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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

PART I: SIEVE ANALYSIS

Distance 50km→ crushed material aggregate


Distance 20km→ rolled sand
xD₃ ; corrosion induces from chloride other than see water
A) Sieve analysis
grading Rolled sand Crushed sand
0/5 0/5 5/16 16/25
Mass of soil 2598 3458 5245 6125
Sieve CR% % pass CR% %pass CR% %pass CR% %pass
31.5 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100
25 0 100 0 100 0 100 0.82 99.18
20 0 100 0 100 0.19 99.81 36.51 63.49
16 0 100 0 100 4.71 95.29 87.20 12.80
12.5 0 100 0 100 26.50 73.5 96.51 3.49
10 0 100 0 100 46.81 53.19 98.81 1.19
8 0 100 0 100 72.39 27.61 99.20 0.8
5 0 100 3.99 96.01 95.29 4.71 99.49 0.51
2.5 5.00 96 27.99 72.01 97.99 2.01 99.71 0.29
1.25 13.01 86.99 44.01 55.99 98.40 1.6 99.71 0.29
0.63 38.99 61.01 55.99 44.01 98.61 1.39 99.71 0.29
0.315 80.79 19.21 66.51 33.49 98.70 1.30 99.71 0,29
0.16 95.19 4.81 79.01 20.99 98.80 1.20 99.71 0.29
0.08 97.81 2.19 87.59 12.41 99.01 0.9 99.71 0.29

Calculating the Fines Modulus


For Rolled sand;
1/100 ∈ (95.19 + 80.79 + 38.99 + 13.01 + 5 + 0) ¿ 2.37
For Crushed aggregate;
1/100 ∈ (79.0 + 66.81 +55.99 +44.01 +27.99 +3.99) ¿2.78
A Good sand with FM should be between the range 2.2 ≤ FM ≤ 2.8. hence the
rolled sand is most likely to be used since it falls in the range “Good Sand”

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Knowing the formula of adjustment


S1¿ 65% , S2¿ 35%
FM¿ ₁2.3 , FM₂¿2.7
S1¿ FM - FM₁ / FM₂ - FM₁
→FM¿ S1(FM₂-FM₁) + FM₁

FM¿ 2.4875
S2¿ FM₂ - FM / FM₂ - FM₁
→FM¿ -S2(FM₂-FM₁) + FM₂

FM¿ 2.4875
Mixed sand
35% rolled 65% crushed Test % Sieve %pass
2.59 0 2.59 5 97.41
18.14 1.75 19.94 2.5 80.06
28.61 4.55 33.14 1.25 66.86
36.39 13.65 50.04 0.63 49.96
43.23 28.27 71.5 0.315 28.5
51.36 33.32 84.64 0.16 15.36
56.93 34.23 91.16 0.08 8.89

Making use of the mixed sand with respect to their percentage.


Hence; the finess modolus
FM; 1/100 (84.64 + 71.5 + 50.004 + 33.14 + 19.94 + 2.59)
FM¿ 2.48

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

B) Characteristics
Justification;
 Quality of aggregate; “are all good”
 Specific density; depending on the formulation
 Sand equivalence;
for C Sand→ 64¿80 ≈ Need to be washed
for R Sand→ 97¿80 ≈ Very good sand
 Flakeness coefficient;
For 5/165→ 12¿20 ≈ More regular shape aggregate
For 16/25→ 10¿20 ≈ More regular shape aggregate
 Cleanliness coefficient;
For 5/165→ 99.1¿90 ≈ no more washing
For 16/25→ 99.4¿99 ≈ no more washing
 Los Angeles;
For 5/165→ 29¿35 ≈ Crushing strength good
C) Nature of cement used (xD3)
For the case of moderate sulphate attack, we will use cement of Class II type
xD3
Max w/c 0.45
Min strength class C35/45
Min cement content 320

Since our slump is good (5-10cm)


Cement type CEM II≈42.5 hence the strength → 45mPa

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

D) Quality of mixing water


 what is the role of water in concrete mix?
Water is the key ingredient, which when mixed with cement, forms a paste that
binds the aggregate together. The water causes the hardening of concrete through a
process called hydration.
 Qualities of water to be used for concrete mix?
In general, water that is fit for human consumption (potable) is acceptable for
use as mixing water. However, non-potable sources of water can also be used
provided the source does not negatively impact the properties of concrete. The
water shall be:
- Clean
- Shall not contain sugar
- Shall not contain sewage
- Shall not contain organic substances
 Suitable sources of water in logbessou
Suitable sources of water in logbessou we have Tap water from CAMWATER.

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

PART II: PPC mix design

Bearing capacity= 1.5 bars


Area = 500m2
a) Design of the roft foundation knowing effect:

5+10
Class S2= 5.10 cm → normal workability = 2
= 7.5

16+22
Class S4= 16.22 cm→ entrance workability = 2
=19

Knowing our cement type CEM II = 42.5.


C
but true strength = 45 MPa and exposure class is XD3 ≈ W = 2.22

w
dosage: comparing c ratio and dump = ( 450 kg/m3 or 400+fluid )

b) The minimum strength of concrete will depend on the exposition class


which is “XD3”

35
as shown in question (1c) hence min strength = Cmin =350kg/m3 → since C= C 45 .

w
c) calculate c ratio :

C c γ 28'
γ 28’= G γ c’( −0.5 )→ = +0.5 Dmax= 3.15 mm
W w G× γc '

Quality of granulate: “GOOD”


Also: γ 28’ = γ c’(1.15) = 35(1.15)= 40.25MPa
Hence G’=0.5 since 20 ≤ Dmax≤ 31.5

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

c 40.25 w
=
w 0.5 ×45
+0.5 = 2.14 ; c
= 0.47

d) The Dmax in function of the granulomery graph and sieve size is


Dmax= 31.5mm

e) Determination of the optimal mix (OAB curve)

{
Dmax
if Dmax ≤ 20 mm
{Xo=0.08 mm
Point O: Yo=100 % A=
mod ( αA )=
2
Dmax +38
if Dmax >20 mm
2

( )
31.5+38
A=
Xa=mod ( αa )=
2
=34.75

Ya=50−√1.25 Dmax + K =37.84


'
( Xb=3.15 )
B= Yb=100 %

K’=K + ks + kp
Ks=6×Fm-15→ 6×2.48-15 = -0.12
Kp= +5, +10
K’= K + Kp + Ks = 10-4-0.12 =5.88
From sieve analysis graph
α 0/5 = 34%

α 5/16 = 25%

α 15/25 = 41%

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

f) Masses of aggregate fraction of the cement dosage and the amount of


water require for 1m3 of concrete
γ = C0 + C1 + C1
C0 = since Dmax = 31.5mm ≈ 0.82 m3
C1= -0.01 rolled sand
C2=0 since normal weight aggregate.
G−350 450−350
C3= = = 0.02
5000 5000
γ =0.820-0.01+0.02= 0.83
γ = VCr + Vc → VCr = γ -VC
Cr 450
→VCr= γ - AN: VCr = 0.83×1000- = 684.83
R 3.1

Design proportion Volume(m3) Specific γ Dosage

0/5 34 % 232.84 2.448 616.56

5/16 25 % 171.20 2.712 464.29

16/25 41 % 280.78 2.688 757.54

Cr 3.1 450

Wr 1.0 211.5

Table of formulation of dosage

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Design Mass(g) bulk γ Bulk vol (m3) Quantity of 1 bag of cement

0/5 616.56 1.433 430.258 47.8 l ≈ 1 w barrow

5/16 464.29 1.542 301.09 1


33.45 l≈ w barrow
2

16/25 757.54 1.523 495.12 55.01l ≈ 1 w barrow

Cement 450 9 bags 1 bag

Water 211.5 211.5 23.5 l

Table of formulation of quantity of cement

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

g) Present a suitable planning for the realization of the job stating the
yield in m3/h

h) Costing
Given that the distance is 18km, what precaution will be taken in order to transport
batching and mixing.

 Retarders should be use in other to avoid quick setting time when


transportation.
 The aggregate should be batched proportionally to avoid shortage of
concrete.
 When batching, the vibrating coefficient and the contracting
coefficient should be included in the mix.
 The w/c ratio should be formulated taking into consideration the
strength of the concrete needed.
 During transportation, avoid too much vibration which can lead to
segregation.

1- Total cost of the project (raft foundation)


1- 1

Let the total load be Nu


Nu
Hence : surface area (Ad) = δ

Where: Nu=
δ =¿

l
Also thickness of raft foundation (h) = 20

Where: l is the maximum span on supports

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

assumption
h=50cm, Ad= 500m2
then: volume of concrete in place (Vin)= (500) × (0.5)
Vin=250m3

Cost per cubic meter of concrete = 350,000 fcfa/m3


Total cost = (350,000) × (250) + (0.25) × (350,000) × (250)
Inscription dans les collèges locaux, 2005

unit Proportion

Volume of concrete in place or m3 250


needed

Cost per m3 of concrete Fcfa/m3 350,000

Cost of labor Fcfa/m3 87,500

Total costing Fcfa/m3 109,375,000

Table of cost of quantity of concrete

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

1.2-

{
R sand :15000 fcfa/m3
Gravel ( 5/16 ) :35000 fcfa /m3
Cement :110 fcfa /kg
Gravel ( 16/25 ) :35000 fcfa /m3
12000 fcfa
C sand :
m3
water :600 fcfa /m3

Designation Mass of Bulk bulk Quantity for 2 bags of cement


dosage(kg/m3) density
Aggregate 409.35 1.542 265.47 1 1
wheel barrowand bucket
5/16 2 4
Aggregate 814.47 1.523 534.78 1 wheel barrow
16/25
Cr 488.55 2bags
Wr 200 200 1
2 buckets
2
C sand 414.68 1.523 272.78 1 1
wheel barrow and bucket
2 4
R sand 216.18 1.433 150.86 2 buckets

Table of the quantity of bags of cement

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Designation Quantity for 2 Unit price cost for 2 bags Cost for 2 bags of
bags of cement of cement cement
(fcfa)
5/16 1137.5

16/25 2100

cement 11000

water 120

C sand 390

R sand 300

total cost for 2bags 15,047.5 fcfa

Total cost for the raft 38,862,345 fcfa


foundation

Table of the total cost

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