FILE 3: CẤU TRÚC CÂU

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
 Đề thi có 10 cấu trúc trong số 12 cấu trúc sau: (p.69)
 Học không theo thứ tự. Cấu trúc nào dễ sẽ được hướng dẫn trước.
1. It is + Adj + to inf (structure 3) p.70
2. Had better (not)  advise S.O (not) to do STH (structure 4) p.71
3. Simple Past  Present Perfect (structure 6) p.72
4. If clause (structure 7) p.73
5. Unless (structure 9) p.76
6. Wish (structure 10) p.77
7. Causative (structure 12) p.79
8. Although  Despite (structure 13) p.80
9. Spend + … V-ing  take … to inf (structure 15) p.81
10. Why don’t you …?  S1 + suggested that S2 + (should) + bare inf (structure 20) p.84

STRUCTURE 3 TO INF ... IS .... = IT IS + ADJ + TO INF …. (p.70-71 Sách ôn tập)

1. Nếu đổi To Inf …. is …..  It is Adj + to inf ………….
B1: Bắt đầu bằng tính từ (đứng sau động từ TO BE) viết đến hết câu
B2: Quay trở lại đầu câu, viết hết và chấm dứt câu trước động từ TO BE.

Ex: To work with unorganized colleagues is hard.

It is hard to work with unorganized colleagues.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Nếu đổi It is Adj + to inf ………  To Inf …. is …..

B1: Bắt đầu bằng động từ TO INF viết đến hết câu
B2: Quay trở lại đầu câu, bỏ IT viết hết và chấm dứt câu trước động từ TO INF

Ex: It is hard to work with unorganized colleagues.

To work with unorganized colleagues is hard
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PRACTICE (p.70)
1. It’s difficult to understand what she’s talking about.
-> To understand ………………….…….

2. It is very relaxing to spend a day in the country.

-> To spend ………………………………

Test 1 – Q.1 (p.101)

1. It is relaxing to work in a comfortable office.
-> To work in a comfortable office is relaxing.
………………………………………………………..
Test 1 – Q.10 (p.101)
It is so great to work with helpful colleagues.
-> To work with helpful colleagues is so great.

……………………………..…………………………

TEST 2 – Q.4 (p.102)

4. It is very difficult to succeed in the music business.
-> To

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…………………………………………………….

TEST 4 – Q.9 (p.103)

9. It is my pleasure to invite you to our grand opening ceremony.
-> To invite you to our grand opening ceremony is my pleasure.

…………………………………….………………

TEST 5 – Q.6 (p.104)

6. To speak Chinese is more difficult than to speak English.
-> It is ………………………………….…………………….

TEST 10 – Q.1 (p.108)

1. It is annoying to find a file missing.
-> To find a file missing is annoying.

………………………………..………………………..

STRUCTURE 4 HAD BETTER - ADVISE(D) - TO DO ... (p.71)

HAD BETTER = SHOULD = OUGHT TO + BARE INF: nên
Had better NOT = should NOT = ought NOT to + Bare Inf: không nên
=
ADVISE + S.O + to inf: khuyên ai nên làm gì
ADVISE + S.O + NOT to inf: khuyên ai không nên làm gì

1. Đổi HAD BETTER (‘d better) -> ADVISE

B1: Lấy S trong câu HAD BETTER làm O của câu ADVISE
Subject Object
I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They Them

B2: Lấy động từ sau HAD BETTER thêm “TO” hoặc “NOT TO” và viết hết câu.
Ex: You had better ask for help from the manager as soon as possible.
I advised ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Đổi ADVISE  HAD BETTER

Ex: I advised you to ask for help from your manager as soon as possible.
B1: Lấy O trong câu ADVISE làm S của câu HAD BETTER
Object -> Subject
Me I
You You
Him He
Her She
It It
Us We
Them They

B2: Động từ sau ADVISE BỎ “TO” hoặc “NOT TO” và viết hết câu.
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Ex: I advised you to ask for help from the manager as soon as possible.
You had better ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Chú ý:
Or: “Why don’t you ask for help from your manager as soon as possible, Tom?”
* Bỏ “Why don’t you = Let’s ..”, bắt đầu từ động từ, viết đến hết câu (chú ý có thể thay đổi đại từ, tính từ sở
hữu …)
You had better ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

PRACTICE (p.71)
1. You’d better not lend him any more money.
 I strongly advised you …………………..……………………

2. You’d better put your money in the bank.

 I advise …………………………..………………………………

TEST 1 - Q.9 (p.105)

9. We were advised to issue more stocks to raise capital.
 We had better …………………………….…………

TEST 2 - Q.8 (p.106)

8. "You should change your job, Mr. Jenkins," said the doctor.
 The doctor advised ………………….

TEST 9 - Q.2 (p.110)

2. I advised John not to put all his money in real estate investment.
 John had better ……………….……………………………...

TEST 9 - Q.6 (p.110)

6. The receptionist asked, “Why don’t you leave a message in case the manager is not available to meet
you?”
 The receptionist advised ………………………………….

TEST 9 - Q.7 (p.105)

7. I advise you to put your money in the bank.
 You’d ………………………..……………………………………..

STRUCTURE 6 (p.72) SIMPLE PAST  PRESENT PERFECT

B1: Nếu trong câu có STARTED / BEGAN, ta bỏ đi

B2: Động từ chính hoặc động từ (V-ING) sau STARTED / BEGAN chuyển về dạng V-ed/ V3

B3: Trước thời gian ta dùng SINCE hoặc FOR.

Lưu ý: nếu dùng SINCE ta giữ AGO, nếu dùng FOR ta bỏ AGO.
PRACTICE (p.73)
1. The last time I went to Bristol was three years ago.
I haven't ………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Lucy hasn't worn that dress since Barbara's wedding.

The last …………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Phoenix started producing books for children in 1999.

Phoenix has produced books for children SINCE 1999.

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TEST 2 (p.101)
1. Mr. Henrique Calisto started to work for IBC two years ago.
Mr. Henrique Calisto has WORKED for IBC SINCE two years ago. / FOR two years

9. Mr. Graber became our agent in Zambia 3 years ago.

- agent (n): người đại diện
- To become – became - become
Mr. Graber has BECOME our agent in Zambia SINCE 3 years ago. / FOR 3 years

TEST 7 (p.106)
9. Mr. Smith started working as my PA five months ago.
- PA: personal assistant: nhân viên phụ tá; trợ lý riêng
Mr. Smith has WORKED as my PA SINCE five months ago. / FOR five months

TEST 9 (p.107)
3. Our company began offering bridging loan for small businesses 2 years ago.
- to offer: đưa ra - bridging loan: khoản vay bắc cầu (vay tạm thời để chờ tiền từ nơi khác)
Our company has OFFERED bridging loan for small businesses SINCE 2 years ago/ FOR 2 years.

………………………………………………………………………….……………………

STRUCTURE 7 (p.73) IF CLAUSE

Điều kiện loại 1:
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Simple present Future simple
Simple tense
Imperative (câu mệnh lệnh)
Modal Verbs (must, can, may, should …)
Ex1: If you send your order by fax, we will deliver the goods immediately.
Ex2: If you order in bulk, you usually get a discount.
Ex3: If you need my help, just call me.
Ex4: If employees plan to take vacation time, they must inform their boss in advance (trước).

Điều kiện loại 2:

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Simple past would / could / past subjunctive might + bare inf
Ex: If there were/was not my help, he might not establish his own business.
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Simple past Simple past
Ex: If it was foggy, we went home early.

Điều kiện loại 3:

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành) would / could / might + have + PP
(had + PP)
Ex: If I had had money, I would have bought the car.

Lưu ý:
1. Động từ của câu trong đề ở thì HIỆN TẠI -> thì QUÁ KHỨ ở mệnh đề IF (ĐK loại 2)
Động từ của câu trong đề ở thì QUÁ KHỨ -> thì QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH ở mệnh đề IF (ĐK loại 3)
2. Câu trong đề ở thể XÁC ĐỊNH -> PHỦ ĐỊNH và ngược lại

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PRACTICE (p.73)
1. We cannot have cheaper goods because our labour costs are high.
If ……………………….………………………………………………………………………………

2. The accident happened because the train driver ignored a warning light.
If the train driver ………………….……………………………………………………………………

TEST 2 (p.102)
3. You stopped trying, so you were behind others.
If you
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
- to try: cố gắng - to be behind: ở phía sau; thua kém
4. Because you didn’t contribute positively, we couldn’t continue the project.
If you ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..
10. If you want to have a course prospectus, why don’t you send off for it?
If I ………………………………………..…………..
- to send off for: gởi thư để xin - course prospectus (n): bảng giới thiệu về khóa học

TEST 6 (p.105)
4. Because I didn’t remember Miss Berglund, we spent so much time interviewing the other candidates.
- candidate (n): ứng cử viên; người xin việc
If I …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………...

TEST 9 (p.107)
4. Their price was too high, so we had to find another supplier.
- supplier (n): nhà cung cấp
If ………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

STRUCTURE 9 UNLESS (p.77 Sách ôn tập)

UNLESS = IF …. NOT / IF …. DOES NOT / DO NOT / DID NOT
Chú ý:
Nếu chủ từ của câu UNLESS là ngôi thứ 3 số ít, ta phải thêm ‘s’ hoặc ‘es’ sau động từ.
Ex: If he doesn’t come, I will leave without him.

-> Unless he comes, I will leave without him.

Nếu chủ từ của câu UNLESS là ở thì quá khứ đơn, ta phải thêm ED sau động từ theo qui tắc hoặc chuyển
động từ bất qui tắc về cột 2.
Ex: If he didn’t answer my 2nd call, I would not phone him again.

-> Unless he answered my 2nd call, I would not phone him again.

Ex: If you didn’t lend him the money, you would not get into trouble.

-> Unless you lent my 2nd call, you would not get into trouble.

PRACTICE (p.78)
1. If nothing goes wrong, we will sign the deal tomorrow.
- no = not … any -> - NOTHING ….. = NOT …. ANYTHING
 Unless ……………………………………..

2. We’re not going to get that contract if we don’t improve our offer.
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 We ………………………………………………….

3. This project will NOT only be viable if you cannot cut your overheads.
This project ………………….............................

TEST 6 – Q.3 (p.148)

3. If we don’t deliver the goods as agreed, they will refuse to settle the account.
 Unless ……………………………………...

TEST 6 – Q.9 (p.149)

9. If the operator does not stop incoming calls, we shall be constantly interrupted.
 Unless ……………………………………….

TEST 9 – Q.4 (p.110)

10. If you do not leave detailed instructions for the ‘temp’, she won’t know where to start.
- detailed instruction: lời hướng dẫn chi tiết - ‘temp’: (temporary): thư ký tạm thời
 Unless …………………………………….

TEST 9 – Q.5 (p.110)

5. If we don’t deliver the goods as agreed, they will refuse to settle the account.
 Unless ……………………………………...

STRUCTURE 10 (p.77) WISH

Có 3 loại:
1. Present wish: Điều ước ở hiện tại
(I) wish (that) (he) + V-past simple (quá khứ đơn)
Ex: I wish he were / was here now.

2. Past wish: Điều ước ở quá khứ

(I) wish (that) (he) + HAD + PP / V-ed (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Ex: I wish he had been here yesterday.

3. Future wish: Điều ước ở tương lai

(I) wish (that) (he) + would / could / might + bare inf
Ex: I wish he would be here tomorrow.

PRACTICE (p.77)
1. It’s unfortunate you didn’t manage to give her my message.
I wish ………………………….………………………………………………………………………..

2. Maria says she'd like to have been put in a higher class.

Maria wishes ………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Mrs Taylor does not like living in such a small house.

Mrs Taylor wishes …………………………………………………………………………………….

4. It would be nice to be able to understand the language when I go to France.

I wish ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

TEST 2 (p.102)
6. I regret not having read the insurance policy carefully.
- to regret: hối hận; lấy làm tiếc - insurance policy (n): hợp đồng bảo hiểm
I wish …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..

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TEST 4 (p.103)
10. It is unfortunate that they did not pay back their loan.
- unfortunate: không may - to pay (back) – paid – paid: trả lại - loan (n): số tiền mượn
I wish ……………………………………………………………………….………………………………..

TEST 7 (p.105)
4. I regret spending all my money on that risky business.
- risky (adj): rủi ro; đầy mạo hiểm - business (n): việc kinh doanh
I wish …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

TEST 9 (p.107)
7. Miss Cotton regrets not attending a reception to meet Dr. Kahn next Monday.
- to attend: tham gia; tham dự - reception (n): buổi tiệc đón tiếp
Miss Cotton wishes ……………………………………………………………………….…………………

STRUCTURE 12 (p.79) Causative: thể nhờ bảo

A. ACTIVE: chủ động (biết người mà ta nhờ)
1. HAVE + S.O (me, you, him …) + BARE INF
nhờ ai làm việc gì
Ex: I have my father repair my car.
2. GET + S.O (me, you, him …) + TO INF
Ex: I get my father to repair my car.

B. PASSIVE: bị động (không biết người mà ta nhờ; chỉ quan tâm hành động được làm)
HAVE / GET + STH + PP / V-ed
nhờ cái gì được làm
Ex: I have / get my car repaired (by my father).

PRACTICE (p.80)
1. I’ll get the accounts department to send them a cheque immediately.
I ………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. I have my secretary check these figures for me.

I ………………………………………………………………………………………………

TEST 3 (p1.02)
6. The applicants have all been sent details of our pension scheme.
- applicant (n): người xin việc - detail (n): chi tiết - pension scheme (n): chế độ lương hưu
We have had ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. My boss asked = GOT me to book a flight to Rome for him.

- to book: đăng ký; đặt chỗ
My boss had ………………………………………………………………………………..….
………………..

TEST 6 (p.105)
6. The loan manager has asked his assistant to check all of the references.
- assistant (n): người trợ lý - loan manager (n): trưởng phòng tín dụng - reference (n): hồ sơ bảo lãnh
The loan manager has had …………………………………………………………….……………………….

TEST 8 (p.106)
3. All the expenses claims need approving before you get a refund for your travel expenses.

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- expenses claim (n): bảng kê khai chi phí - to approve: duyệt; chấp thuận - refund (n): sự hoàn tiền
lại
You should have ………………………………………………………………………………………………

TEST 9 (p.107)
10. Mr. Falvey got me to send off those invoices yesterday afternoon.
- to send sth off (n): gởi đi bằng đường bưu điện - invoice (n): hóa đơn
Mr. Falvey had …………………………………………………………………………………………………

STRUCTURE 13 ALTHOUGH  DESPITE (p.80 Sách ôn tập)

Although
Despite Even though +S+V+…
In spite of Danh từ / cụm danh từ Though

Cách đổi Although -> Despite: có 3 bước

Bước 1: Bỏ Although thay bằng Despite
Although => Despite he had a good salary, he quit the job.
Bước 2: Nếu 2 mệnh đề có cùng chủ từ, ta bỏ chủ từ trong mệnh đề Although.
DESPITE he had a good salary, he quit the job.

Bước 3: Ta chuyển động từ đứng liền sau chủ từ về dạng V-ING

Despite had -> having a good salary, he quit the job.

Lưu ý:
1. Nếu chủ từ trong mệnh đề ALTHOUGH không cùng chủ từ với mệnh đề chính, ta dùng tính từ sở hữu
(my, your, her, his, its, our, their) đặt trước V-ING.
Ex: Although SHE was not good, THEY employed her.
 Despite HER being NOT good, they employed her.
2. Nếu chủ từ trong mệnh đề ALTHOUGH không phải là đại từ (I, you, she, he, it, we, they), ta dùng sở hữu
cách (‘s or ‘) đặt trước V-ING.
Ex: Although MARY was good, THEY didn’t employ her.
 Although of Mary’s being good, they didn’t employ her.

3. Ta có thể dùng Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that thay cho Although / Even though / Though
Ex: Although he was good, they didn’t promote him.
 Despite the fact that he was good, they didn’t promote him.

4. Ta có thể bỏ BEING trong câu bị động hoặc câu có thì tiếp diễn
Ex: Although the book was written by a famous author, it was not good.
bị động
 Despite (BEING) written by a famous author, the book was not good.

Ex: Although we are working hard, we can’t meet the deadline.

hiện tại tiếp diễn
 Despite (BEING) working hard, we can’t meet the deadline.

Cách đổi DESPITE  ALTHOUGH có 3 bước

Bước 1: Bỏ DESPITE thay bằng ALTHOUGH

Bước 2: Thêm chủ từ trong mệnh đề ALTHOUGH.

+ Nếu 2 mệnh đề có cùng chủ từ, lấy chủ từ ở mệnh đề chính làm chủ từ của mệnh đề ALTHOUGH.
+ Nếu 2 mệnh đề khác chủ từ, chuyển tính từ sở hữu hoặc danh từ sở hữu cách làm chủ từ của mệnh đề
ALTHOUGH.
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Bước 3: Change V-ing into the main Verb
Chuyển động từ V-ING sang động từ chính của mệnh đề ALTHOUGH, động từ này phải phù hợp về thì với
động từ trong mệnh đề chính.

Lưu ý: Nếu “despite / in spite of” không có V-ing, ta dùng THERE BE hoặc HAVE
1. THERE BE: có
 Thì hiện tại đơn: There is (a) / There are
 Thì quá khứ đơn: There was (a) / There were
 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: There has been (a) / There have been
 Thì tương lai đơn: There will be (a)
 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành: There had been (a)

2. HAVE: có ĐƯỢC DÙNG KHI TRONG CÂU CÓ TÍNH TỪ SỞ HỮU (MY, YOUR, HER, HIS,
OUR, THEIR)
 Thì hiện tại đơn: (I) have / has (a)
 Thì quá khứ đơn: (I) had (a)
 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: (I) has had (a) / have had
 Thì tương lai: (I) will have (a)
 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành: (I) had had (a)

Ex1: Despite the fall in shares, my friends bought a lot.

Although there was a fall in shares, my friends bought a lot.
Ex2: Despite his experience, they didn’t hire him.
Although he didn’t have experience, they didn’t hire him.

PRACTICE (p.80)
1. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
 In spite ………….……………………………………

2. Though we hadn’t finished the report, we sent it to the client.

 Despite ………………………………………

TEST 1 – Q.10 (p.101)

10. Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
 In spite …………………………………………………

TEST 2 – Q.6 (p.101)

6. Despite my support for him, I'm not convinced he's right.
- to be convinced: bị thuyết phục
 Even though ………………………………………….

TEST 3 – Q.4 (p.102)

4. Although we hadn't finished the report, we sent it to the client.
 In spite of ……………………………………………..

TEST 4 – Q.4 (p.103)

4. Although we are facing the poor economic climate, our sales have held up.
 In spite ……………………………………………..

TEST 5 – Q.9 (p.104)

9. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
 In spite ……………………………………………

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TEST 6 – Q.6 (p.105)
6. Although his skill is very poor, he can work in a big company.
 In spite …………………………………………………

9. Although she was stuck in a traffic jam, she arrived in time for the interview.
 In spite ……………………………………………..

TEST 7 – Q.5 (p.106)

5. He offered to make a speech, although he did not have much self-confidence.
 Despite …………………………………………………

TEST 7 – Q.7 (p.106)

7. In spite of the tight deadline, they managed to complete the project on schedule.
 Even …………………………………………………

TEST 8 – Q.4 (p.107)

4. In spite of all her efforts, she didn’t manage to get there on time.
 Even though ……………………………………………

TEST 8 – Q.7 (p.107)

7. Although he is intelligent, he does not do well at school.
 In spite ……………………………………………….

TEST 9 – Q.3 (p.108)

3. Even though he started his preparations early, he did not manage to finish on time.
 Despite ……………………………………………….

STRUCTURE 15 (p.81) SPEND + … V-ING  TAKE … TO INF

Đổi SPEND -> TAKE
B1: Lấy chủ từ (nếu có) hoặc các đại từ (I, you, he, …) của câu SPEND -> túc từ (me, you, him …) của câu
TAKE/TOOK
Sbject Object
I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They Them
B2: Viết lại thời gian.
B3: Chuyển V-ing -> To inf và viết lại các thành phần còn lại

S (I, you, he, she ..) + spend / spent + how long + V-ing …
ai để ra bao nhiêu thời gian để làm ….
=
It takes / took + (S.O: me, you, him, her, ) + how long + to inf ….
(ai) mất bao nhiêu thời gian để ……

Ex: I spend 2 months finishing my English course.

=
Ex: It takes me 2 months to finish my English course.

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PRACTICE (p.81)
1. It is a six-hour drive from London to Edinburgh.
It takes……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. When Mary wanted a new car, she had to save up for a year.
It took ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

TEST 3 - Q.5 (p.102)

5. They spent 2 months renovating the company cafeteria.
………………………………….…………………..…………………………………………………

TEST 4 – Q.8 (p.103)

8. They always ride a motorbike to work in half an hour.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 STRUCTURE 20 (p.84) Why don’t you …?  S1 + suggested that S2 + (should) + bare inf

PRACTICE (p.84)
1. “Why don't you put an advertisement in the local paper?" they said to me.
They suggested ………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. "Why don't you complain to the company, Peter?" said William.

William suggested ……………………………………………………………………………………
TEST 4 – Q.4 (p.103)
4. “Why don’t you apply for that job, Susan?” said John.
………………………………………………………………………………..………………

TEST 5 - Q.4 (p.104)

4. John asked, “Why don’t you ask for a day off, Mary?”
- To ask for a day off: xin nghỉ (làm) 1 ngày
John suggested …………………………………………………………….………………………………..

TEST 10 – Q.7 (p.108)

7. Our investors suggested that we should move our premises to new residential areas such as District 2 or
District 7.
- premises (n): mặt bằng; nhà xưởng; cơ ngơi - residential area (n): khu dân cư
“Why ……………………………………?” said our investors.

…………………………………………….

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