ELASTICITY 2

CHAPTER 2

DR A.M
The bulk modulus B is negative because of the decrease in
volume (V) ‫اإلشارة السالب تمثل النقص ف الحجم‬
The relation between pressure and bulk modulus of gas can
also be written as:
‫من العالقة السابقة عالقة الضغط ومعامل االنضغاط ( المرونة ) يمكن كتابتها‬
‫كاالتي‬
𝐵∆𝑉
P=-
𝑉0
EX1:
Hydrostatic press contains 5 liters of oil. Find the decrease in
volume of the oil if it is subjected to a pressure of 3000 kPa.
(Assume that B = 1700 MPa )

SOLUTION
𝑃∗𝑉0 𝑃∗𝑉0 3000∗1000∗5
B= - = ∆𝑉 = =− =
∆𝑉 𝐵 1700∗ 106
−8.83 ∗ 10−3 lit
EX2 :
The average depth of Indian Ocean is about 3000 m.
Calculate the fractional compression, ∆V/V, of water at
the bottom of the ocean, given that the bulk modulus of
water is 2.2 x10 9 N m -2 . (Take g = 10 m s -2)

SOLUTION
Density of water 𝜌 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
P= 𝜌 𝑔 ℎ =3000*1000*10 =3*10 7 N/m2
𝑃∗𝑉 ∆𝑉 𝑃 3∗107
B= - =∴ = = = 1.36 *10-2
∆𝑉 𝑉 𝐵 2.2∗ 109

Ex 3:
A solid copper sphere of 0.5m3 volume is placed at 30.5
m below the ocean surface where the pressure is 3.0 ×
105 N/m2 . What is the change in volume of the sphere?
The bulk modulus for copper is 14 × 1010 N/m2
 SOLUTION
The change in volume is given by :
𝑃∗ 𝑉0 0.5∗3∗105
∆𝑉 = - =- 10 = -1.1 * 10-6 m3
𝐵 14∗10

Shear Modulus (Sor G)

Shear stress is a tangential

force F acting normally per
unit area ‫اجهاد القص هو مقدار‬
‫القوة المماسية الموثرة ع السطح لكل‬
‫وحدة المساحة‬

Shear strain is the ratio of change in shape to the original

shape

The proportionality constant that relates these two

quantities together is the ratio of shear stress to shear
strain —Shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (R )
 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Shear modulus (S) = modulus of rigidity (R) =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

EX 1:
A sheet of copper 1.0 m height, base length 0.75 m, and
0.5 cm thick is acted on by a tangential force of 50000 N,
as shown in the below figure. The value of R for copper is
4.20 × 10 2 N/m2 . Find (a) the shearing stress, (b) the
shearing strain, and (c) the linear displacement ∆x .

Area :
A= 0.75*0.5*10-2 =3.75*10-3 m2
Shear stress:
𝐹 = 50000
−3 = 1.33*107 N/m2
𝐴 3.75∗10
shear strain :
 𝐹/𝐴 1.33∗107
∅= = =3.17*10-4 rad
𝑅 4.2∗1010

The linear displacement ∆𝑥 from ∅ = ∆𝑥 /ℎ is :

∆𝑥=h*∅ = 1 ∗ 3.17 ∗ 10 -4 = 0.317 mm

Stress-stain curve
 It consists of two regions : (Elastic region ) and (Plastic
region )

Elastic region :
The stress is directly proportional to the strain up to
the point A. )‫يتناسب االجهاد طردي مع االنفعال ( رد فعل الجسم‬
‫نقطة‬A ‫أي بزيادة الموثر يزداد االنفعال الناتج‬
• The material obeys Hooke’s law up to the point A
(when the applied stress is removed, the material
return to its original shape).
‫في المرحلة بتاعت المرونة الجسم بيخضع لقانون هوك طبعا كال‬
‫عارفين ده‬
• Elastic modulus can be determined from the
slope of the elastic portion of the stress- strain
curve
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
( Elastic modulus =slope of the elastic portion = )
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
‫معامل المرونة = ميل خط منطقة المرونة‬
When the applied stress is removed , the material
returns to its original shape ‫لما اشيل االجهاد او القوة‬
‫الموثرة هترجع المادة للحجم األصلي بتاعها‬
Plastic region : ‫منطقة اللدونة‬
The stress is not directly proportional to the strain.
• The material dosen’t obeys Hook's law.
• When the load is removed say at some point C, the
body does not recover its original dimension. In this
case, even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero

The point B is known as yield point or (yield strength (YS)

) and is defined as: the amount of stress required to
provide amount of permanent strain of 0.2%
‫تمثل نقطة الخضوع او اجهاد الخضوع والتي تعرف ب كمية االجهاد‬
%0.2 ‫المطلوب الحداث انفعال قدرته‬

Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS) or point D: the maximum

stress the material can withstand during the tension.
‫تمثل نقطة‬D ‫ع المنحني اقصى اجهاد شد يتقدر المادة تتحمله‬

Fracture occurs at point E .

Point E refers to the ductility of material
If the ultimate strength and fracture points D and E are
close , the material is said to be brittle . If they are far
apart , the material is said to be ductile material)

‫ف حالة ان نقطة الكسر() حدثت عندة نقطة اقصي جهدها عندها تصنف‬
‫(المادة بانها مادة هشه‬D)
‫ف حالة ان نقطة الكسر منفصلة عن اقصي اجهاد عندها تصنف المادة‬
) ‫بامها مادة لينه (مرنة‬

Resilience: it is the amount of energy necessary to

deform the material to the proportional limit and (the
area under the elastic portion of stress-strain curve )
It is called the stored energy because when the load is
removed, it is released (complete recovery of the
deformed material).
Resilience: has particular importance in the evaluation of
orthodontic wires
‫تعتبر الرجوعية من مواصفات المواد التي تستخدم ف عمليات تقويم‬
‫ حيث ان سلك التقويم له رجوعية معينة ( حيث يكتسب طاقة عند‬: ‫االسنان‬
‫شده علي اح الفكين ) وبعد فترة زمنية يفقدها ف التقويم ( تحريك االسنان‬
) ‫لمكانها األصلي او للوضع الصحيح ليها‬
Toughness: is the resistance of material to fracture or the
amount of energy necessary to cause fracture and (It is
represented by the area under the elastic and plastic
portion of stress-strain curve. )
Brittle materials tend to have low toughness because
little plastic deformation occurs before failure.