faster. However, it was
eventually replaced by another invention.
A. RAM B. ENIAC C. Transformer D. Transistor
5. Third Generation computers were based on _______
(A) IC (B) Vacuum tube (C) transistor (D) None of the Above
Key 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.A

Companies & their founder

- Amazon.com – by Jeff Bezos in 1994 (Seattle, Washington, USA)
- Apple Inc. – Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in April 1, 1976 (Cupertino, California,
USA)
- Facebook – by Mark Elliot Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes in
2004 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
- Google Inc. - by Sergey Brin and Larry Page in September 4, 1998 (Menlo Park, California, USA)
- HP (Hewlett-Packard) Company – by Bill Hewlett and David Packard in 1939 (Palo Alto,
California, USA)
- IBM (International Business Machines) – by Thomas J. Watson in June 16, 1911 (Endicott, New
York, USA)
- Intel Corporation – by Gordon E. Moore, Robert Noyce and Arthur Rock in 1968 (Mountain View,
California, USA)
- Infosys - by N. R. Narayana Murthy, K. Dinesh, Nandan Nilekani, Ashok Arora, S. D. Shibulal, Kris
Gopalakrishnan, N. S. Raghavan in July 2, 1981 at Pune
- Microsoft - by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in April 4, 1975 (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
- Nokia - by Fredrik Idestam and Leo Mechelin in 1865 (Tampere, Finland)
- Flipkart is an Indian e-commerce company founded by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal in 2007.
- The Coca-Cola Company – by John Pemberton and Asa Candler in 1892 (Atlanta, Georgia, USA)
- Yahoo! – by Jerry Yang and David Filo in March 1, 1995 (Santa Clara, California, USA)

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