The Rise of Muslim

Separatism in India
Two Nation Theory it’s Significance and Evolution
Important Phases in Freedom Movement

1857-1900: Reformative Phase

1900-1928: Political Participation for Rights/The Politics

of Safeguards

1928-1940: Rise of Muslim Separatism/Nationalism

1940-1947: Journey towards Pakistan

Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism in the
Sub-continent
Hindu/ Congress Extremism
Urdu Hindi Controversy 1867
Partition of Bengal 1905
Separate Electorate System 1911
British Divide and Rule Policy
Nehru Report 1928
Congress Ministries 1937-1939
Failure of Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944
Failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
 Ideology

• The word “ideology” is composed of two Greek words

“ideo” and “logos”. It literally means “the science or
study of ideas”.
• Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group
and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social
consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a
framework of action and guidance system that gives
order and meaning to life and human action.
Constituent Elements of Ideology

Language

Race/
Religion
Ethnicity

Ideology
Political/
Economic Geography
Interests

History
 Motivating
force for a
nation

Sense of Binding/
Significance
Identity and Unifying
of Ideology
Purpose Force

Joint line of
Action
 Implications of Ideology

Challenges
and Institutional Leadership
Promotion Propaganda Development Role

Protection Abstract Solution to Harmony and

principles in the Societal Justice
to reality Problems
 Two Nation Theory

• The two-nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. It

states that Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations by every
definition; therefore, Muslims should be able to have their own
separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, in which
Islam can be practiced as the dominant religion. The two-nation
theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement.
Burden
of
History
Evolution of the Ideology of Pakistan/ Two
Nation Theory

The Constituent
Assembly of
Quaid-i-Azam Pakistan, by
translated it into a passing
political reality Objectives
Allama Iqbal gave
Resolution in
it a philosophical
March 1949,
explanation
gave it legal
Historical sanction
experience
provided the
base
The ideology
of Pakistan
took shape
through an
evolutionary
process
 QUAID-I-AZAM

• We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization,

language and literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values
and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar,
history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our
own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of
international law, we are a nation. 1939
 QUAID-I-AZAM

• On March 8,1944 Quaid-i-Azam while addressing in Muslim University

Aligarh, said; “Actually Pakistan came into being when the very first
Hindu converted into Muslim, it happened, when there was no rule of
Muslims. The foundation of Muslims is Kalama-e- Tauheed rather
than state or race. When a Hindu converted his religion he became a
member of separate nation and new nation came into being.”
 Dr. ALLAMA IQBAL
• Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet modern
challenges
• Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad, December 1930:
• I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated
into a single state as a self government within the British empire or
without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of North Western
India.
 Contemporary Relevance of the Topic
• What is the contemporary relevance and value of the topic that we
studied?
• Is Pakistan only Ideological State in the world?
• What are the ideological challenges that Pakistan is facing?