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1.3 Kinematic Transport Theorem: ZZZ ZZZ ZZ
1.3 Kinematic Transport Theorem: ZZZ ZZZ ZZ
___
V (t)
G(x, t)dt
_
(1.3.1) is proven.
If V (t) is a material volume containing the same moving uid particles, then, U
n
= q n
and d/dt is the material derivative. We then have as a corollary, the following
Theorem 2 If V (t) is a material volume,
D
Dt
___
V
GdV =
___
V
G
t
dV +
__
S
Gq ndS (1.3.2)
This is the kinematic transport theorem.
Let us apply this theorem to derive certain dierential conservation laws.
1.3.1 Transport of Mass
Let G = = density and V (t) be a material volume within which there are no mass sources
or sinks, then by mass conservation,
D
Dt
___
V (t)
dV = 0
3
by mass conservation. Using (1.3.2) we get
___
V
t
+
__
S
q ndS =
___
V
_
t
+ (q)
_
dV = 0 (1.3.3)
Because V is arbitrary the integrand must vanish identically :
t
+ (q) = 0 (1.3.4)
This is the dierential form of mass conservation law, valid at any point inside the uid. As
an alternate form we may write
t
+q + q =
D
Dt
+ q = 0 (1.3.5)
For the special case of an incompressible but non homogeneous uid:
D
Dt
=
t
+q = 0 (1.3.6)
It follows that
q = 0 (1.3.7)
which is also known as the continuity equation. If the incompressible uid is also homoge-
neous, then (1.3.7) holds and
= constant (1.3.8)
replaces (1.3.6). Do avoid the common error of assuming incompressible uid as being
homogeneous.
1.3.2 Transport of any dynamical property
Let G = F where F is some uid-dynamic property per unit mass, and V is a material
volume, then,
D
Dt
___
V
FdV =
___
V
DF
Dt
dV (1.3.9)
Thus, the total derivative can pass through the integral sign and . From (1.3.2)
D
Dt
___
V
FdV =
___
V
F
t
dV +
__
S
Fq ndS
=
___
V
_
t
F +
F
t
+ (qF)
_
dV
=
___
V
_
F
_
t
+ (q)
_
+
_
F
t
+q F
__
dV
=
___
V
DF
Dt
dV
4
after using the law of mass conservation (1.3.5).
As a special case the rate of momentum transport in a uid volume V is found by taking
G = q, then,
D
Dt
___
V
qdV =
___
V
Dq
Dt
dV (1.3.10)
which will be used later.