Jkpo : Mrpupau Topfhl B

jkpo;
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 13
(2018Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;f hdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kùfk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk
mr;rplYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

jkpo;
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 13
(2018 Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw;fhdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if.
mr;rplYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;
i
jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; - 13
 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> kùfk.
ISBN
Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2018

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if.
mr;Rg; gjpg;G:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;
gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;
ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;
nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;
,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;rr
; pfis tsu;jn
; jLg;gjw;fhf>
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;gjidf;
Fi wg; g j w; f hfTk; > ghlj ; j pd; N ehf ; f q; f is kl; L g; g L j; J tj w; f hf Tk; >
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL
fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b.
E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl
itf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd;
Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;
jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf;
fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa
iii
Mrpupa topfhl; b E}y; f s; KOg; g ad; g hL cilaitahtjw; F > fy; t p
ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;
ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf;
fy;tpapypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
,e;jr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;
rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;gg
; zpg;Gld;
gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. jpUkjp. n[ae;jp FzNrfu
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;> ey;ytw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w
ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; Nghd;witAld; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUk;
(Facilitator) fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk;> gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J>

jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;F mika>
vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; rw;NwDk;
khWglhJ> mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait my;y. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;rr ; pfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhf> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+ut ; khdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; vt;tpj
IaKkpy;iy. khztuJ milT kl;lj;ij cau; rjtPjj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y
cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F
ce;Jjy; mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp> khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl
E}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU
ghlE}y; my;y vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;rfu;fshy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis khztu;fs; mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy;
ghlj;ijf; fw;gpgg ; jw;F topfhl;b> trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; tFg;giwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thwhd fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU
fUtpahf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp.tz. khGy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;>

gpujpg; gzpg;g hsu; ehafk;>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;
fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl tpla MNyhrid

Nguhrpupau;> rp. jpy;iyehjd;
jifrhu; Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;
jpU> v];. Nahfuhrh
Xa;T epiyg; Nguhrpupau;
Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp t.kNf];tud;
Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;> ukP]; mg;Jy;yh>
njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU.f. ,uFgud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpUkjp. &gp tyd;updh gpuhd;rp];
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. =. gpurhe;jd;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. <. Fkud;>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
,izg;ghf;fk;
jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU.K.jahepjp
rpNu\;ltpupTiuahsu;>jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
tsg; gq;fspg;G
jpU. v];. Nfrtd;
Mrpupau;> nfh / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> ,uj;kyhid.
jpU. gh. kfhypq;frptk;>
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> typfhkk;.
jpU. rp. uNk];
Mrpupau;> ah/njy;ypg;gis kfh[df; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;.
jpUkjp. ujp NjtRe;juk;
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.
jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[h
Xa;T ngw;w Mrpupia
nry;tp. f. re;jpuFkhup
Mrpupau;> nfh / tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G.
jpU. v];. fzgjpg;gps;is
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> `l;ld;.
nkhopg; gjpg;G jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;.
fzpdpg; gjpg;G nry;tp. ehfee;jpdp
vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;
f. ngh. j rhjhuz juk; tiuAk; jkpo; nkhopiaf; fl;lha ghlkhfg; gapd;W

tUk; khztu;fs;; f. ngh. j cau;ju tFg;gpy; jkpio xU ghlkhfj; njupT nra;J
fw;gjw;F tpUk;ghj epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyf;Ff; fhuzk; jkpo;g; ghlj;jpw;fhd
ghlg;gug;Gf;fs; mjpfkhdit> mjdhy; rpwe;j ngWNWfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
fbdk; vdg; gyuhYk; gytjkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpdwd.
vdNt> ,tw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L; ,k;Kiw Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ghlr; Rikfs;

ngUkstpy; Fiwf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. ,jdhy; khztu;fs; jkpo;g;ghlj;ijj; njupT
nra;J Mu;tkhff; fw;wypy; <LgLthu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. 21k; E}w;whz;by;
khztu;fspd; nkhop njhlu;ghd fw;wy; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;J>
tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; etPd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; rhjdq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L
mg;gzpia epiwNtw;WtJ Mrpupau;fspd; flikahFk;.
tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;FtJk;> xNutpjkhd fw;gpjj ; y;

Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;WtJk; jtpu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. guPl;irf;F Kfq; nfhLf;Fk;
Nehf;fpy; kl;LNk jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;ij Nghjpg;gijj; jtpu;j;J khztu;fspd;
eilKiwj; Njit> njhopYyfpd; vjpu;g;ghu;g;G vd;gtw;Wf;F Vw;gg; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wp> tFg;giwapy; fw;wy; fw;gpg;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
f. ngh. j cau;jug; gpuptpy; jkpo; nkhopia xU ghlkhfj; njupT nra;J fw;w

khztd; mjdhy; ngwf;$ba jpwd;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; njhlu;ghd NjLjiyj; jtpu;jJ
; mg;ghlj;jpD}lhf khztu;fsilAk;
jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F Nghd;wtw;iw kpfr; rupahf ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpj;jypd;
NghJ nghUj;jkhdJk; ftu;r;rpfukhdJkhd juTs;sPLfisg;; gad;gLj;jp> fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwikfis khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yk; khztu;fs; KOikahd Nju;r;rpia mila
KbAk;.
jw;fhy khztu;fsplj;jpy; thrpj;jyDgtKk; NjLjYk; mUfptUk; epiyapy; nkhop

tsKk; Mf;fj;jpwDk; tha;e;jtu;fshf mtu;fis cUthf;FtJ Mrpupau;fspd;
iffspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. jha;nkhopf; fy;tpia mwpTg; ghijf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;Yk; kdpjNeag; gzpahff; fUjp xt;nthU jkpo; MrpupaUk; nraw;gl Ntz;baJ
fhyj;jpd; Njitahf cs;sJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Nthk;.
jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;

rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;
jkponkhop;j; Jiw
vii
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii - iv
02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v
03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO vi
05. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa
MNyhridfs; vii
09. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1 - 129
viii
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;
juk; - 13
Kjyhe; jtiz
,y tpla cs;slf;fk; gf;fk;
01 fl;Liuahf;fk; 2 -3
02 ,izaj;js ,yf;fpar; nraw;ghL 4 -5
03 RUf;fk; vOJjy; 6 -7
04 mfehDW 8 - 10
05 jpUf;Fws; - 4 mjpfhuq;fs; 11 - 12
06 fk;guhkhazk; (44 - 72) 13 - 14
07 ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;• cja#upad;• khdpl rf;jp 15 - 17
08 ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;Liu 18 - 19
09 rpWfij - vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W 20 - 21
10 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - INuhg;gpau; fhy 22 - 24
nra;As; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp
11 INuhg;gpau; fhy ciueil ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp 25 - 27
13 INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpag;gz;Gfs; 28 - 29
14 INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpaf; fu;j;jhf;fs; 30 - 31
15 <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW - Mq;fpNyau; fhyk; 32 - 34
16 Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; 35 - 36
17 Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpaf; fu;j;jhf;fs; 37 - 39
18 Gzupay; 40 - 41
19 ,ilr;nrhy; 42 - 44
20 cupr;nrhy; 45 - 46
1
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; g jD}lhfj; juk; tha; e ; j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtj;jpd; Clhfr;

Ra Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : Mf;fq;fis vOJjy; - fl;Liu
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• jkJ mDgtq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; Ra Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

• jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w jfty;fisj; jpul;b> nrk;ikahd nkhopeilapy; fl;Liufis
vOJthu;.
• fl;Liu El;gq;fSf;F mikaf; fl;Liuia vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• rpwe;j fl;Liufis thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

• fl;Liuahrpupau;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd nkhopeilgw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbf; $wr;nra;jy;.
• fl;Liufspd; tpla cs;slf;fk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl topfhl;Ljy;.
• fl;Liu vOJk; El;gq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;jy;;.
• jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g> jfty;fisj; jpul;bf; fl;Liufis vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• ngupahu;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp
- c - k;: Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;
mikg;G : KfTiu> cs;slf;fk;> KbTiu
 mtjhdpf;f Ntz;bait:
- jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jg;ghL
- ge;jpaikg;G> epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs;.
- nkhopr; nrk;ik
- fl;Liu El;gq;fs;
- nrhy;ysT
2
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• fl;Liufs;
- gz;bjkzp rp. fzgjpg;gps;is
- K. tujuhrd;
- f. ifyhrgjp
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;w jfty;fisf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

• jpul;ba jfty;fisf; nfhz;L fl;Liuf;fhd rl;lfj;ij mikg;ghu;.
• fl;Liu mikg;G El;gq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L fl;Liufis vOJthu;.
3
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu; g hly; jpwid tpUj; j p nra; A k; tifapy;
fl;LUthf;fj;jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.5 : gy;NtW re;ju;g ;g q;fSf;Fk; NjitfSf;Fk; Vw;g r;

nraw;g Lthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• gy;NtW jfty;fisg; ngw ,izaj;jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis mwpe;J

$Wthu;.
• ,izaj;jsk; %yk; jutpwf;fk; nra;J ngwf;$ba jfty;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• jutpwf;fk; nra;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tplaq;fspy; rpytw;iwf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
• jkpo;g;ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fisg; ngw ,izaj;jsk; cjTk; Kiw
gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
• fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;by; ,izaj;jsg; gad;ghL gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
• cau;ju khztu;fsJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bw;F ,izaj;jsg; ghtid cjTtijj;

njhFj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• ,izaj;jsj;ijg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; $w
topg;gLj;jy;.
• ,izaj;jsk; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tplaq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW $wy;.
cjhuzk; : E}y;fs; - E}yhrpupau; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
ftpijfs;> rpWfijfs; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fs;.
• ,izaj;jsg; ghtid %ykhd ed;ikfis tpsf;Ftjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
• cyfshtpa uPjpapy; rka> r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhu tplaq;fis tiyg;gpd;dy;

%yk; cs;slf;fpa Xu; ClfNk ,izaj;jsk;.
• ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Njitahd tplaq;fisg; ngwKbAk;.
• cyfkakhf;fypy; ,izaj;jsk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
• ,d;iwa r%fj;jpdupilNa ftu;r;rpkpf;f Clfkhf ,izaj;jsk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
4
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ,izaj; njhlu;Gs;s fzdp Ma;T $lk;.

• ,izaj;jsj;jpypUe;J jutpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l rpy Mf;fq;fs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ,izaj;jsj;jpypUe;J jutpwf;fk; nra;j rpy Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• jutpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l rpy Mf;fq;fisj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.
• ,izaj;jsk; jkf;F cjtpa Kiw gw;wpf;; fye;Jiuahb tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
5
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : ghlg; g Fjpia mtjhdkhff; fpufpj; J vOj; J g;

nghwpKisfisAk; vOj; j hf; f El; g q; f isAk;
mDrupj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : RUf;fk; vOJjy;
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpiaf; fUj;J}d;wp nksdkhff; fpufpj;J thrpg;ghu;.

• thrpj;j gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L
$Wthu;.
• RUf;fj;jpd; NghJ jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.
• Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;Jr; RUf;fp vOJthu;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpapd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; Fwpf;fg;gl;l nrhy; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g
nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• khztu; f s; fUj; J f; f isr; RUf; f p vOJtjd; re; j u; g ; g k; > gad; gw; w p

ml;ltizg;gLj;jr; nra;jy;.
• ge;jp xd;iwf; nfhLj;J> gpujhd Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;ngLf;f
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• jtpu;f;f Ntz;bait gw;wp Nfl;L> tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
• RUf;fk; vOJk; El;gq;fs; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jpr; RUf;fp vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
Kjd;ikg;gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• nfhLj;j gFjpia thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;.

• Fwpg;Gfis xOq;FgLj;jpj; njhFj;jy;.
• mzpfs;> Nkyjpf tu;zid> cjhuzk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy;.
• nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJjy;.
• xU ge;jpapy; vOJjy;.
6
RUf;f p vOJk; re;j u;g ;g q;f s;:
• Nfl;ly; (Ngr;R> mwptpg;G> ew;rpe;jid> nrhw;nghopT> nra;jpfs;)

• thrpg;G (fl;Liufs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;)
• vOj;J (mwpf;if> nra;jp> njhopd;Kiwf; fbjk;> mwptpg;G> Rtu;g;gj;jpupif)
RUf;fp vOJtjhy; Vw;g Lk; gad;fs;:
• Kf;fpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J epidtpy; ,Uj;jy;.

• fpufpj;jw; jpwd; tsu;f;fg;gLjy;.
• nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Vw;gly;. (thrpg;G> vOj;J> Ngr;R)
• ,yFthd> vspikahd> Jupjkhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTjy;.
RUf;f k; vOJtjw;f hd gbKiwfs;:
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;jy;.

• gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;ngLj;jy;.
• mzpfs;> Nkyjpf tu;zidfs;> cjhuzq;fs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> Gs;sptpguq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy;.
• Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jpj; njhFj;jy;.
• gpujhd fUj;ij xl;ba fUj;jikT> fUj;jiktpd; njhlu;r;rp Ngzg;gl;bUf;F
khw;wpid thrpj;Jr; rup ghu;j;jy;.
• nrhy; vz;zpf;ifia mDrupj;Jr; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy; RUf;fp vOJjy;.
• xU ge;jpapy; vOJjy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• njupTnra;ag;gl;l fl;Liufspy; ,lk;ngWk; rpy ge;jpfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpia mtjhdkhf thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

• Kf;fpakhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJthu;.
• nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• Nfl;fg;gl;l nrhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L RUf;fp vOJthu;.
(fl;Liuapy; ,Uge;jpfis MrpupaNu Njb toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.)
7
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra; A s; ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : nra ;Ais mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vO j ; J g ;

nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj; j hf; f El; g q; f isAk;
tpla cs;slf;fk; : mfehD}W 154MtJ nra;As;

“gLkio nghope;j.......”
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• nra;Aspd; nghUis mwpe;J fUj;ijf;; $Wthu;.

• nra;Aspy; cs;s mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.
• ghlypy; eae;j tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.
• mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;;.
• ghlypd; nghUs;> eae;j gFjpfisr; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy; vOJthu;.
• nra;Aspd; ,yf;fzf; $Wfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Ky;iy epy mfj;jpiz xOf;fk;;

gw;wp tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> tpil $wr; nra;jy;.
• ghliyr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J vOjitj;jy;;.
• ghlypd; nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOj topfhl;Ljy;;.
• mzpfs; njhlu;ghf cjhuzq; $wr; nra;jy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• rq;ffhyk; gw;wpaJk; mf;fhy mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpa kuG gw;wpaJkhd mwpKfk;

 154 MtJ ghly; Ky;iy epyj;Jf;FupaJ
- ghbatu; : nghJk;gpw; Gy;yhsq;fz;zpahu;
8
,r;n ra;A spy; Gyg;g Lj;j g;g Lk; Kf;f pakhd tplak;:
• jiytpiaf; fhzj; Jbf;Fk; jiytdpd; Mu;t cs;sk;.

• jdJ Nghu;j; njhopy; Kbe;J jpUk;Gk; jiytd;> fhu;fhyk; te;Jtpl;l epiyapy;
jiytpaplk; tpiue;J nry;y Ntfkhfj; Njupidr; nrYj;Jk;gb ghfdplk; $Wtjhf
,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
,g;g hlypYs;s rpwg;G f;f s;:
1) fhu;fhyk; Muk;g khFk; NghJ ,aw;ifapy; Vw;g Lk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;g hd

tu;zidfs;.
(rq;ffhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfspy; xd;W ,aw;if tu;zidfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;)
- Njiufs; rj;jkpLjy;.
- gplT kuj;jpd; kyu;fs; cjpu;jy;.
- fhu;j;jpifg; G+f;fs; nkhl;L tpupjy;.
- Mz; khd;fs; ePiuf; Fbj;Jtpl;L> ngz; khNdhL kfpo;r;rpAld; jq;Fjy;.
,tw;why; Ky;iy epyNk moF ngwy;.
2) Fjpiu gw;wpa El;gkhd tu;zidfs;.

• XLgup nkypahf; nfha;Rty; Gutp (XLk; Ntfk; Fiwahj nfha;ag;gl;l
gplup kapupid cila Fjpiu)
3) ctik mzpfs;.
• “ Njiu rpWgy;ypaj;jpd; neL newpf; fwq;f“ . Njiuapd; xypfF
; thj;jpaq;fspd;
xyp ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• “ ntk;rpd mutpd; ig mze;J md;d jz;fko; Nfhly; jhJ gpzp mtpo“
nkhl;ltpo;e;J kyu;e;j fhe;js; kyUf;Fg; ghk;gpd; glk; ctikahff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mUk; g jq; f s; :
gLkio ngUkio
gak; - gad;
GwT - Ky;iy epyk;
mty - gs;sj;ij cila (mty; - gs;sk;)
gFtha; - gpse;jtha;
gy;ypak; - gy;tifahd ,irf;fUtpfs;
neLnewp - ePz;ltop
fwq;f - xypf;f
Gjy; - Gju;
gplT - xU tifkuk;
fhy; - g+tpd; fhk;G
kUq;F - gf;fk;
9
mapu; - Ez;kzy;
muT - ghk;G
ig - glk;
mze;J - Nky; epkpu;e;J
jz;fko; - jz;nzd;w thrid tPRk;
jhJ - ,jo;
gpzp mtpo - fl;L mtpo
jpup kUg;G - KWf;fpa nfhk;G
,uiy - Mz;khd;
njs;mwy; - njspe;j ePu;
fhku; - tpUk;gpa
ftpd; - moF
jz;g jk; - Fspu;e;j gUtk;
Gutp - Fjpiu
jhs; - fhy;
jhu; - khiy
jaq;FG - rpwg;G kpFe;j
,ak;g - xypf;f
Cu;kjp - (tpiuthf) nrYj;Jthahf
rPu;kpFG - rpwg;G kpFe;j
ek;tapd; - vk;kplk;
mk;kh mupit - mofpa khik epwj;ijAila ngz; (jiytp)
Jd;Dfk; - milNthk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ghly; vOjpa bikd;jhs;

• mfehD}W %yE}y;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• nra;Aisr; re;jp;gpupj;Jg; nghUSzu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;Aspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• nra;As; czu;j;j Kw;gLk; tplaj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• fhu;fhyj;jpd; tUif rpj;jpupf;fg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.
• mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• jiytpapd; moF tu;zpf;fg;gLkhw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• ,g;ghlypD}lhfg; Gyg;gLk; rq;f ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
10
nkhop eilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : Fwpj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;dzpia mwpe;J

$Wthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jpUf;Fws; (4 mjpfhuq;fs;)
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• fhyk; mwpjy;> ,ld; mwpjy;> njupe;Jnjspjy;> njupe;J tpidahly; Mfpa

mjpfhuq;fspd; itg;G Kiw njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijAk; me;je;j mjpfhuk; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijAk; $Wthu;.
• ,t;tjpfhuq;fspYs;s Fwl;ghf;fisg; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;gbahfg; gjk;gpupjJ
; f; nfhz;L
$l;b thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.
• Fwl;ghf;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.
• mjpfhuq; f spy; fUj; J f; f s; tFj; J k; njhFj; J k; $wg; g l; b Uf; F khw; i wj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• Fws;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;;.

• nra;As; thrpf;Fk; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpf;f khztu;fis topfhl;Ljy;;.
(gjg;gpupg;G> nfhz;L $l;ly;)
• fbd gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpar;nra;jy;.
• Fwl;ghf;fSf;fhd nghUis vOjr; nra;jy;.
• Fwspy; gapd;W te;j mzpfs;> nkhopeil vd;gd gw;wp khztu;fs; tpsf;f
topfhl;ly;.
• fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;Jk; gFj;Jk; $w topg;gLj;;jy;.
• jpUf;Fwspy; “mjpfhu itg;G” vd;gJ xU gpujhdkhd tplak;.

 typawpe;j gpd; giftiu mlf;Ftjw;Ff; fhykwpjy; mtrpak;. typAk;
fhyKk; mwpe;j gpd; giftiu nty;Ytjw;Fupa ,ldwpjy; (,lkwpjy;)
mtrpakhfpwJ. ,t;thW typ> fhyk;> ,lk; mwpe;j gpd; murd; jd;
11
nraw;ghLfis Neupjha; Mw;Wtjw;Fj; njupe;J njspjy; mtrpak;. njupe;J
njspej
; gpd;Ng njupeJ
; tpidahl KbAk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,t;tjpfhuq;fs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• fhyk; mwpjy; :- epiwe;j typAilatdhf ,Ue;jhYk; cupa fhyk;

mwpe;J nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. giftid mlf;Ftjw;F
cupa fhyj;ij mwptNj “fhykwpjy;”
• ,ld; mwpjy; :- giftuJ muzpd; Gwj;Nj jq;Fjw;Fupa ,lj;ij mwpjy;>
giftiuj; jhf;Ftjw;Fupa ,lj;ij mwpjy;> giftiur;
nrd;wilaf; $lhj ,lk;> mt;thW nrd;wiltjhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G vd;gd gw;wp mwpjy;.
• njupe;J njspjy; :- jf;ftu;fisj; njupe;J njspjy;> xUtuplj;J cs;s
Fzq;F w; wq;f is Muha;e ;J Fzk; kpf;f tuhapd;
njspjy;> xUtuJ Fzq;Fw;wq;fis Muha;tjw;Fupa
top> njspag;glhjtu;fs; ahtu;> mtu;fisj; njsptjhy;
Vw;glf;$ba jPq;F> njsptjw;fhd vy;iy vd;gd gw;wp
mwpjy;.
• njupe;J tpidahly;; :- nra;tpj;jw;F cupatdJ ,yf;fzk;> tpidapypUe;J
jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;batu; ahu;?> tpidapdJ ,ay;G>
nra;jw;Fupatid tpidahSk; jpwk; vd;g d gw;wp
mwpjy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• jpUf;Fws; - E}y; - gupNkyofu; ciu

• Fwl;ghf;fs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;
• jpUf;Fws; xypehlh
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• Fwpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspd; mjpfhu itg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• Fwl;ghf;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jf;> nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUswpe;J $Wthu;.
• Fwl;ghf;fSf;fhd nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• xt;nthU mjpfhuq;fSf;FKupa fUj;Jf;fisg; gFj;Jk;> njhFj;Jk; $Wthu;.
• Mrpupau; ifahz;l cj;jpfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• jpUf;Fws; vOe;j fhyg;gpd;dzp gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
12
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nr a ; A s ; ,y f ; f p a q ; f i s f ; f w ; W m i t$ W k ;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : ghlg;gFjpia (Text) mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fk;guhkhazk; - Ffg;glyk; (ghly;fs;: 44-72 tiu)
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• nra;As;fisr; re;jp gpupj;Jg; nghUSzu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;As;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• nra;As;fspd; nghUisj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; njspthf vOJthu;.
• nra;As;fspy; gapd;Ws;s mzpfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; ftpr;rpwg;G> cj;jp vd;gtw;iw eae;J vOJthu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fsJ Fzg;gz;Gfis tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• fk;guhkhazf; fijiaf; $wr; nra;jy;.

• khztu;fs; nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;b thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUisr; RUf;fkhff; $wr; nra;jy;.
• mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;fkspf;f topfhl;ly;.
• nra;As;fSf;fpilapyhd fijj; njhlu;Ggw;wp vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• nra;Aspy; $wg;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fspdJ Fzg;gz;Gfis vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• ftpQuJ ftpj;Jtk; gw;wp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fSld; tpsf;f topfhl;ly;.
fijj; njhlu;G :
nra;As;fs; 44 - 47 gujd; fq;ifiaf; flf;fntd Ffdplk; ehtha; Nfl;ly;>
ehtha;fsJ tuTk; mtw;wpd; Njhw;wKk;.
nra;As;fs; 48 - 56 gujd; jd; NridNahL fq;ifiaf; flj;jy;;.
nra;As;fs; 57 - 60 kuf;fyq;fs; Mw;wpy; tUk; fhl;rp.
nra;As;fs; 61 - 70 gujd; ehthapy; VWjYk;> FfidAk; jd;Dld; te;jtu;fisAk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; mwpKfQ; nra;jYk;.
nra;As;fs; 71 - 72 fiuNru;e;jtu;fisg; guj;Jthr Kdptu; tuNtw;wy;.
13
fq;ifapy; nrd;wij tu;zpf;F k; tpjk;:
~fsp cil kQ;iQ md;d

fdk; Fiof; fay; fz; khju;
xspu; mbf; fkyk; jPz;l
capu; gilj;jdNt xj;j...|
kfspu; fq;ifiaf; flf;f ehthapy; Vwpdu;. me;j ehtha;fs; gy JLg;Gfs; nfhz;lit

kfspu; jkJ fhy;fis itj;J VwpaJk; JLg;Gfshy; js;sg;gl;l ehtha;fs; capu;
gilj;Jf; fhyhy; nry;tij xj;jpUe;jd vdf; ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• fk;guhkhazk; %yE}y;.
• Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy fk;guhkhazg; ghly; tupfs; vOjg;gl;;l bikd;jhs;.
• fk;guhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; - ,Wtl;L.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• fk;guhkhahzk; vOe;j fhyg;gpd;dzp gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• nra;Aspd; nghUisj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• fijr;rk;gtq;fisg; gFj;Jf; $Wthu;.
• mzpfs;> ftpr;rpwg;G vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; gilg;ghf;fj;jpwid tpgupg;ghu;.
• ghj;jpug; gz;Gfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
14
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;f paq; fisf; fw; g jd; Clhfj; juk; tha; e; j
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;J> fpufpj;J mtw;wpy; ,lk;

ngWk; nkhopf; $Wfisg; gFj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;

1) cja #upad;
2) khdpl rf;jp
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• ftpijiar; re;jp gpupj;Jg; nghUs; tpsq;fp thrpg;ghu;.

• cja #upadpd; tUif Vw;gLj;Jk; khw;wj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• ghly;fisg; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rd uPjpahf Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ftpQuJ ftpj;Jtk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;;.
• khdpl rf;jpapd; kfj;Jtk;; gw;wp> ftpQu; $wpa fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Fthu;;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• ghujpjhrd; gw;wpAk;> mtuJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; njhFj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.

• ftpijiar; re;jpgpupj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;;jy;.
• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fk;> mUe;njhlu;fSf;Fk; tpsf;fk; $wr; nra;jy;.
• ghly;fspd; Clhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis eae;J $wtopg;gLj;jy;;.
• ftpQuJ ftpj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb mjid vOjr; nra;jy;.
• ghlyhrpupau; gw; w pa mwpKfk;:
 ghujpjhrd; (1891 - 1964) tiu

- fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; - ,aw;ngau;
- ghujpjhrd;> ghNte;ju;> Gul;rpf; ftpQu; vd;nwy;yhk; ,yf;fpa cyfpy;
mwpag;g l;ltu;.
 ,tu; xU rpwe;j ftpQuhf> jkpohrpupauhf> vOj;jhsuhf> jpiuf;fij
Mrpupauhf> murpay; thjpahf jkJ tho;tpy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; jlk;
gjpj;jtu;.
15
 ghujpahu; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jkJ ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd
khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
 ,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fs; gy. mtw;wpy; ghz;bad; gupR> mofpd; rpupg;G>
,Uz;l tPL> Fapy; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
• Mrpupau; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;:
 cja #upad;:
• #upNahjaj;jhy; cyfk; fz;l Gj;Jzu;r;rpAk; mjdhy; Vw;g l;l
NgUtifAk; cw;rhfKk;.
• ntspg; g hl; L Kiw:
 cja #upad;
• cja #upadpd; tUif> mjdhy; cyfj;jpy; cz;lhd khw;wq;fs;>
mk; k hw; w q; f s hy; ftpQ upd; cs; sj; j py; Vw; g l; l ctif
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• #upNahjaj; j pd; Nghjhd epfo; T fis> #upNahjaj;j pd; gaid
vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
• rpwpa nrhw;fis milnkhopfshfg; gad;gLj;jp> El;gkhf tu;zpj;jy;.
• cUtf mzpiag; gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy; - ,Ul; fjT.
 khdpl rf;jp
• xUtiu Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ciuahLtJ Nghyf; $Wjy;.
• khDl rf;jpapd; kfj;Jtj;ij mOj;jpf; $Wjy;.
• rpWrpW tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L> rpe;jidiaj; J}z;ly;.
• mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy;.
cUtf mzp - khdplk; vd;nwhU ths;
,iaG mzp - ghly; mbfspd; ,Wjpr;rPu;fs; xj;j XirAld;
,iae;J tUtJ.
cjhuzk; : nfhz;L - cz;L
thSk; - NjhSk;
mUk; g jq; f s; :
jfj;j fhak; - xsptPRk; Mfhak;

mau;T - Nrhu;T
gputhfk; - ngUf;F
gupjp - #upad;
kpiyjy; - #Ljy;
16
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ftpijfspd; gpujp.
• ftpijfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l ,Wtl;L.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ftpijfs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• ftpijj; jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf; $Wthu;.
• ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; czu;tpid vOJthu;.
• ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ftpQu; ifahz;l mzpfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• ftpij njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
17
tplaq;fisAk; jk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd; itg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 3.1 : capu; j ; J bg; G s; s fl; L Uthf; f r; nraw; w pwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,yf;fpa tpkuprdk; (fl;Liu)

- Nguhrpupau; m. rPdpthruhftd;
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ‘,yf;fpa tpkuprdk;’ vd;why; vd;dntd;W tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ,yf;fpa tpkuprd tiffisAk;> mit njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisAk; RUf;fkhff;
$Wthu;.
• ,yf;fpa tpkuprdj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,yf;fpa tpkuprdk; njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• fl; L iuahrpupau; jdJ fUj;J f; f is typAWj; j f; ifahSk; cj;j pfis
vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
• fl;Liuahrpupaupd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• nfhq;FNju; tho;f;if mQ;rpiwj;Jk;gp.... vd;W njhlq;Fk; nra;As; njhlu;ghd

fijiaf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• ,f;fij njhlu;ghff; fl;Liuahrpupau; nfhz;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Jf;
fye;Jiuahb Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;.
• tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fs; tpku;rpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
• fl;L iu Mrpupau;
Nguhrpupau; m. rPdpthruhftd; (1905 - 1975). gj;jpupifahsu;> nkhopngau;g;ghsu;>

fl;Liuahrpupau;> ftpQu;.
18
• nrhy;y tpiotJ :
 ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F ,yf;fpa tpku;rdk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ngUikia mwptjw;Fk; eag;gjw;Fk; tpku;rdk; topfhl;bahf
mikjy;.
mUk; g jq; f s;
nfhq;F - G+e;Jfs;> Njd;

gapypa - gapd;w
mQ;rpiw - mofpa rpwF
r`;Ujak; - jd;ndhj;j czu;Tilatd;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
• ‘nfhq;FNju; tho;f;if....’ vd;Dk; nra;As; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ‘,yf;fpa tpkuprdk;’; vd;why; vd;dntd;W $Wthu;.

• ,yf;fpa tpkuprd tiffs; xt;nthd;iwAk; gl;baw;gLj;jpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,yf;fpa tpku;rdk; njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa
mgpg;gpuhaj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• fl;Liu Mrpupau; ifahSk; cj;jp;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• fl;Liu Mrpupaupd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jiu toq;Fthu;.
19
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : ghlg;gFjpia mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg; nghwp

KiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;Jf;
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : rpWfij - ~vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W|
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ~vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W| vd;w rpWfijia thrpj;Jg; ngw;w czu;Tfisg;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
• rpWfijapd; fU> fsk;> #oy; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• fij $wg;gLk; ghq;F> ghj;jpug;gilg;G vd;gtw;wpid tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
• fjhrpupau; ifahz;Ls;s nkhopeil> mjd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• fjhrpupau; ~m.].mg;Jy; ]kJ| njhlu;ghd Njly;fis Nkw;nfhs;s topg;gLj;jy;;.

• rpWfijapid khztu;fs; thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
• fijf;fU> fsk;> fijtsu;r;rp gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;jy;;.
• rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tpku;rpf;f topfhl;Ljy;;.
• ifahsg;gl;Ls;s nkhopeil gw;wp tpku;rduPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr;
nra;jy;.
Mrpupau; : -
• md;G ,iwjhrd; vd;w Gid ngaUila m.]. mg;Jy; ]kJ fpof;fpyq;ifapd;

mf;fiug;gw;wpy; 1929 ,y; gpwe;jhu;.
• mg;Jy; ]kJ %d;W ehty;fisAk; Ie;J fl;Liuj; njhFjpfisAk; ntspapl;lhu;.
• khztg;gUtj;jpypUe;Nj vOjj;n
; jhlq;fpatupd; Kjw; rpWfij ~E}u;[`hd;| 1950,y;
jpdfud; ,jopy; ntspahfpaJ.
• fpof;fpyq;ifapd; %j;j gilg;ghspfspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;.
~vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W| vd;w rpWfijj; njhFjpf;F 1977,y; rhfpj;jpa kz;lyg;
gupR fpilj;jJ.
20
fij mwpKfk;:
• ~]y;kh| vd;w gjpd;%d;W taJr; rpWkp Nghbahu; xUtu; tPl;by; Ntiyf;fhupahf

5 tUlq;fs; Ntiy nra;fpwhs;.
• mNj taJila Nghbahupd; kfs; ]PdhitAk; jd;idAk; gy tplaq;fspy;
xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fpwhs;.
• Nghbahupd; kfd; ~jh`h| fhl;Lk; ,uf;fj;jpy; rpwpJ kfpo;r;rpailfpwhs;.
• ~]y;kh| jd; ajhu;j;j epiyapid tpsq;fp epjhdj;Jld; mt;tl
P ;bypUe;J ntspNawp
jd; tpUg;gg;gb cilazpe;J moFj;Njhw;wj;Jld; nerthiyf;F Ntiyf;Fr;
nry;fpwhs;.
jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs;
• nraw;g hl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
• rpWfij Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpg;gL
• rpWfijapd; fijf;fU>mikg;G vd;gd gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• fijapd; ghj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.
• rpWfijapD}lhfg; Gyg;gLk; tpOkpag; gz;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• rpWfijahrpupau; ifahz;l cj;jpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
21
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jk pop yf; fpa tu yhw ; W g; Ng hf; Ffi s m wpe ; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : fhyg; gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg; gFjpapy;

vOe; j ,yf; f paq; f isAk; mtw; w pd; Kjd; i kg;
gz; G fisAk; RUf; f khf mwpe; J fUj; J f; f is
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW - INuhg;gpau;fhy nra;As; ,yf;fpa

tsu;r;rp
ghlNtisfs; : 12
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• INuhg;gpau; fhyg; gpd;dzp gw;wp mwpe;;J $Wthu;.

• INuhg;gpau; fhyr; nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
• INuhg;gpau; fhyr; nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• tp[a efu - ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
NtWgLkhw;iwj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa MSikfspd; gq;fspg;G> gzpfs; gw;wpf;
fUj;Jiug;g hu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• INuhg;gpau; fhy murpay;> r%f> rka nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp njhlu;g hff;

fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;jy;.
• INuhg;gpau; fhyr; nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis mwpe;J tifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;jy;.
• INuhg;gpau; fhyr; nra;As;fspd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghf vOjr; nra;jy;.
• INuhg;g pau; fhyr; nra;As;fspd; gz;Gfis Kd;ida fhyr; nra;As;fspd;
gz;GfNshL xg;gpl;L vOjr; nra;jy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key Words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpd; gpd;duhd 18Mk;> 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfisf; nfhz;l fhyg;gFjp

INuhg;gpau; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
INuhg;g pau; fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;f hd fhuzq;f s;:
• INuhg;gpau; tUifahy; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f mikg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Gjpa Nghf;fpw;F toprikj;jik.
22
• Mq;fpyf; fy;tp topahff; fpilj;j Nkiyj;Nja etPd ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W>
mt;tpyf;fpa tbtpy; jhKk; vOj Kad;wik.
• fpwp];jtkjg; gpurhuj;jpw;fhfj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;j INuhg;gpa ghjpupkhu; jkpo;
fw;W> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;jik.
• mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUifAk; gj;jpupifapd; Njhw;wKk;.
• ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; fpwp];jtUf;FkpilNa kjk; gug;Gtjpy; epytpa Nghl;br; #oy;>
rkathjq;fs; vd;gd ,Ukjq;fspd; rhu;ghfTk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;w
toptFj;jd.
nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;f s;:
,e;J rkak; rhu;e;jit:
• jhAkhdtu; ghly;fs; - jhAkhdtu;

• ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuf; fPu;j;jid - NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;
• mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo; - rptQhd Kdptu;
• fhQ;rpg;Guhzk; - rptQhd Kdptu;
• jpUthidf;fhg; Guhzk; - fr;rpag;g Kdptu;
• jpUj;jzpifg; Guhzk; - fr;rpag;g Kdptu;
• fr;rpahde;j Uj;Nuru; tz;L tpL J}J - fr;rpag;g Kdptu;
• Nrf;fpohu; gps;isj;jkpo; - kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is
• FNrNyh ghf;fpahdk; (fhtpak;) - kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is
• jpUtUl;g h - ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; (ts;syhu;)
• mwg;gsPRtuu; rjfk; - mk;gythzf;ftpuhau;
• kiwir me;jhjp - ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu;
• gwhis tpehafu; gs;S - ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu;
• ty;ypGuehjd; gjpfk; - rptrk;Gg; Gytu;
fpwp];jt rkak; rhu;e;jit:
• Njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdptu;
• fpj;;Njupak;khs; mk;khid - tPukhKdptu;
• jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk; - tPukhKdptu;
• milf;fy ehafp ntz;gh - tPukhKdptu;
• md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp - tPukhKdptu;
• ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - fpU\;zgps;is
• ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk; - fpU\;zgps;is
• Qhdf;Fk;kp - Ntjehaf rh];jpupau;
• ngj;jNyfk; FwtQ;rp -
• Qhd Vw;wg;ghl;L -
• jpUthf;Fg; Guhzk; - Nt. fdfrigg; Gytu;
23
,];y hkpa kjk; rhu;e;jit:
• rPwhg;Guhzk; (fhtpak;) - ckWg; Gytu;

• KJnkhop khiy (gpuge;jk;) - ckWg; Gytu;
• KifjPd; Guhzk; - tz;zf;fsQ;rpag; Gytu;
• kpJW rheh - kjhW rhfpGg; Gytu;
• ,Gdp Mz;lhu; gilg;Nghu; - mypahu; Gytu;
• k];jhd; ghly;fs; - Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG Gytu;
• ehifae;jhjp
• jpUkzp khiy
• ,uh[ ehafk;
nra;A s; tbtpy ; vOe;j ehlfE}y;fs;:
• kNdhd;kzPa k; - Nguhrpupau; Re;juk;gps;is

• ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuf; fPu;j;jid - NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;
• khd tp[ak; - R+upaehuhaz rh];jpupahu;
• rFe;jy tpyhrk;
• jhUfh tpyhrk;
• ,uzpa thrfg;gh
• ePyfz;l ehadhu; fPu;j;jid
,f;fhyj;jpy ; vOe;j mw E}y;fs;:
• ePjp E}y; - Ntjehafk;gps;is

• ngz;Gj;jp khiy - Ntjehafk;gps;is
• ngz;Gj;jp khiy - Kfk;kJ cird; Gytu;
jutpUj;j
; p cs;sL
P fs;
• jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW $Wk; E}y;fs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffisj; jPu;khdpj;j tplaq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

• INuhg;gpau; fhy nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wthu;.
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;j Kf;fpakhd gilg;ghspfs; gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ,yf;fpa kugpd; njhlu;r;rp gw;wp mwpe;J fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
24
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jk pop yf; fpa tu yhw ; W g; Ng hf; Ffi s m wpe ; J
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg; gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf; f paq;f isAk; mtw;w pd; gz; G fisAk;
RUf;fkhf mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW - INuhg;g pau;fhy ciueil

,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• INuhg;gpau;fhyj;jpy; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fis

mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• INuhg;gpau;fhy ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ciueilapd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ciueil tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspj;j Kf;fpa MSikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
ghlj;ijj;jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• ciueil ,yf; f paq; f s; mjpfstpy; vOe; j ikf; f hd fhuzq; f s; g w; w pf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; fz;lwptjw;F topfhl;ly;.
• gy;NtWgl;l ciueilfspd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
rka fz;ldk; rhu;e;jit
• Ntj tpsf;fk;
• NtjpanuhOf;fk;
• Y}j;ju; ,dj;jpay;G
• Qhdf; fz;zhb
• Rg;gpuNghjk;
• tr;rpujz;lk;
25
fij E}y;fs;
• thkdd; fij
• fjh kQ;rup
• tpNdhjur kQ;rup
• gukhu;j;jFU fij
ehty;fs;
• gpujhgKjypahu; rupj;jpuk;
• RFzRe;jup
• fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk;
• gj;khtjp rupj;jpuk;
• jPdjahS
• kjpthzd;
ciuE}y;fs;
• jpuhtpl khghbak;
• ngupaGuhz ciu
• Nfhapw; Guhz ciu
trd E}y;fs;
• ngupaGuhz trdk;
• fe;jGuhz trdk;
• jpUtpisahlw; Guhz trdk;
nkhopngau; g;G
• gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfs;
• [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;
• &ghtjp
• fyhtjp
mfuhjp
• rJufuhjp
26
,yf;fz E}y;
• njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
• ahg;gpyf;fzk;
• mzpapyf;fzk;
• ehlf ,ay;
• njhy;fhg;gpa #j;jpu tpUj;jp
• ,yf;fz tpsf;fr; #whtsp
; p ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
INuhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; ciueil> tsu;rr
• murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhuj;Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.

• Nkiyj;Njag; ghjpupkhu; rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk; tpsq;fj;jf;fjhf jk; kjf;fUj;Jf;fis
gug;g ciueiliaf; ifahz;lik.
• rkaq;fSf;fpilNaahd Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf vOe;j fz;ld E}y;fs; %yk; trdeil
tpUj;jpaile;jik.
• mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUifAk; gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rpAk;.
• etPd fy;tpKiw fhuzkhfg; ghlE}y;fs; vOjg;gl;lik.
• Mq;fpy topf; fy;tpapd; %yk; mwpKfkhd Nkiyj;Nja trd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nghy
jkpopy; vOj Kw;gl;lik.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• jkpo; ,yf;;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> gy;NtWgl;l ciueilfspd; khjpupfs;
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; L
• INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wthu;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;j Kf;fpakhd jkpo;g; gilg;ghspfs; gw;wp
vLj;Jiug;g hu;.
• xU Fwpg;gpll
; fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;eJ
; tUk; fhyq;fspYk; jhf;fj;ijr;
nrYj;Jk; vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; fz;ldg; gpuRuq;fs; Kjyhdit ciueil tsu;r;rpf;F
Mw;wpa gq;Fgw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
27
Njur;rp 5.0 : jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 5.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg; gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfisAk;
RUf;fkhf mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpopyf; fpa tuyhW - INuhg;g pau;f hy ,yf;fpag;

gz;Gfs;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• INuhg;gpa fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis epu;zapj;j fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• INuhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfspy; Kw;fhyj;jpd; njhlu;rr
; pahf cs;s gz;Gfis
NtWgLj;jp vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis epu;zapj;j fhuzpfs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff;

$wr; nra;jy;.
• INuhg;gpau;fhy nra;As; kw;Wk; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;j topfhl;ly;.
• Kd;ida fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;GfNshL ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis
xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f topfhl;ly;.
• ciueil ngUtof;fhjy;.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; GJtif ,yf;fpatbtq;fspd; mwpKfk; (ehty;> rpWfij).
• Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fpag; nghUshjy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpa kugpd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fj; jkpopyf;fpak; cl;gly;.
• ntF[dj;ij Nehf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
• rkar; rhu;gw;w ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
• goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;gly;.
• jpwdha;T : etPd Kiwapyhd ,yf;fpa Ma;Tfspd; Njhw;wk;.
28
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• jkpo; ,yf;;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhrid
• INuhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wthu;.

• INuhg;g pau;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• INuhg;gpau;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis Kd;idafhy ,yf;fpag; gz;GfNshL
xg;gpl;Lf; $Wthu;.
29
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f pa tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : Gytu;fs;> gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;

gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf; $Wtu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW - INuhg;g pau; fhy ,yf;fpa

fu;j;jhf;fs;.
ghlNtis : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• Fwpj;j gilg;ghspfspd; tho;f;ifg; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• mtu;fspd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
• gilg;Gf;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.
• ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ghspfspd; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
• INuhg;gpau; fhyk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl topfhl;ly;.

• gilg;ghspfisAk; gilg;Gf;fisAk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb vOjr; nra;jy;.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ,tu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gg;; gw;wp vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( Key Words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
tP u khKdptu; (1680-1741)
,j;jhypapw; gpwe;jtu;. ,aw;ngau; nfhd;];ld;];iud; N[hrg; ng];fp. ,NaR rigiar;

Nru;e;j ghjpupahuhd ,tu; 1710 ,y; kjj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;Fld; jkpofk; te;J jkpiof;
fw;Wj; jkpo;g; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
gzpfs; :
• ciueilE}y;fs;
 Ntjtpsf;fk;> NtjpanuhOf;fk;> Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> Y}j;ju; ,dj;jpay;G>
Qhdf;fz;zhb
 mq;fj ,yf;fpak;> gukhu;j;jFUfij
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
 fhtpak; - Njk;ghtzp
 rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; - fpj;Njupak;khs; mk;khid jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;
milf;fyehafp ntz;gh> md;idaOq;fy; me;jhjp
30
 mfuhjp - rJufuhjp> jkpo; yj;jPd; mfuhjp> jkpo; - Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa mfuhjp
 ,yf;fzE}y;fs; - njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk;> nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo;
,yf;fzk;.
 nkhop ngau;g;G - jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy; vd;gtw;wpd; ,yj;jd
P ;
nkhop ngau;g;G.
 vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jg; gzp
ckWg;G ytu; (1642-)
• ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;g; Gytu;fSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWgtu;.

• J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; ehfyhGuj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;.
• vl;laGu kd;dd; ntq;fNl];tu vl;lg;G+gjpapd; mitf;fsg;Gytu;.
• fbif Kj;Jg; Gytuplk; jkpo; gapd;wtu;.
gzpfs; :
• rPwhg;Guhzk; - KjyhtJ ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;. ,iwJ}ju; KfkJ egpfspd;
tho; f ; i f tuyhw; i wf; $WtJ. tpyhjj; J f;f hz;l k; > EGtj;J f; fhz; lk; >
`p[puj;Jf;fhz;lk; Mfpa %d;W fhz;lq;fs; 92 ghly;fs; 5027 tpUj;jg; ghf;fs;
cilaJ.
• KJnkhopkhiy - gf;jpr; Rit jJk;Gk; 80 nra;Al;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
gpw Kf;fpa MSikfs;
• jj;JtNghjf Rthkpfs;
• ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• jkpo; ,yf;;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpgg
; PLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• INuhg;gpau; fhy gpujhd ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J vOJthu;.

• mtu;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l gzpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; INuhg;gpau; ngWk; ,lj;jpid kjpg;gpLthu;.
• gpd;tUNthu; jkpOf;fhw;wpa gzpapid kjpg;gpLthu;.
- tPukhKdptu;
- ckWg;Gytu;
31
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : fhyg; gFg;igAk;> mf; fhyg; gpdd

; zpiaAk;> mf;fhyg;
gFjpapy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW - Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• Mq;fpNyau; fhy murpay;> nghUshjhu> rka> r%f epiy gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;F> gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• Mq;fpNyau; fhyg; gpd;dzpgw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp> tpsf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• ,f;fhyj;ija ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;F> mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
mwpKfk;
xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; gpd;duhd 150 Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l fhyg;gFjp> jkpopyf;fpa

tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpNyau; fhyk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L Muk;gkhtjw;Fr; rw;W
Kd;djhfj; njhlq;fpa Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;g Fjptiu
eilngw;wJ.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapNy fy;tpfw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;. ,tu;fshy;>

,yq;ifapd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L epiyfspy; khj;jpukd;wpf; fiy> ,yf;fpa
Kaw;rpfspYk; ngUksT khw;wq;fs; cUthfpd.
32
Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;f s;
,yf;f paq;f s;.
Mq;fpNyau;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis ,uz;L tifahf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
 eFykiyf; FwtQ;rp (1895) - tpRtehj rh];jpupahu;
 ,sirg; Guhzk; (1897)
 nkh`pjPd; Guhzk; (1889)
 Qhdhde;j Guhzk; (1874)
 etPdk;> kuG rhu;e;j Kaw;rpfs;
(c- k;) :  fdfp Guhzk; - Rg;igadhu;
 Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; - Nt. ,uhkypq;fk;
 jhy Guhzk; - rP. fhrpehjg;Gytu;
 jj;ijtpLJ}J - jp. j. utzKj;Jg;gps;is
 #J Guhzk; - rp. mg;Gf;Fl;b Iau;
,it kl;Lkd;wp> Vuhskhd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpd. gj;njhd;gjhk;

E}w;whz;by; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j jpUj;jyq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpd; kPJk; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
,aw;wg;gl;ld. CQ;ry;> gjpfk;> gps;isj; jkpo; vd;gd xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpfkhdit.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
 fz;ld E}y;fs;
 trd E}y;fs;
 fiyf;fsQ;rpak
 ghl E}y;fs;
 ehty;
 mrd;Ng rupj;jpuk; (1885) - mwpQu;. rpj;jpnyg;ig
 Nkhfdhq;fp (1892) - j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is
 ehlfk;
 tpyhrk;
 rghehlfq;fs;
 ehlf Nkhb
 nkhopngau;g;G (jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;)
 mupr;re;jpud; ehlfk;
 FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L
 gj;jpupiffs;
 fpwp];jt kjk; rhu;e;jit - cjajhuif> rj;jpa NtjghJfhtyd;
 ,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;jit - ,e;J rhjdk;> irt cjaghD
33
 ,];yhk; kjk; rhu;e;jit - K];ypk; Nerd;
 mwptpay; rhu;e;jit - itj;jpa tprhkpdp> tpQ;Qhd tu;j;jdp
 rpWtu;f;fhdit - ghypau; Nerd;
 mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;
 khdpg;gha; mfuhjp
 jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; - tpdp];Nyh mfuhjp
 gjpg;G Kaw;rpfs;
 #lhkzp %yKk; ciuAk; - MWKfehtyu;
 njhy;fhg;gpak;> fypj;njhif> jzpifg; Guhzk;> #shkzp> ,yf;fz
tpsf;fk; Nghd;wd. - rp. it. jhNkhjuk; gps;is
 #lhkzp epfz;L> ek;gp mfg;nghUs;> fy;tis me;jhjp - ty;iy
itj;jpaypq;fk; gps;is
 Ma;T E}y;
 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
 jkpo; GSuhf; (1859) - irkd; fhrpr;nrl;b
 ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfk; (1886) - Mu;zy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is
 ,yf;fzq;fs;
 epj;jpa fUk tpjp
 mwptpay; rhu; ghlE}y;fs;
 ,uz itj;jpak;
 kD\ mq;fhjp ghjk;
 itj;jpahfuk;
 ,e;J gjhu;j;j rhuk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;

• ,yf;fpa E}y;fis tifg;gLj;jp vOjpa bikd;jhs;
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyg;gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wtu;.

• <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fisg;
nghUs; mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;Jtu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpag;Nghf;fpid epu;zapj;j fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpd; ciueil tsu;r;rp gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gu;.
34
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 6.1 : fhyg; gFg;igAk;> mf; fhyg; gpdd

; zpiaAk;> mf;fhyg;
gFjpapy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhW Mq;fpNyau; ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• Mq;fpNyau; fhy murpay;> nghUshjhu> rka> r%f epiy gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;F> gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa MSikfs;> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa
gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• Mq;fpNyaf; fhyg; gpd;dzp gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• ,f;f hyj;ja ,yf;fpa tsu;r;r pg; Nghf;F> mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq; fs; gw; wpf;
fye;Jiuahly;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiuf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• Kd;ida fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;GfspypUe;J ,f;fhyj;ija ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
NtWgLkhw;iwf; $w topg;gLj;jy;.
• ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa MSikfs; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;fhw;wpa
gzp gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
mwpKfk;
xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; gpd;duhd 150 Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l fhyg;gFjp> jkpopyf;fpa

tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpNyau; fhyk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
35
,yf;fpag; gz;G fs;:
• rkar;rhu;G E}y;fs;
rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fs; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; $wg;gad;gl;ld. jy Guhzq;fSk;
vOe;jd.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; GJtbtq;fs;
r%fr; rPu;NfLfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fshf mikjy;. ngz; tpLjiyf;
fUj;Jf;fs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sik.
(v-L) jj;ijtpLJ}J> fdfpGuhzk;> Nfhl;Lg;Guhzk;
• gy;tif ciueilg;ghq;Ffs;
(v-L) gj;jpupif eil> ghlg;Gj;jf eil> fl;Liu eil> fz;ld eil> Mf;f
,yf;fpaeil
• etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
(v-L) ehty;> rpWfij
• mwptpay;Jiw tsu;r;rp
• ciu ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
• ,yf;fpa tuyhW@
vOj;J Kaw;r pfspd; Muk;g k;:
• ehlf E}y;fspd; Njhw;wk;

• nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs; mjpfstpy; epfo;e;jd.
• mfuhjpfspd; Njhw;wk;.
• xg;gpay; Jiw tsu;r;rp
• Mq;fpynkhopr; nry;thf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopapy; ,lk;ngwy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;

• ,yf;fpag;gz;Gfs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fisr;

rka mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyg;gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis epu;zapj;j fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpag;gz;Gfis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
36
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 6.2 : Gytu;fs;> gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;>

gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;Jj;jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW - Mq;fpNyau; fhyk;

,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; (19Mk; E}w;whz;L)
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; <oj;J ,yf;fpa tsu;rr

; pf;Fg; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;j MSikfis
,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; ,yf;fpa tsu;rr
; pf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;fp
vOJthu;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfis vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• Mq;fpNyau; fhy r%f> rka> murpay;> nghUshjhu gpd;dzpfisf; $w

topfhl;Ljy;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpag; gzpahw;wpa Fwpj;j Mrpupau;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzpfis
vOjpf;fhl;l topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpj;j ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; ngWk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• khztu;fs; FOepiyapy; fye;Jiuahb> Fwpj;j Mrpupau;fspd; ,yf;fpag; gzpfis
vOjpf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• irkd; fhrpr;n rl;b
• MWKfehtyu; ( 05.12.1879 - 18.12.1882)

(,aw;ngau; MWKfk;) ey;Y}upw; gpwe;jhu;. irtj;ijAk; jkpioAk; tsu;f;fg;
ngUk; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
 jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jpy; ehtyu; gl;lk; ngw;wtu;.
 mr;R ,ae;jpu rhiyfis epWtpg; gjpg;Gg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;.
 gjpg;Gg;gzp - tp;;j;jpahEghd ae;jpurhiyia epWTjy; - Rj;jg;gjpg;G
37
 #lhkzp epfz;L
 nrse;ju;ayfup ciu
 ghyghlk;>
 Mj;jp#b>
 nfhd;iwNte;jd; ciu
 jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ciu
 ngupa Guhzq;fs; Nghd;wit
 gpw;fhyk; gjpg;ghrpupaUf;F topfhl;b
 ciueil: rhjhuzkf; f Sk; > rpWtu;f Sk; tpsq;f pf; nfhs;s f; $ba
vspikahd eilapy; E}y;fis vOjpaik.
c - k;: irttpdhtpil> ghyghlk;.
 tP u khKdptUf; F - mLj; j fl; l ciueil tsu; r ; r pia ehtyu;
Kd;ndLf;fpd;whu;. trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsu; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLjy;.
 ,yf;fzj;ijj; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd E}y;fs; vOjpaik.
 ed;D}w;fhz;bif
 ,yf;fzr;RUf;fk;
 ,yf;fz tpdh tpil
 nra;As; tbtpy; ,Ue;j jkpo;E}y;fs; rhjhuzkf;fsplKk; nrd;wila
Ntz; L k; vd; g jw; f hf ciueilapy; vOjpaik. - ngupaGuhz
jpUtpisahly; trdq;fs;.
 Mq;fpy nkhopapw; fhzg;g l;l epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisj; jkpo;nkhopf;Fr;
nrk;ikahf mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.
 jkpo; khztu;fSf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;jik.
 jkpopw; gpurq;f kuig Muk;gpj;jik.
• rp. it. jhNkhjuk;g ps;i s

 gjpg;G newpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpajhf rpwe;j Kiwapy; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz>
,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Js;shu;.
 ehtyiu Kd;Ndhbahff; nfhz;L gjpg;Gj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;ltu;.
 jpdtu;j;jkhdp vd;w gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau;.
 c. Nt. rhkpehjIaUf;F topfhl;batuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
 fy; Y }up Mrpupauhf> gj; j pupif Mrpupauhf> E}w; g jpg; G Mrpupauhf>
gjpg;ghrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
 ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> njhy;fhg;gpar; nrhy;yjpfhuk;> tPuNrhopak;> jzpifg;
Guhzk;> ,iwadhu; mfg;nghUs; ciu> njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk;>
#shkzp> fypj;njhif> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; Mfpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
• Mu;d y;l ; rjhrptk;g ps;i s
• ghtyu; Jiuag;g h gps;i s
• FkhuRthkpg; Gytu;
Nghd;NwhiuAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
38
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs;> mwpQu;fsJ ghly;fs;.

• <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf vLj;Jiug;gu;.

• ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fspd; gy;Jiwrhu;e;j ,yf;fpag;gzpfs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;gu;.
• ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fspd; ,yf;fpag;gzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;gpLtu;.
• fPot
; Uk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa fu;jj
; hf;fs;> mwpQu;fs; jkpOf;fhw;wpa gzpapid kjpgg
; pLthu;.
1. rp. it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is
2. MWKf ehtyu;
39
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
N j u ; r ; r pk l; l k ; 7.2 : nrhw;fisg; nghUs; mwpeJ

; Nru;jJ
; k; gpupj;Jk; vOJthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : Gzupay;
ghlNtis : 12
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 Gzu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 nrhw;fs; GzUk; tpjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gzu;r;rpia tifg;gLj;jp>

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Gzu;r;rp tiffSf;F Vw;w cjhuzq;fs; je;J tpsf;Fthu;.
 Gzu;r;rpapd; rpy tpjpfs;> jw;fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;glhjthw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 cjhuzq;fis toq;fp> Gzu;r;rpapid tifg;gLj;j topfhl;Ljy;.
 Gzu;r;rpiaAk;> Gzu;r;rp tiffisAk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp cjhuzk; $w

topg;gLj;Jjy;.
 Gzu;r;rp tpjpfs; rpy> jw;fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;;glhjthw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

tpjj;jpy; cjhuzq;fisj; jUtjw;F topfhl;Ljy;.
• Gzu;r;rp
• epiynkhop> tUnkhop
• mfg;Gzu;r;rp - Gwg;Gzu;r;rp
• Ntw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rp - my;topg; Gzu;r;rp
• ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp - tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp (Njhd;wy;> jpupjy;> nfLjy;)
• capuPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp : (1) capu;Kd; capu; tUjy;
(2) capu;Kd; nka; Gzu;jy;
• nka;aPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp : (1) nka;Kd; nka; Gzu;jy;
(2) nka;Kd; capu; Gzu;jy;
• clk;gLnka;g; Gzu;r;rp
• Fw;wpaYfug; Gzu;r;rp
• yfu> sfu> <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rp
• dfu> zfu <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rp
40
• kfu> afu> ufu> ofu <w;Wg;Gzu;r;rp
• ty;ypdk; kpFjy;/ kpfhik
• rpwg;G tpjpg; Gzu;r;rpfs;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• Gzu;r;rp tiffis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba nrhy;yl;ilfs;

• ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
• Gzu;r;rp vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

• Gzu;r;rp tiffisf; $Wthu;.
• Gzu;r;rp tiffSf;F cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Fthu;:
• Gzu;r;rp tpjpfs; rpy jw;fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;glhjthw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
41
N j u ; r ; r pk l; l k ; 7.3 : nrhw; f spd; mikg; i gAk; tiffisAk; mwpe; J

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,ilr;nrhy;
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; ,ay;ig mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; tiffis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
 ,ilr; n rhw; f isg; gad; g Lj; J k; re; j u; g ; g q; f is tpsq; f pg; nghUj; j khfg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl ;lkpLjy; njhlu;g hd MNyhridfs;
 thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iw toq;fp mtw;Ws; ,ilr;nrhw;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz

topg;gLj;jy;.
 ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; gad;ghL> mtw;wpd; tifg;ghL njhlu;ghff;; fye;Jiuahb

tpsf;Fjy;.
 ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gad;gLk;; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Vw;gg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpf;f

tha;g;gspj;jy;.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs;> ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; vd;gd Nghy jdpj;J epd;W nghUs;

juhky; mtw;Wld; ,ize;J gy;NtW ,yf;fzg; nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fs; MFk;.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwthdit MapDk; tof;fpy; ngUkstpw;Fg;
gad;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy;NtW re;ju;g ;g q;fSf;Fk; NjitfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;g l;L
tUfpd;wd. mjdbg;gilapy; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(1) Ntw;Wik cUGfs; (I> F> mJ..........)
(2) nrhy;Y UGfs; (nfhz;L> Mf...........)
(3) gd;ik tpFjpfs; (fs;> Mu;..............)
(4) Mf;fg;ngau; tpFjpfs; (ik> rp> ,ak;...........)
(5) njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfs; (jy;> mJ> ik..........)
(6) jpiz> ghy; tpFjpfs; (Vd;> Xk;> Ma;...........)
(7) fhy ,ilepiyfs; (j;> l;> fpd;W...........)
42
(8) vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; (M> Mj;> khl;L.........)
(9) nganur;r> tpidnar;r tpFjpfs; (m> c> ,> ky;...........)
(10) Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpid tpFjpfs; (f> ,a...........)
(11) rhupiafs; (mj;J> mk;............)
(12) ctik cUGfs; (Nghy> ghu;f;fpYk;.........)
(13) ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fs; (ck;> my;yJ> MfNt.........)
(14) jj;jk; nghUs; czu;j;Jtd (ck;> jhd;> kl;Lk;.........)
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs; jj;jk; nghUs; czu;e;Jk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy;NtW nghUs;fisg;

Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g> gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
(1) ck; - vjpu;kiw - tptrhapfs; fbdkhf cioj;Jk; tpisr;riyg;

ngwKbatpy;iy.
- Iak; - Mrpupau; te;jhYk; tUthu;.
- vr;rk; - fhiyapYk; ,iwtid tzq;FNtd;.
- Kw;W - ahJk; CNu; ahtUk; Nfspu;.
- cau;T rpwg;G - ts;StUk; Nghw;wpa ,y;ywk;.
- ,opT rpwg;G - jpUldpYk; Nkhrkhdtd;.
- njupepiy - moFk; ,y;iy mwpTk; ,y;iy.
- Mf;fk; - tPL mYtyfKk; Mapw;W.
- cldbj;jd;ik - kzpabj;jJk; khztu;fs; ntspNawpdu;.
- khw;W top - ePq;fs; ele;Jk; tuyhk;> thfdj;jpYk; tuyhk;.
- cWjpg;ghL kWg;G - cyfNk vjpu;j;jhYk; cd;idf; iftpNld;.
(2) V (Vfhuk;) vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; gpupepiy> tpdh> vz;> <w;wir> Njw;wk;> ,ir
epiw vd;Dk; nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(3) X (Xfhuk;) vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; xopapir> tpdh> cau;Tr; rpwg;G> ,opTr; rpwg;G>
vjpu;kiw> njupepiy> gpupepiy> mirepiy Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(4) nfhy; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; Iak;> mirepiy vd;Dk; nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(5) jhd; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; mOj;jk; tpfw;gg;nghUspy; tUk;.

(mk;khjhd; ,d;W rikay; nra;jhs;) - mOj;jk;
(6) kl;Lk; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; tiuaiwg; nghUspy; tUk;.

(Kjyhk; jtizg;guPl;irf;F ehd;F ghlq;fspy; ,Ue;J kl;Lk; tpdhf;fs;
tUk;)
43
(7) MtJ vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; jplf;Fwpg;gpd;ik> Fiwe;jgl;rk;> ,J my;yJ mJ>
elthik> tupirg;nghUs; Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(8) $l vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; Fiwe;jgl;rk;> Kw;W> vr;rk; jOtpa vjpu;kiw Mfpa
nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
mDkjp> rhj;jpag;ghL> nghUj;jg;ghL Kjypatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
• ,ilr; nrhw;fs; thf;fpaj;jpy; ,izg;gpilr; nrhy;yhfTk; gad;gLk;. ck;> my;yJ>

Mdhy;> ,y;iynad;why;> X> MfNt> MapDk;> vdpDk; Kjypa ,izg;gpilr;
nrhw;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ,ilr;nrhy; gw;wpa nrhy;yl;ilfs;/ml;ltizfs;.

• ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs; Gyg;gLk; tifapyhd thf;fpaq;fs;> ge;jpfs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ,ilr;nrhw;fis mjd; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g NtWgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• ,ilr;nrhw;fisj; Njitf;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; gad;ghLfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
44
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 7.3 : nrhw;fspd; mikg;igAk; tiffisAk; mwpe;J

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : cupr;nrhy;
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 cupr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

 cupr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Fthu;.
 cupr;nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
 cupr;nrhw;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 nra;As; xd;wpid toq;fp mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cupr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz

topg;gLj;jy;.
 cuprn
; rhw;fspd; tiffs;> ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
 cupr;nrhw;fspd; gad;ghl;il cjhuz %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljha; ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;NyhL

,ize;J cupr;nrhy; toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
• cupr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J ,aq;fhJ.
• cupr;nrhw;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;.
(m) xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; kpFjp vd;w nghUisg; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fs;
czu;j;Jfpd;wik.
(1) rhy - rhyr; rpwe;jtd;.
(2) cW - XL kPd; Xl cWkPd; tUksTk; thbapUf;Fkhk; nfhf;F.
(3) jt - <ahJ <Ak; capu; jtg;gyNt.
(4) edp - ngw;w jhAk; gpwe;j nghd;dhLk; ew;wt thdpy; edp rpwe;jdNt.
(5) $u; - gupaJ $u;q; Nfhl;lj;jhapDk; ahid nt&ck; Gyp jhf;Fwpd;.
(6) fop - fop fz;Nzhl;lk;
45
(M) gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;
(1) fb efu; (fhty;)
(2) fb Eidg;gfop ($u;ik)
(3) fb kyu; (thrid)
(4) fb mukfspu; (mr;rk;)
(5) fb czT (kpFjp)
(6) fb tpid (jpUkzk;)
(7) fb kpsF (fhuk;)
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• cupr;nrhw;fs; nfhz;l nrhy;yl;il

• cupr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs; Gyg;glf;$ba thf;fpaq;fs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhrid
• cupr;nrhw;fis NtWgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• cupr;nrhw;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• xU nghUs; Fwpj;j cupr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
• gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU cupr;nrhy;ypid ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
46
juk; - 13
,uz; l he; jtiz
01 fl;Liuahf;fk; 48 - 50
02 fpufpj;jy; 51
03 tpthjk; 52 - 53
04 GwehD}W 54 - 55
05 kzpNkfiy (119 - 141) 56 - 58
06 fhuzkhiy (15 ghly;fs;) 59 - 61
07 ftpij - ftpQd; 62 - 63
09 ftpij - vy;yhk; ckNj 64 - 65
10 ftpij - tPrhjPu; 66 - 68
11 ,yq;ifahw;Wg;gil 69 - 70
12 rpWfij - $j;J 71 - 72
13 rpWfij - neUf;fb 73 - 75
14 ,yf;fpa tuyhW - jw;fhyk; 76 - 77
15 rpWfij 78 - 80
16 ehty; 81 - 83
17 ftpij 84 - 86
18 ,yf;fzk; - njhlupay; 87 - 89
19 ,yf;fzk; - thf;fpatpay; 90 - 91
20 thf;fpak; ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; 92 - 94
21 tO epiy toh epiy 95 - 97
epWj;jf; FwpaPLfs; 98 - 100
47
Nju;r ; rp kl;l k; 4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtj;jpd; Clhfr;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fl;Liu vOJjy;
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww;NgWfs;
 fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g> jfty;fisj; Njbf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

 fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpid tpsq;fpr; rl;lfk; mikg;ghu;.
 fl;Liuf;fhd El;gq;fis mDrupj;;Jf; fl;Liu vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 ghlg;gFjpapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Liufis thrpf;f topg;gLj;;Jy;.

 toq;fg;gl;l jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; jpul;l topfhl;Ljy;.
 fl;Liuf;fhd rl;lfk; mikj;jy; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 rl;lfj;jpd; mbg;g ilapy; nrk;ikahd nkhopeilapy; fl;Liu vOJtjw;F
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
Kjd;ikg;gjq;fs; (Key Words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
fl;Liu tiffs; nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> ngupahu;> nghJePjp> mwptpay;> #oy;>

njhlu;Gr;rhjdq;fs;> gz;ghL njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs;.
c+k; (1) nrk;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop
1) nrk;nkhop vdg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs;
2) cyfpw; nrk;nkhopfs;
fpNuf;fk;> vgpNukpak;> rPdk;> ,yj;jPd;> rk];fpUjk;> muG> jkpo;> ghurpfk;.
3) ePz;lfhy ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak;.
4) nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

1. 2000 tUlq;fspw;F Nkw;gl;l goikahd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak;.
2. ,d;Wk; tof;fpy; cs;sik.
5) 1994 ,y; jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lik.
6) nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfs;.

1. ru;tNjr mq;fPfhuk;.
2. cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jkpo; nkhopg; gPlq;fs; fhzg;gly;.
3. gpwehl;ltu;fs; jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;Fk; tha;g;G.
48
c k; (2) Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; vOj;Jj; jkpOk;
1) jkpopy; ,Utif tof;Ffs;
Ngr;Rtof;F> vOj;J tof;F
2) etPdfhyk; tiu nre;jkpNo nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
- ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzE}y;fs;> ciuE}y;fs; midj;Jk;

,yf;fpaj; jkpopNyNa vOjg;gl;ld.
- nre;jkpo; midtUf;Fk;> vy;yhj; jkpo;NgRk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk;
nghJthd epakj;jkpo; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Ngr;Rj; jkpo; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk;> r%fj;j pw;Fr; r%fk; NtWgLk;. ,tw;iw

fpisnkhopfs; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
c + k; r%ff;fpis nkhop - kPdtr%fk;> tptrhar%fk;

gpuNjrf;fpisnkhop - kiyafk;> aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G
etPd ,yf;fpa tUifapd; gpd; mt;tg;gpuNjrg; Ngr;Rj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspw; nry;thf;Fg;

ngwy;.
ehty;> rpWfij> ehlfk;
• gz;ila ,yf;fzq;fs; ,yf;fpaj; jkpopw;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jy;.
• etPd ,yf;fzfhuu;fs; Ngr;Rj; jkpopw;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jy;.
• nghJ mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Clfq;fs;> mYtyfuPjpahd mwpf;iffs;> fy;tp> Muha;r;rp

Kjyhd Jiwfspy; vOj;Jj;jkpo; ifahsg;gly;.
• ,Utif tof;Fk; nkhopiag;nghWj;j tiuapy; ,d;wpaikahjditNa.
fl;Liu vOJk; nghOJ ftdpf;fg;g l Ntz;bait
• jiyg;Gf; Nfw;g nghUsikT.
• mikg;G (vLg;G> njhFg;G> Kbg;G).
• nrhy;yhl;rp> Neu;j;jp> cWg;G> fUj;njhOq;F.
• nkhopr; nrk;ik.
49
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
khjpupf; fl;Liufs; - jkpo;g;gzp> jkpo;g;gz;ghL njhlu;ghdit.
• fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpid tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
• fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g> fl;Liuf;fhd rl;lfk; mikg;ghu;.
• fl;Liur; rl;lfj;jpw;Nfw;g> nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; jpul;bg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
• fl;Liu mikg;gpw;Nfw;g jfty;fisj; njhFj;Jr; nrk;ikahd nkhopeilapy;

vOJthu;;.
50
Nju;r;rp: 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
fl;LUthf;fj; jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; : 1.1 : Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : fpufpj;jy;
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• fl;Liu Mrpupau; / ftpQUila Mf;fk; gw;wp tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
• ciug;gFjp / nra;Al;gFjpfspy; ,lk;ngw;w tplaq;fis tpsq;fpj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j jfty;fis kPz;Lk; jkJ nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.
• nfhLf;fg;gLk; fijg; gFjpapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• jug;gl;l Mf;fj;ij epjhdkhfTk; nksdkhfTk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• mUQ;nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;;Jjy;.
• jug;gl;l gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l tplaj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; $witj;jy;.
• jug;gl;l gFjpNahL njhlu;ghf tpdtg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOjr;nra;jy;.
Kjd;ikg;gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;jy;.
• ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;.
• Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;.
• nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJjy;.
• Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tpilaspj;jy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• khjpup ciueil.
• khjpupr;nra;As;.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpapd; ikaf;fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• Fwpj;j gFjpapy; cs;s mUQ;nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $Wthu;.
• toq;fg;gl;l gFjpapypUe;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

51
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jpnra;Ak; tifapy;
fl;LUthf;fj; jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : Fwpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;

epfo;r;rpfspYk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : tpthjk;
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tpthj epakq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp tpthjpg;ghu;.
• jiyg;;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; jpul;bg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• jkJ mzpf;Fr; rhjfkhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;J tpthjpg;ghu;.
• gpwu; fUj;Jf;fisg; nghWikahfr; nrtpkLj;J> mtw;iwj; ju;f;fuPjpahf kWjypj;J>

jkJ fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jp tpthjpg;ghu;.
• khztu;fs; ghu;j;j/nrtpkLj;j tpthj epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpf; Nfl;L> fye;Jiuahb

tpthjj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
• tpthjnkhd;wpd;;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;> tpthjpg;NghuJ

tfpghfk; njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> jiyg;ig toq;fp tpthjj;jpy; <Lgl topg;gLj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; epfo;jj
; pa tpthjq;fs; njhlu;ghf Vida khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf;
Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
tpthjnkhd;w pw;f hf Nkw;n fhs;s Ntz;b a Kd;d haj;j q;f s;:

• jiyg;igg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
• cgjiyg;Gf;fshfg; gpupj;J> tpthjj;jpy; gq;nfLg;Nghu; jfty;fisj; jpul;l
topg;gLj;jy;.
• tpthjj;jpd;NghJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk; Kiw njhlu;ghff;; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ntl;bAk; xl;bAk; NgRtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
tpthjj;jpd;N ghJ fUj;J f;fis Kd;i tf;F k; gbKiwfs;

• jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rhjfkhd fUj;Jf;fis xt;nthd;whf Kd;itj;jy;
(typAWj;Jjy;> kPstypAWj;jy;> xg;gply;)
• jiyg;ig epahag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mjhuq;fis Kd;itj;J tpthjpj;jy;.
• toq;fg;gl;l Neuj;ij mDrupj;J tpthjpj;jy;;.
52
tpthjj;jpd;N ghJ jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
• Rw;wptisj;Jg; NgRjy;
• jiyg;gpdpd;Wk; tpyFjy;
• $wpaJ $wy;
• Njitapd;wp tpupj;Jg; NgRjy;
• jdpg;gl/Neubahfj; jhf;fpg;NgRjy;.
tpthjpfsplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jpwd;f s;
• jiyikj;Jtk; (jiytuplk;)
• mtjhdpf;Fk; jpwd;
• re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;g> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jYk; epahag;gLj;jYk;.
• FOtpy; xUikg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gly;.
• fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp> ju;f;fpj;J> epuhfupj;J epahag;gLj;jy;.
• Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• khjpup tpthj ,Wtl;L.

• tpthjj; jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fs;.
• fhfpjhjpfs;
• tpthjj;jpy; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;J xl;bAk; ntl;bAk; NgRthu;.

• jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhfj; njhFj;Jg; NgRthu;.
• vjpuzpapd; fUj;Jf;fisg; nghWikahfr; nrtpkLj;Jj; jk; fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jpg;
NgRthu;.
53
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 2.1 : capu; j ; J bg; G s; s fl; L Uthf; f r; nraw; w pwDila

thrfuhfr; nraw;gLtu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : GwehD}w;Wr; nra;As; - 142
mW Fsj;J cUj;Jk;....
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• nra;Aisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUis tpsq;fp vOJthu;.
• Gytu; typAWj;j tpioe;j tplaj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• ifahsg;gl;l mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ij jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;

• GwehD}W gw;wp mwpKfj;ijj; Njbmwpar; nra;jy;.
• ghliy thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• ghliyr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpj;J mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs; $w topfhl;Ljy;;.
• ghlypd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
• ghlypy; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak;> ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp> mzp njhlu;ghff;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
Gwj;jpiz : Gutyu;fspd; nfhilj;jpwd;> tPur;rpwg;G Kjypatw;iwg; ghLjy;.
ghlg;gl;l Gutyd; filnaOts;sy;fspy; xUtd; :

• itahtpf;Nfhg;ngUk; Ngfd; kapYf;Fg; Nghu;it nfhLj;jtd;. fgpyu;> guzu;> td;
guzu;> muprpy; fpohu;> ngUq;Fd;W}u;f; fpohu; Mfpa Gytu;fs; ,tidg; ghbAs;sdu;.
ghba Gytu; :
• rq;fg;Gytu;fspy; Kjd;ikahd xUtu;. GwehD}W> gjpwW
; g;gj;J> ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif
Mfpa E}y;fspy; ,tu; ghba 61 nra;As;fs; cs;sd.
ghly; ,lk; ngw;w jpiz :

• ghlhz;jpiz (ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdJ xOf;fk;)
54
Jiw :
• ,ad;nkhop tho;j;J (Gutyupd; jd;ikapidg; Gfo;e;J nrhy;Yk; Gwj;JiwNa
,ad;nkhop tho;j;J MFk;. mtd; ,t;thW nfhLj;jhd;. mJ Nghy kw;wtUk;
nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpwu; mwpaf; $WtJk; MFk;)
nfhilklk;g Ljy; :
• Ntz; l g; g Lthu; > Ntz; lg;g lhjtu; vd; w NtWghL ,y;y hky; midtUf; Fk;
nfhilaspg;gJ.
Gytu; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak; :

• ; NgfdJ nfhilr;rpwg;G.
nrhy;Y k; tpjk; :
• tpisepyj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wpf; fsu;epyj;jpYk; nghopAk; kioia ctikahf;fp
midtUf;Fk; nfhLf;Fk; mtd; nfhilr;rpwg;igf; $Wjy;.
• nfhilklk;gLjy; vd;w njhlu; %yk; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy; (nghJthf klk;gLjy;
,fo;r;rpf;FupaJ. Mdhy; nfhil tplaj;jpy; mJ Gfo;r;rpf;FupajhfpwJ)
mUk; g jq; f s;
mWFsk; - ePu; mw;w Fsk;

cFj;jy; - nrhupjy;
tiuah - tiuaWf;fg;glhj
flhm ahid - kjk; gpbj;j ahid
fow;fhy; - tPuf;foy; mzpe;jfhy;
kaf;Fjy; - fyj;jy;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• ghly; vOjg;ngw;w ml;il.

• mUk;gjq;fs; vOjg;gl;l nrhy;yl;il
• Fwpj;j nra;As; gFjp ,lk; ngw;w re;ju;g;gj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUisj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• nra;Aspy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• Gytu; $wte;j tplaj;ij tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
55
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk;> jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;gu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 2.3 : ghlg;gFjpia (Text) mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg;

nghwpKiwfisAk;> vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk;
mDrupj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
ghl cs;lf;fk; : kzpNkfiy - nja;tk; te;J Njhd;wpa fhij (119 -141)
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• kzpNkfiy fhtpaj;jpy; Fwpj;j nra;Al; gFjp mikag;ngw;w ,lj;jpidAk;

fijj;njhlu;gpidAk; mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• nra;Al; gFjpiag; nghUs; tpsq;f> re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• nra;Al; gFjpapy; cs;s mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $Wthu;.
• nra;Al; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfisAk;> ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;
• gilg;ghf;f El;gj;ij eae;J tpku;rpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

• kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J> Fwpj;j nra;Al; gFjp ,lk;ngWk;
re;ju;g;gj;ijAk; fijj;njhlu;igAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• kzpNkfyh nja;tk; te;J Njhd;wpa fhijapd; cs;slf;fj;ijj;
njspTgLj;jy;.
• ghliyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• ghlypd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOjr; nra;jy;.
• ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• khiyg;nghOjpid tpgupf;f> Gytu; ifahz;l cj;jpfis tpsf;Fjy;.
• gwitfspdJk; tpyq;FfspdJk; md;NghL $ba nraw;ghLfisf; $wp>
mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• khiy NeukhdJk; kf;fspd; nraw;ghL mikAk; tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,r;nra;Aspd; gpd;dzp gw;wp mwpa cjTjy;.

(m) kzpNkfiy fhg;g pak; gw;w pa mwpKfk;
- fhg;gpa Mrpupau;: kJiuf; $y thzpfd; rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;.
- rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fijNahL njhlu;Gs;s ,f;fhg;gpak; NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpfF
; k;
gpwe;j kzpNkfiyapd; JwT gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
- cjaFkhud; kzpNkfiyiaf; fhzg; ngUtpUg;Gw;W <w;wpy; Vkhw;wkile;J>
fhkNehapdhy; tUe;jp> cttdj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpr; nrd;w #oypy; khiyg;
56
nghOjhdJ te;j fhl;rpiaf; fhtpa Mrpupau; tpgupg;gjhf ,r;nra;Al; gFjp
mikfpd;wJ.
(M) khiyg;n ghOijg; ngz;z hf cUtfpj;J tUzpj;jy;
~~me;jp vd;Dk; griynka; ahl;b

te;jpUj; jdshy; khefu; kUq;nfd;||
- khiyg;nghOjpy; jk;JizNahL $bapUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fhjy; Ntl;ifNahLs;s
md;dk;> md;wpy; gwitfspd; nraw;ghLfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.
- gRf;fs; jk; fd;Wfisf; fhzNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; jtpgg
; py; ghy; nrhupeJ
; nry;Yk;
fhl;rpA+L khiyg;nghOjpy; vOk; tpyq;Ffspd; ghr czu;itr; rpwg;gpjj
; y;.
- kf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis Kd;itj;jy;.
- me;jzu; nre;jP tsu;j;jy;.
- ngz;fs; kidfspy; tpsf;Nfw;wy;.
- ghzu;fs; ahopy; kUjg; gz;zpid vOg;gy;.
- Nfhtyu; Nta;q;Foy; ,irj;jy;.
(,) ctik mzpiag; gad;g Lj;j papUj;j y;.

fjputd; Nkw; F j; jpirapy; kiwAk; fhl; rpiag; Nghu; f; f sj; j py; tPu kuzk;
mile;jtDf;F ctkpj;jy;.
~~mkuf kUq;fpw; fztid ,oe;J
jkufk; G$ck; xUkfs; Nghy;||
(<) Gytu; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;
Gfhu; efuj;jpd; khiy Neuj;Jj; Njhw;wj;ijAk; mq;F epfOk; ,aw;if> nraw;if

epfo;r;rpfisAk; nrhy;Yk; tpjk;.
- Gfhu; efuj;ij mofpa xU ngz;zhf cUtfpj;jy;.
- khiy Ntisapy; flw;fiuapy; fpof;Fj; jpirapNy cjpf;Fk; G+uz re;jpuDk;
Nkw;fpNy kiwAk; #upaDk; me;jg; ngz;zpd; NjhLfs; vd cUtfpj;jy;.
- jhkiu $k;Gjy;(khiyahdJk; gwitfs; ciwtplq;fis miljy;)
- Nka;e;Jtpl;L tPL jpUk;Gk; gRf;fs; jk; fd;iw epidj;j mstpy; nrhupe;j
ghyhy; GOjp mlq;Fjy;.
- me;jzu; me;jpf;fhyj;jpy; jP tsu;j;jy;.
- ngz;fs; ,y;yq;fspy; tpsf;Nfw;wy;.
- ,irf;fiyQu;fs; fUtpfis kPl;b ,ir vOg;Gjy;.
- #upadhfpa jd; fztid ,oe;j tUj;jj;NjhL mtd; fhjypahd me;jpahdts;
griyaile;j Nkdpashfp> Gfhu; efuj;jpNy te;J jq;fpdhs; vdy;.
- ,aw;if epfo;;r;rpfs; fw;gid nkUNfw;wp tUzpf;fg;gLjy;.
57
mUk; g jq; f s;
Fzjpir - fpof;Fj;jpir
Fljpir - Nkw;Fj;jpir
G+k;nghwp - G+thfpa ve;jpuk; / rpiw
njq;F - njd;id
Nrjh - rptg;Gg;gR
J}s; - GOjp
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• fijr;RUf;fk;
• ghly; ml;il
• kzpNkfiy fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpj;j nra;Al; gFjp ,lk;ngw;w re;ju;g;gj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• nra;Aspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy; vOJthu;.
• nra;Aspy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.;
58
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> mit $Wk;
nkhop eilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : ghlg;gFjpia (Text) mtjhdkhff; fpufpjJ
; vOj;jhf;f
nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk;
mDrupj;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : fhuzkhiy - jpUkf;fkh ehl;Lr; rpwg;G
(gjpndhU ghly;fs;)
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ghly;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fis ,dq;fz;L nghUs; $Wthu;.
• ghly;fspd; fUj;ijj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• kf;fj;jpd; kfpik gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fspd; fw;g id tsk;> mzpg;g puNahfk;>
nrhy;yhl;rp vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
• tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;j Gytu; ifahz;l cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• Gytu; ifahz;Ls;s ghtiffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;;.

• fhuzkhiy gw;wpAk;> mij ,aw;wpatu; gw;wpAk; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fjy;;.
• ghly;fspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOjr; nra;jy;.
• mzpg;gpuNahfj;jpid tpsf;Ftjw;F topg;gLj;jy;;.
• ghtiffs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; Njb mwpa topfhl;Ljy;;.
• kf;fh gw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhFj;J toq;Fjy;.

(m) Mrpupau;
• rhK nea;dhu; nyg;ig NrFj;jk;gpg; Gytu;.
• ,tu; aho;g;ghzj;jtu;> fhyp khefuj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;.
(M) E}y;
• Kfk;kJ egpfspd; rPwh rupj;jpuj;ij ,irj; jkpopy; ghbAs;sik.
• kf;fkh efuj;jpd; rpwg;ig ,irj; jkpopy; ghbAs;sik.
(,) Gytu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak; :

1 jpUkf;f khehl;Lr; rpwg;G
• ,aw;if moF> tsk;> nry;tr;nropg;G> Nrhiyfs;> fdpfs;> Kj;Jf;fs;> khzpf;fq;fs;>

kio nghopjy;.
59
2. jpUkf;fhtpy; fhzj;jf;f moFfs;
• cau;e;njOe;j fl;blq;fs;
• kd;du; khspiffs;>
• fbkiy KuR> fr;rp (`[;) Kof;fk;

;
• ehl;bd; ,aw;if mofpid tu;zpj;jy;.
• nghJthf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; ehL> efu; tu;zidfis xj;jjhf

mike;jpUj;jy;.
3. kf;fhtpd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
• kf;fh ehnlq;fs; ehNl.
• nghd;dfu;.
• jpUtsk; nghUe;jpa kf;fh.
• ,iwtd; mUs; nghq;Fk; kf;fh.
• kiotsk; nghUe;jpa kf;fh.
• Mjk; (miy) mtu;fSk;> `t;th (miy) mtu;fSk; xd;W Nru;e;j kf;fh.
• K`k;kJ egp mtu;fs; gpwe;jJk;> Ms;fpd;wJkhd kf;fh.
• kyf;Ffs; jpdKk; te;J $Lk; kf;fh.
• K]h egpapd; nghUl;lhy; kio nghope;j kf;fh.
Md;kPfr; rpwg;Gf;fs;
• ,iwaUspd; ngUik.
• my;yh`;tpd; cz;ikj;J}ju;.
• jPd; khu;f;f tpRthrpahd K`k;kJ egpfshupd; rpwg;Gf;fs;.
• Mjk; (miy) `t;th (miy) MfpNahupd; rpwg;G.
• jpdKk; ghq;F xypf;Fk; rpwg;G
60
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
 fhuzkhiy ghly; ml;il

 nrhy;yl;il - mUk;gjq;fs;.

• fhuzkhiy E}y; gw;wpAk; mjd; Mrpupau; gw;wpAk; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ghly;fspd; nghUisj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.
• ,g;ghly;fspy; cs;s ftpr; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• ghly;fspD}lhff; $wg;gLk; tplaq;fisg; gFj;Jk; njhFj;Jk; $Wthu;.
61
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;ej
; Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg;ngw;w mDgtj;jpd; Clhfr; Ra

Mf;fq;isg; gilg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ftpij - ftpQd; tpj;Jthd; f. Nte;jdhu;
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww;NgWfs;
 ftpijiar;> re;jp gpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;.

 mUQ;nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $Wthu;.
 ghlypd; nghUisj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
 ftpQu; ,f;ftpijA+lhff; $wte;j tplaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; gilg;ghf;fj;jpwd;> ftpj;Jt cj;jpfs; vd;gdtw;iw
tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 eae;j gFjpfis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 tpj;Jthd; f. Nte;jdhu; gw;wpa mwpKfj;ij toq;Fjy;.

 ftpijiar; re;jpgpupj;Jg; nghUs; tpsq;fp thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
 mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
 ftpijapd; nghUs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahly;.
 ftpijapd; gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 ftpijapYs;s ftpr;rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;;.
Kjd;ikg;gjq;fs; (Key Words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
m. tpj;Jthd; f.Nte;jdhu; gw;wpa mwpKfk;:
 aho;g;ghzk; Ntyiziag; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;.

 ,aw;ngau; - fdfrig ehNfe;jpuk;gps;is (1918 - 1966)
 16 MtJ tajpy; Nrh. ,sKUfdhupd; (jdpjj; kpo; ,af;fg; gpdd
; zpapy; mike;j)
topfhl;lyhy; jdJ ngaiu f.Nte;jdhu; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. tpjJ
; thd;
guPli
; rapy; rpjj
; paile;jikahy; tpjJ
; thd; f.Nte;jdhu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
 ,tu; rpwe;j jkpohrpupau;> jkpowpQu;> jkpo;g; gw;whsu;> nrhw;nghopthsu;> ftpQu;.
 ,tuJ ftpijfSl; Gfo;ngw;wJ “fhiyj;J}f;fpf; fz;zpy; xw;wpf; fl;bf; nfhQ;Rk;
mk;kh” vd;Dk; rpWtu; ghlyhFk;.
62
 ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;:
ftpijg; g+k;nghopy; (ftpijfs;)
,e;J rkak;; (ghlE}y;);
jpUey;Y}u; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpAk; Fapwg
; j;Jk;
Foe;ijnkhop; (rpWtu; ghly;fs;);
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo; (fl;Liuj;njhFg;G)
 ftpQu; $w tpioe;j tplak;

cz;ikf; ftpQu;fspd; gz;Gfs;
- ,j;jifa tplaq;fisg; ghlf; $lhJ vd vjpuk
; iwahfTk; ,j;jifa
tplaq;fisg; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd cld;ghlhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLk; tpjk;.
 ftpQd; ahu;? ftpij vg;gbg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; gpujhd fUj;ijf; nfhz;L
,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 mwpTg;Gul;rpiaf; ftpij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 cs;sj;jpd; xspNahL ghLgtd; ftpQd;.
 ,wthj ftpQidNa cyfk; Vw;Fk;.
 vspikahfg; nghUs; tpsq;ff; $bathW mike;jpUg;gJ rpwg;gk;rk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
 ftpij gpujp - ftpQd;

 tpj;Jthd; f. Nte;jdhupd; epow;glg;gpujp.
 tpj;Jthd; f. Nte;jdhu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• tpjJ
; thd; f.Nte;jdhu; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff; $Wthu;.
• “ftpQd” vDk; ftpijiag; gjg;gpupg;G nra;J thrpg;ghu;.
• ,f;ftpijapd; nghUis jdJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;
• ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; nrhy;y te;j tplak; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rpwe;j ftpij/rpwe;j ftpQd; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bag; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
63
; Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpjJ

; >mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk;
nkhopf;$Wfisg; gFj;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ftpij - vy;yhk; ckNj! - ftpQu; mg+gf;fu;
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ftpijapD}lhff; ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplaj;jpid ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpLk; Mrpupaupd; mZFKiwia tpsf;Fthu;.
• Gul;rp Vw;glf; fhuzk; vd;dntdf; $Wthu;.
• ,f;ftpij njhlu;ghd tpku;rd uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ftpQupd; ftpj;Jt ntspg;ghL gw;wpj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;J tpku;rpg;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; fhzg;gLk; fw;g idtsk;> mzpg;g puNahfk;> czu;r;rp ntspg;g hL>
nrhy;yhl;rp vd;gd gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplak; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;;.

• ftpijia thrpj;Jf;fhl;b khztu;fisAk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• ftpijapy; fhzg;g Lk; nrhy;y hl; rp> ftpj;J tk; > czu;r ;rp ntspg; g hL gw; wp
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• Gul;rp Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs; vit vd tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.
(m) ftpQu; mg+gf;fu; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
(M) ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak; :

• ciof;Fk; kf;fspilNa> mt;Tiog;gpidr; Ruz;br; Rfpg;gtu;fSf;F vjpuhf
xd;Wgl;Lg; NghuhLk; czu;tpidj; J}z;LtJ.
• nry;te;ju;fspd; tho;f;iff;Fj; njhopyhsupd; ciog;Ng fhuzk; vdf; $Wjy;.
• Mf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa iffis (typikia)> Kjyhspfspd; mopTf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdj; J}z;Ljy;.
64
(,) nrhy;Yk; tpjk; :
• ciog;ghspfs; gLk; Jd;gj;jpid tptupg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fs; Nky; ,uf;fKk;
ciog;ig cwpQ;rp mDgtpf;Fk; nry;te;ju;fs; gw;wp ,opthf tptupg;gjd;
%yk; mtu;fs; Nky; ntWg;Gk; Vw;glr; nra;jy;.
• Ruz;Lgtu;fSf;F vjpuhf xd;W gl;Lg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;it
ciog;ghspfsplk; NeuhfNt typAWj;jy;.
• vspikahd nrhw;gpuNahfk;.
• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL.
• mzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
- cUtf mzp
- NrhilAw;w nrhwpehaha;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ftpQu; mG+gf;fupd; tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gfs;.

• ftpQu; mG+gf;fupd; epow;glg;gpujp.
• ftpijg;gpujp - vy;yhk; ckNj
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• r%fj;jpy; Gul;rp Vw;gl VJthf ,Ue;j fhuzq;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

• ftpQu; czu;j;j tpioAk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• vy;yhk; ckNj! vd;w ftpijj; jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
• ftpijapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;;.
• jiyg;gpw;Fk; ftpijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ftpij njhlu;ghf tpku;rpj;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfs;> cj;jpfs; gw;wp tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
65
;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpy;

,lk;ngWk; nkhopf; $Wfisg; gFj;J> fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ftpij: tPrhjPu;

k`hftp J. cUj;jpu%u;j;jp
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ftpijapD}lhff; ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioAk; tplaq;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf; ftpQu; ifahz;l cj;jpfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ftpijapw; fhzg;g Lk; fw;gid tsk;> mzpg;g puNahfk;> czu;r;rp ntspg;g hL
Kjypatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
• ftpQupd; nrhy;yhl;rp> mjd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; kdpjNea / tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.
• ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfk; nra;J fye;JiuahLjy;;.

• ftpijia khztu; thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;;.
• ftpij ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahly;.
• ftpijapd; nghUisj; jiyg;Gld; njhlu;GgLj;jp tpsf;Ftjw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Fjy;.
• ftpijapYs;s rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpia tpsq;f topg;gLj;jy;;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
(m) ghly; Mrpupau; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
- ghly; Mrpupau;: ‘k`hftp’ J. cUj;jpu%u;j;jp (1927 - 1971)

- msntl;biag; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l ,tuJ ,aw;ngau; J. cUj;jpu%u;j;jp
- <oj;J etPd jkpo;f;ftpij Kd;NdhbfSs; xUtu;.
- Mapuj;Jj; njhohapuj;J Ik;gJfspw; jkpo;f; ftpij cyfpw;F te;jtu;.
66
• Mf;f q;fs;:
1. ftpijj; njhFg;G : ts;sp> tPLk; ntspAk;

2. FWk;gh : FWk;gh 100
3. gh ehlfk; : Nfhil> GjpanjhU tPL
4. fhtpaq;fs; : fy;yofp> rlq;F> fe;jg;g rgjk;
5. tpy;Yg;ghl;L : fz;kzpahs; fhij
‘tPrhjPu;’ vd;w ,f;ftpij 1958,y; ntspte;jJ
(M) ftpQu; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;
• tPjpNahuj;jpy; tpOe;Jfplf;Fk; gpr;irf;fhudpd; mtyepiy fz;L neQ;rpy;

nefpo;NtJk; ,d;wpr; nrUf;NfhL rpy;yiwia tPrptpl;Lr; nry;tJ mtid
mtkjpg;gJ> kl;Lkd;wp mtdJ mikjpiaf; nfLg;gJkhFk;. NkYk; nghUspd;
kjpg;ig czuhJ mij mtkjpg;gJkhFk;.
( ,) nrhy;Y k; tpjk;
• thrfiuf; ftpijapd;ghy; <u;f;fj;jf;f NfypAk; fpz;lYkhd tpspg;G.

- VNjh mtjpapNy VFfpwPu;>
Vdg;g h
ePu;jhk;; cyF epiykhwpg;
ghjhsj;
jho tpohky; mjd; tho;itf; fhg;gtNuh?
• tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;Lr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jy;.

- Jd;GWj;jp tPq;Fk; grpahy; tpOe;jhNdh?
• NtWgLj;jp kdf;fz;Kd; fhl;rpiaf; nfhz;LtUk; fl;Gyr; rpj;jpupg;G.

- Ms; RUSk;
nta;apypNy
ePu;NghFk; tPjpeilg; ghijapNy
ca;Ak; tif njupahjnthU kdpjd;
if ,y;yhd;>
J}q;Ffpwhd; Nghyf; fplf;fpd;whd;.
(<) nrhy;y hl; r p

• Ngr;Nrhirg; gz;G kpFe;jpUj;jy;
ghj;jpug; Ngr;rpd; gpd;dhy; kuGtop ahg;G xd;W mike;jpUj;jy;
- nfhj;jtUk; fhfj;ijg; ghUk;
Fiw capNuh>
nrj;j clNyh - njsptp;y;iy
• mzpg;gpuNahfk; ,lk;ngwy;.
• vspikahd nrhw;fs; fl;bWf;fkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL.
67
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ‘tPrhjPu;| gpujp.
• ‘k`hftp’ gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ghLnghUis ghly;j; jiyg;G typAWj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

• ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; Clhf Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; fhZk; eaj;ij vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ftpijapd; ghLnghUis mDgtj;Jld; ,izj;J tptupg;ghu;.
68
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : ghlg;gFjpia mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg; nghwpKiw

fisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;Jf;
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,yq;ifahw;Wg;gil
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ,uhkhazj; jpw; $wg;g Lk; ,yq;if> ,t;thwhdnjdf; ftpQu; Kd;i tf;F k;

Mjhuq;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• ,uhkhazj;jpw; $wg;gLk; ,uhtzdpd; jiyefUf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilNaahd
njhlu;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• Mrpupau; jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;j Kd;itf;Fk; Mjhuq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• jdJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f (fl;Liuahrpupau;) gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
• Mrpupaupd; nkhopeilr; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• fl;Liuahrpupau; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ,uhkhazf; fijiar; RUf;fkhff; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;;.
• Mrpupau; jdJ fUj;Jf;fSf;F Mjhukhff; $Wk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• tpku;rd uPjpahfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f topfhl;Ljy;.
fl;L iu Mrpupau;
R. eNlrgps;is (1895 - 1965). jQ;rhT+upw; gpwe;jtu;. ,aw;ngau; ehfehjd;. Nru;. nghd;.

,uhkehjdpd; kUkfd;. guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up Mrpupau;> mjpgu;> murhq;f rigapy;
gpujpepjp> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;> jghy; je;jp thndhypj;Jiw ke;jpup Mfpa gjtpfisAk;
tfpj;jtu;. ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; ,tUf;F ,yf;fpa fyhepjp vd;w nfsut
gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fjpu;fhkehjd; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> rFe;jiy ntz;gh vd;gtw;iw
,aw;wpdhu;. Mq;fpyg; ghly;fs; gytw;iwj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jtu;. ,tupd; fl;Liufs;
QhapW> fy;fp Mfpa ,jo;fspy; ntspte;Js;sd.
Mrpupau; $wtpioe;j tplak;

• ,uhkhazj;jpy; $wg;gLk; ,yq;if ,e;j ,yq;ifj; jPT MFk;.
69
jdJ fUj;Jf;fis epWtg; gad;g Lj;J k; cj;j pfs;
• Nkdhl;lwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;Ljy;.

• tlnkhop> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fNshL ,izj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• rhrdq;fs; $Wk; nra;jpfisj; jUjy;.
• fu;z guk;giuf; fijfis Mjhuk; fhl;Ljy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• Fwpj;j ciueilg; gFjp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.

• ,yq;ifapd; tuyhW njhlu;ghd NtW fl;Liufs;
• vOJjhs;> vOJfUtp.
• fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
• jdJ fUj;Jf;fis vt;thW Mrpupau; Kd;itf;fpwhu; vd tpsf;Fthu;.
• fl;Liuapd; nkhopeilr; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• fl;Liuapy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• fl;Liu gw;wpa jdJ fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rd uPjpahf Kd;itg;ghu;.
70
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 3.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : rpWfij - $j;J
ghlNtis : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 “$j;J” rpWfijia thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fisf; $Wthu;.

 rpWfijahdJ vOjg;gl;l gpdG
; yj;jpd; tho;tpaw; $Wfisg; gpujpgypfF
; k; jd;ikia
,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
 fij $wg;gLk; ghq;F> ghj;jpug;gilg;G vd;gtw;wpid tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
 fjhrpupau; ifahz;Ls;s nkhopeil> jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpAk; tpku;rpj;J
vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 fjhrpupau; “etk;” njhlu;ghd mwpKfj;ij khztu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;

$bajhff; fye;Jiuahliy xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy;.
 “$j;J” vd;w fiy tbtk; njhlu;gpYk; ‘mu;[{dd; jgR’> ‘Rgj;jpiu fy;ahzk;’
vd;gtw;iw ikag;gLj;jpa kfhghujf; fij njhlu;gpYk; fye;Jiuahlypd;
%yk; vspikahd mwpKfj;ij toq;Fjy;.
 rpWfijapid khztu;fs; thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
 rpWfijapid thrpj;jjD}lhf khztu;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;ltw;iwAk; ngw;w
mDgtq;fisAk; $w topg;gLj;Jjy;.
 vOe;jkhdkhf tpilfis Kd;itf;fr;nra;J tpilfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fp khztu;fs; jdpj;jdpahf/FOthfr; nraw;gl;L
tpilfis vOj newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
 fijapd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs;> fijapd; ntspg;ghl;L Kiw>
ghj;jpug; gilg;G> nkhopg;gpuNahfk;> jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL vd;gd njhlu;gpy;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
71
,f;fij %yk; fjhrpupau; $wtpioe;j tplak;
tpNuhjq;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJk; czu;r;rp trg;gLtJk; ghuJ}ukhd tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
fijapw; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jpfs;
 fijapd; ikaf;fUj;ijj; jhNd ntspg;gilahff; $wpf; fijiaj; njhlq;Fjy;.

,J t.Nt.R Iau; rpWfijia Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiwia epidTgLj;JfpwJ.
 jhd; mOj;jk; nfhLf;f tpUk;Gk; tplaj;ij> xw;iw Nkw;Nfhl;Fwpapy; ,Ljy;.

 mjw;F NtW xU ‘’fhuzKk; ,Ue;jJ”
 rw;W Neuj;Jf;F Kd;du; jhd; rq;fPjj;ij mtd; nrtpfspy; nga;J tpl;L......
 ,yf;fpatof;F> Ngr;R tof;F Mfpa ,Utifr; nrhw;fisAk; Njitf;Nfw;gg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 ,e; j epajpf; F r; rutzKj; JNt ,Njh ‘’rhYq; fupaha; ‘’ ,Uf; f pwhu; -
,yf;fpatof;F
 ‘’me;jg;Guj;jpy; jhd; ,t;tsT ehshf tha;rN ; p‘’
; rl;ilNahL me;j topfs; tpl;buprr
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• rpWfij gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

• rpWfij Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• rpWfij njhlu;ghd jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• rpWfijf;Fk;; jiyg;Gf;Fkhd nghUj;jg;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• fjhrpupau; ifahz;l nkhopeil gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;;.
• rpWfijapy; eae;j gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
72
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 3.3 : ghlg;gFjpia (Text) mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : rpWfij - neUf;fb - e. gpr;r%u;j;jp
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 rpWfijapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUg;nghUs; gw;wp tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

 rpWfijapd; ntspg;ghl;L Kiwapid tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
 rpWfijapy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
 rpWfijapy; eae;j gFjpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
 rpWfijapid thrpg;gjw;F topg;gLj;;jy;.

 rpWfijapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahlr;
nra;jy;.
 rpWfijapd; ntspg;ghl;LKiw gw;wp tpdtp tpil $wr; nra;jy;.
 rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfis tpku;rpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
 rpWfijapy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s nkhopeil gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;gg
; kspjj
; y;.;
 rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; eaf;fj;jf;f gFjpfis tpsf;Ftjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
gpr;r %u;j;jp (1900 - 1976) gw;w pa mwpKfk;
Fk;gNfhzk; eNlirau; - fhkhl;rpak;khs; jk;gjpapd; Gj;jpuuhd gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ,aw;ngau;

Ntq;flkfhypq;fk;. mtu; nrd;id rl;lf;fy;Y}upapw; gapd;W 1938 tiu tof;fwpQuhfTk;
gpd; 1935 - 1956 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;Jkj mwepiyag; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw mjpfhupahfTk;
flikahw;wpdhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; gj;jpupiffspy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpatu; 1925 ,y; ghujpapd;
vOj;Jf;fSldhd mwpKfk; fpl;baJ Kjy; jkpopy; vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;. jkpopy;
GJf;ftpijj;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjg;gLk; gpr;r%u;j;jp rpWfijj;JiwapYk; jdJ
Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. 1932,y; fiykfspy; ntspte;j ‘]ad;]_f;Fg; gyp’ vd;w
73
rpWfijNa mtuJ KjyhtJ rpWfij vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ‘kzpf;nfhb’ rQ;rpifapNyNa
mtuJ ftpijfSk; rpWfijfSk; ngupJk; ntspte; J s; sd. ehlfk; > fl; L iu
Kjyhdtw;i wAk; vOjpAs; shu; . ‘gjpndl; lhk; ngUf;F ’ (1979) Kjyhf mtuJ
rpWfijfisf; nfhz;l gy njhFjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd.
mUk;gjq;fs; / gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fs;
gb - Xu; msT> vl;L Mohf;Ff; nfhz;l Xu; msT

tPrk; - gjpdhwpy; xU gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gpd;d msT
];jyk; - ,lk; (,f;fijapy; Njhl;lk;)
ru;f;fhu; - murhq;fk;
rPf;F - Neha;
Kil - f\;lk;> neUf;fb
mehkNjak; - ,d;dhu; my;yJ ,d;dJ vd;gij mwpaKbahj epiy
Nkhrk; - tQ;rk;
jhl;rz;a k; - gupT> ,uf;fk;
Nyhyf; - njhq;fl;lhd;
jupj;jpuk; - nfhba tWik
mrl;Lj;jdk; - Kl;lhs; jdk;
mg;gPy; - Nkd;KiwaPL
gpukpj;jhu; - tpag;Gw;whu;> jpifg;gile;jhu;
nusj;jpuk; - fLikahd Nfhgk;
me;juq;fk; - gpuj;jpNafkhdJ> gpwupd; jiyaPl;bw;F cupajy;yhjJ.
Fkh];jh - vOJtpidQu;
,yhfh - mikr;rfk;> mYtyfj;jpy; xU gpupT> jpizf;fsk;> jpiw
igry; - tof;F my;yJ gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; fhZk; jPu;T
mENghfk; - xUtu; jd; trj;jpYs;s clikia mDgtpf;Fk; cupik
gprF - gpio / jtW
Nehl;B]; - mwptpj;jy;> tpsf;fk; NfhUk; fbjk;
nrg;gpLtpj;ij - khtpj;ij> je;jpuk;> #o;r;rpahd nray;
ntspgg
; Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;
 neUf;fbf;F cs;shfpa xUtuJ epiyAk; mjpypUe;J mtiu ntspf;nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhf mDjhgj;Jld; nraw;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Jyq;fYk;.
ntspg;ghl;L Kiw
 fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fspD}lhff; fij efu;j;jpr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
 ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfNshL njhlu;GgLj;jp epiyikfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c - k;: mtiuf; nfhbnahd;W nfhOnfhk;gpd; JizAld; NkNy glu;e;J
nfhz;bUg;gJ njupe;jJ.
• gpr;r%u;j;jp gw;wpa fl;Liufs;
74
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• vOJ fUtpfs;> vOJ jhs;fs;

• gpr;r%u;j;jp gw;wpa fl;Liufs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• rpWfijapy; Gyg;gLk; tplaq;fis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• rpWfijapy; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpia tpsf;Fthu;;.
• fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfis tpsq;fp vOJthu;.
75
Nju;r ;r p 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;rpk l;l k; 5.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mf;fhyg; gFjpapy; vOe;j

,yf; f paq; f isAk; mtw; w pd; gz; G fisAk; mwpe; J
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - jw;fhyk;
ghlNtisfs; : 4
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ,Ugjhk;; E}w;whz;bd;; murpay;> nghUshjhu #o;epiyia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ,Ugjhk;; E}w;whz;by; jkpopy; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; Njhd;wpaik gw;wpf;
$Wthu;.
• etPdftpij> rpWfij> ehty;> fl;Liu> ehlfk;> jpwdha;T vd;gtw;wpd; Njhw;wk;>
tsu;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fg;gpuf;iQ nfhz;litahf mike;jpUg;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
(tpLjiy> r%fkhw;wf;fUj;Jf;fs;> gFj;jwpTr;rpe;jid> nghJTilikf;nfhs;if)
• jkpopyf;fpaKk; jkpoha;Tk; tpupTw;wthw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• INuhg;gpau; fhy ,Wjpg;gFjp gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Mrpupau;fisAk; gl;baypl;Lf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• ,f;fhyj;J ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb tpil $wr; nra;jy;.
• nra;Aspyf;fpaq;fs;> ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd tFj;Jg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L
tpsf;f topfhl;ly;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fSs; ehty;> rpWfij vd;gtw;iwg; gl;bay; gLj;jpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• ,Ugjhk;; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,w;iw tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp “ jw;fhyk;”

vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fhyg;gpd;dzp
- Mq;fpyf;fy;tp tpUj;jp
- [dehaff; fy;tp tha;g;G
- INuhg;gpa ehfupfj; njhlu;G
- Ra nkhopf; fy;tp
- mr;rpae;jpuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp
76
• ,yf;fpa tiffs;
- ftpij
- fl;Liu
- jpwdha;T
- ehlfk;
- ehty;
- rpWfij
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.

• ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW E}y;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpopyf;fpak; etPdj;Jtk; mile;jik gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; etPdftpij> Gidfij ,yf;fpak;> vd;gd tsu;rr ; paile;jik
gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspd; gq;fspg;gpidg; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
• ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUshf rKjhak; /rKjhar; rPu;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;
mike;jik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
77
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f p tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
Nju; r ; r pkl; l k; 5.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg; gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf; f paq; f isAk; mwpe; J fUj; J f; f is
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW : jw;fhyk; - rpWfij
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay;> nghUshjhug; gpd;Gyj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• Muk;gfhyr; rpWfij Mrpupau;fisAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fisAk; tpsf;fp

vOJthu;.
• Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpWfijg; gilg;ghspfspd; ,yf;fpag; gq;fspgi

; g tpku;rpj;Jf; $Wthu;.
 INuhg;gpau; tUifahy; jkpopy; mwpKfkhd etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb vOj topfhl;ly;.
 jkpo;r; rpWfijfspy; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzpgw;wp mwpKfk; nra;J topg;gLj;jy;.
 rpWfijfspd; cUtk;> cs;slf;fk; vd;gtw;wpNyw;gl;l tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
 jdpj;Jtkhd gilg;ghspfspd; gq;fspg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
fhytiuaiw : ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,w;iw tiuahd fhyg;gFjp

jw;fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhyg;gpd;dzp : Mq;fpyf; fy;tp tpUj;jp> [dehaff; fy;tp tha;g;G> INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;

njhlu;G> Rankhopf; fy;tp> mr;rpae;jpu tsu;r;rp.
jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wj;Jf;fhd fhuzpfs;
 r%f khw;wq;fs; - epykhdpa r%fr; rpijT - Gjpa kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpd; vOr;rp.
 Mq;;fpyf; fy;tp %yk; Mq;fpyr; rpWfijfisf; fw;wtu;fs; jhKk; mt;tpyf;fpa

tbtj;ij vOjpaik.
 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj fijthrpg;g J njhlu;ghd Mu;tj;ij>

gukhu;j;jFUfij> fjhkQ;rup> tpNehjur kQ;rup> gQ;rje;jpuf;fijfs; vd;gd
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jik.
78
 mr;rpae;jpug; ghtid tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
 gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffs;> rpWfijfs; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpaik.
Muk;g fhyr; rpWfijfs;
t.Nt.R.Iau;> ghujpahu;> m.khjitau; ,tu;fSs; Xustpw;NfDk; cUt mikjpAld;

vOjpatu; t.Nt.R.Iau;. murkuk;> kq;ifau;f;furpapd; fhjy;> iyyhk[;D Kjypa
vl;Lf;fijfs; kq;ifau;;f;furpapd; fhjy; vd;Dk; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sJ.
nghJg; gz;G fs;

 fhjy; tPuk; njhlu;ghd fijfs;.
 gpurhuj;jd;ik NkNyhq;fpapUj;jy; - mwg;Nghjid.
 fhtpaj;jd;ik tha;e;j tu;zidfSk;; nkhopeilAk;.
 cUt mikjp ngupJk; Ngzg;gltpy;iy.
1930 - 1950 tiuahd fhyg;g Fjpapy; ntspte;j rpWfijfs;

1930fspy; rpWfijfs; cUtk;> cs;slf;fk; vd;gd gw;wpa gpuf;iQ mjpfupj;jJ.
kzpf;nfhb rQ;rpif rpWfij tsu;r;rpf;nfdNt ntspte;jJ.
GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;> e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> gp.v];.uhikah> e.rpjk;gu Rg;gpukzpak;>
nksdp Nghd;Nwhu; kzpf;nfhb vOj;jhsu;fspw; Fwpg;gplj;;jf;ftu;fs;.
nghJg;g z;G fs;

. rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfs; mjpfstpy; fijg;nghUs;fshff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Kd;ida ,yf;fpathjpfshy; ghu;f;fg;g l;l tplaq;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ghu;f;fg;glhj

tplaq;fSk; fijg; nghUs;fshfpd;wd.
 fijapw; gad;gLj;jpa ciueilapw; gy;NtW tifahd khw;wq;fs;.
. rpWfijapd; cUtj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wik.
c - k;: GJikg;gpj;jd; rpWfijfs;.
. kdpjDf; F ntspNaAs;s gpur;r pidfs; kl; Lkd; wp kdpjkdj;j pDs; vOfpd; w

Nghuhl;lq;fSk; El;gkhfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gLjy;.
 gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;FKupa Ngr;R tof;Ffs; jdpj;jd;ikAld; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLjy;.
79
Ik;g Jfspd; gpd;d uhd rpWfijfs;
n[afhe;jd;> yh.r.uhkhkpu;jk;> [hdfpuhkd;> fp.uh[ehuhazd;> n[aNkhfd; KjypNahu;

Kf;fpakhd rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;.
• Njrpa czu;Tr; rpWfijfs; :

rp. R. nry;yg;ghtpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpWfijfs;:

n[afhe;jdpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• tl;lhur; rpWfijfs; :
rp. uh[ehuhazdpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpWfijfs; :
jkpo;r; nry;tdpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• gpd;etPdj;Jtr; rpWfijfs; :
gpNuk; - uNk\; gilg;Gf;fs;
Nfhzq;fpapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• ngz;zpar; rpWfijfs; :
mk;ikapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• jypj;jpar; rpWfijfs; :
,ikaj;jpd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• tpQ;Qhdg; GidTfs; :
R[hjhtpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
nghJg; gz;Gfs;
• GJtifahd eil
• GJikahd / Gul;rpahd Nehf;F
• GJg; GJ cj;jpfs;.
• ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gilait.
• thOk; kdpju;fisf; fijkhe;ju;fshff; nfhz;lit.
• Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L capNuhl;lkhd eilapy; mikgit.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;.
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,yf;fpatuyhw;W E}y;fs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
 Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijfspd; nghJg;gz;Gfis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
 1930fspy; jkpo; rpWfijapy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa tsu;r;rpepiyfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

 GJikg;gpj;jd;> n[afhe;jd; Mfpa vOj;jhsu;fspd; rpWfijg; gq;fspg;Gf;fs; gw;wp
vOJthu;.
80
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
Nju;r;r pkl; lk; 5.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf; fhyg;gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfisAk;
mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW : jw;fhyk; - ehty;
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 jkpo;; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;fhd gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpak; fhye;NjhWk; mile;Jte;j khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehtyhrpupau;fs; jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpa tsu;rr

; pf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig
tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb tpdhf;fs;

Nfl;ly;.
 ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fz;lwpar; nra;jy;.
 Muk;gfhy ehtyhrpupau;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; mtw;wpd; gz;Gfs; FwpjJ

; f; fye;Jiuahb>
vOj topfhl;ly;.
 fhye;NjhWk; ,lk;ngw;w ehty; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsq;Ftjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
 ehty; tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; gilg;Gfis tpsf;fp $wr; nra;jy;.

ehty; vOjg;g Ltjw;fhd gpd;dzpfs;
 Mq;fpy ehty;fisf; fw;wjdhy; Vw;gl;l Mu;tk;
 Gjpjhf cUthfpa kj;jpa ju tu;ff

; j;jpdupd; gpur;rpidfisr; rpj;jpupf;f> nghUj;jkhd
tbtkhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
• gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspd; gutyhf;fk;.
Muk;g fhy ehty;fs;
 Ntjehafk;gps;is - gpujhgKjypahu; rupj;jpuk; (1879 - KjyhtJ ehty;)
RFzRe;jup (1887)
 uh[k; Iau; - fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk; (1896)
 khjitah - gj;khtjp rupj;jpuk; (1898) gpNuk fyhtj;ak; (1893)
 rpj;jpnyt;it kupf;fhu; - mrd;Ng rupj;jpuk; (1885)

81
Muk;g fhy ehty;f spd; gz;Gfs;.
 fhtpakugpd; njhlu;r;rp
 tpupthd ghj;jpu tu;zid
 nre;jkpo; eil
 ePjpE}w;ghlybfis cs;slf;fpa mwg; Nghjid
,ilf;fhy ehty;fs; (1910 - 1950 tiu)
 tLt+u; Nf. Jiurhkp Iaq;fhu;
 Muzp Fg;Grhkp Kjypahu;
 N[. Mu;. uq;fuh[P - uh[hk;ghs;
 v];. [p. Nfhij ehafp mk;ikahu;.
ngUk;ghYk; Jg;gwpAk; fijfs;> ku;kr; rk;gtq;fisf; nfhz;lit nkhop ngau;g;Gj;

jOty; ehty;fs;
fh. rp. Ntq;flukzp - KUfd; Xu; cotd;> fe;jd; xU Njrgf;jd; vd;gd ,g;Nghf;Ff;F
tpjptpyf;fhdit.
jkpo; ehty;fSf;Fg; Gj;JapUk; Gj;J}f;fKk; je;jtu; fy;fpNa. tuyhw;W ehty;fSf;Fk;

topaikj;Jj; je;jtUk; mtNu.
fy;fpapd; tuyhw;W ehty;fs; - nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> rptfhkpapd; rgjk;.
fy;fpapd; r%f ehty;fs; - fs;tdpd; fhjyp> miyNahir> jpahf G+kp.
1950 f;Fg; gpd;duhd ehty;fs;
 Njrpa czu;T ehty;fs; :
fy;fpapd; miyNahir
,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujpapd; Rje;jpuG+kp> je;jpu G+kp.
 r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; ehty;fs;:
uh[k; fpU\;zdpd; mKjkhfptUf.
Re;ju uhkrhkpapd; xU Gspa kuj;jpd; fij.
 tl;lhu ehty;fs; :
rq;fuuhkpd; kz;zhir (1940)
Mu;. \z;KfRe;juj;jpd; ehfk;khs;
 tuyhw;W ehty;fs; :
mfpydpd; fay;tpop
kzptz;zdpd; gy;ytk;
rhz;by;adpd; atduhzp
82
 Kw;Nghf;F ehty;fs; :
rpjk;gu uFehjdpd; gQ;Rk; grpAk; (1947)
n[afhe;jdpd; cd;idg; Nghy; xUtd;
 etPdj;Jt ehty;fs; :
Re;juuhkrhkpapd; N[. N[. rpyFwpg;Gfs;
 cstpay; ehty;fs; :
Nfhtp kzpNrfudpd; njd;dq;fPw;W
 gpd;etPdj;Jt ehty;fs; :
jkpotdpd; ~Vw;fdNt nrhy;yg;gl;l kdpju;fs;|
 ngz;zpa ehty;fs; :
ehfk; fpU\;zdpd; tPL
 jypj;jpa ehty;fs; :
,ikaj;jpd; NfhNtW fOij
 tpQ;Qhdg; GidTfs; :
R[hjhtpd; vd; ngau; ,e;jpuh
jutpUj;jp cs;sPL
 Muk;g fhy> jw;fhy ehty;fs;.
 ehty;fs;> ehtyhrpupau;fspd; ml;ltiz
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
 ehty;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 1940 fSf;F Ke;jpa ehty;fspd; gz;Gfis NtWgLj;Jthu;.
 gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ehty;fspd; gz;Gfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
 ehty;fspd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;fpf;

$Wthu;.
83
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f pa tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
Nju; r ; r pkl; l k; 5.1 : fhyg; Nghf;fpidAk; mt;tf; fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j

,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfisAk; RUf;fkhf
mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW : jw;fhyk; - ftpij
ghlNtis : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 jw;fhyj; jkpo; ftpijapd;; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.
 etPd ftpij kugpd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpidf; $Wthu;.
 jw;fhyf; ftpijfspd; NtWgl;l tbtk;> cs;slf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 jw;fhyf; ftpijapd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;> Kf;fpa MSikfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 INuhg;gpau;fhy ,Wjpg;gFjp> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg;gFjpapy; murpay;>

nghUshjhu> rka> r%f epiygw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 jkpo; f; f tpij tuyhw; w py; ghujpahuhy; Vw; g Lj; j g; ngw; w khw;w q;f s; gw;w pf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
 ghujpahupd;; gpd;du; Kf;fpakhd ftpij MSikfs;> mtu;fspd; ftpijfs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.
 mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; jkpo;f; ftpijahdJ> cUtk; kw;Wk; cs;slf;fq;fspy;

mile;J tUk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahly;.

 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiuahd fhyk; jw;fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
jw;f hy ,yf;f paq;fs; GJtopapw; nrd;wikf;f hd fhuzq;f s;
 Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; tUifahy; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;wtu;fs; mtw;wpYs;s

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd mk;rq;fisj; jkJ ftpijapYk; gpujpgypj;jik.
 gy;NtW etPd nfhs;iffspd; nry;thf;ifj; jkpo;f; ftpQu;fSk; cs;thq;fpaik.
 nghJkf;fl;rhu;G ,yf;;fpak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T.
 gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffs; gpuRukhFjy;.
 ghujpahu; jkpof
; f
; tpijapd; jpUg;G KidahfTk; etPd ftpijapd; Kd;NdhbahfTk;
jpfo;gtu;. ftpijapd; nghUs;> tbtk; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpatu;.
84
nghUs;: nghJkf;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;. NjrtpLjiy> ngz;tpLjiy>
rhjp vjpu;g;G %lf;nfhs;iffSf;F vjpu;g;G> nkhopczu;r;rp.
tbtk;: vspa gjq;fs; vspaeil> vspa re;jk; nghJkf;fisf; ftUk; nkl;L

vd;gtw;iwf; ifahz;lik> fz;zp> rpe;J> Fk;kp njk;khq;F Kjypa
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; ghtbtq;fis Vl;byf;fpaj;Jl; nfhz;L te;jik> vspa
trd eilapy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;ngw;wik.
gs;sp vOr;rp> ehd;kzpkhiy Kjypa kuGtop ,yf;fpa tbtq;fis

etPd Nehf;fpy; gad;gLj;jpaik.
ghujpjhrd;> jpuhtpl ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghbdhu;.ngz;zbikj;jdk;> rhjp vjpu;g;G>

rka vjpug;G tpjit tpthfk;> jkpo;g;gw;W> ,e;jp vjpu;g;G vd;gd ghLnghUs;fshapd.
ghujp topapy; ehkf;fy; uhkypq;fk;gps;is> thzpjh]d;;> Rujh> mo ts;spag;gh> Njrpf

tpehafk;gps;is KjypNahu; njhlu;fpd;wdu;.
mnkupf;ff; ftpQu; thy;l; tpl;kdpd; Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs; ftpijj; njhFg;Gld; Mq;fpyg;

GJf;ftpij Kaw;rp Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
,k;Kaw;rp Mq;fpy topahfj; jkpopYk; mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.
kzpf;nfhb rQ;rpif GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;l vOj;J> thdk;ghb Mfpa

rQ;rpiffs; mjd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpd. e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> g.uh[Nfhghyd;> GJikg;gpj;jd;>
ty;ypf;fz;zd;> f.eh.Rg;gpukzpak; KjypNahu; Muk;gfhyg; GJf;ftpijahsu;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
njhlu;e;J ftpijapd; tbtj;jpy; tsu;r;rp fhzg;g l;l gbkk;> i`$ ftpijfisf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.
gbkq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wp fz;ltu; - eh. gpr;r%u;j;jp
i`$ - mg;Jy; uFkhd;.
1950 f;Fg; gpd;duhd jkpo;f; ftpij:
 jdpkdpj czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL :
Re;juuhkrhkpapd; ftpijfs;
 gbkk; / FwpaPl;Lg;ghq;F :
gpukpd;
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
 r%f> murpay; khw;wq;fs; :
K. Nkj;jh
85
 Kw;Nghf;Fg; ghu;it :
kP uh
rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
,d;Fyhg;
 jypj;jpak; :
gokiy
 ngz;zpak; :
Rfpu;juhzp
khyjp ikj;up
 jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; :
gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf; fy;ahzRe;juk;
fz;zjhrd; ghly;fs;
thypapd; ghly;fs;
 iff;$ ftpijfs; :
mKj ghujpapd; GJf;ftpijfs;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
 ftpij - E}y;fs;
 ftpQu;fs; ml;ltiz
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
 jkpo;f;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; ghujpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;
 GJf;ftpij tsu;r;rpapy; thdk;ghb rQ;rpifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 GJf;ftpijapd; tbtk;> cs;slf;fk; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
 ftpijapd; tbtj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd gw;wpj; njspTWj;Jtu;.
86
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 7.4 : thf;fpa tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; mikg;igAk; mwpe;J

mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : njhlupay; - njhifepiy> njhfhepiy
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• njhlu; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• njhlu;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• njhlu;fspd; tiffis NtWgLj;jp cjhuzk; vOJthu;.
• njhlu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• nrhw;nwhlupd;; ,ay;igAk; tiffisAk; tpsq;Ftjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.

njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb cjhuzq; $wr;
nra;jy;.
• njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fis NtWgLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; mspj;J vOJ
tpjj
; y;.
njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs;
nrhw;fs; nghUs; juf;$ba tifapy; njhlUk;NghJ mtw;wpdpilNa mike;J tuNtz;ba

Ntw;Wik cUG Kjyhd cWg;Gfs; kiwe;J (njhf;F) ntspg;gl;L (njhfhJ) tUtJk;
cz;L. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; nrhw;nwhliu kugpyf;fzfhuu; njhif epiyj;njhlu;> njhfh
epiyj;njhlu; vd ,uz;lhfg; gFj;J Nehf;Ftu;.
njhifepiyj; n jhlu;
njhifepiyj; njhlu; vd;gJ nrhw;fSf;fpilNa cUGfs; Kjypad njhf;F
epw;f xU nkhopj;jd;ikg;gl njhlu;e;J tUjyhFk;.
njhif epiyj; njhlu; MW tifg;gLk;.

• Ntw;Wikj;njhif
• tpidj;njhif
• gz;Gj;njhif
• ctikj;njhif
• ck;ikj;njhif
• md;nkhopj;njhif
87
Ntw; W ikj;n jhif
,uz;L Kjy; VO tiuAs;s Ntw;Wikfspd; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk; njhlu;> Ntw;Wikj;
njhif vdg;gLk;.
1) taYOjhd; (I) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
2) kug;ngl;b (My;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
3) $ypNtiy (F) - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
4) Cu;ePq;fpdhd; (,d;) - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
5) jk; tPL (mJ) - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
6) Fiff;Nfhapy; (fz;) - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
tpidj; n jhif
nganur; rj;jpd; tpFjpAk; fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; njhf;F epw; f> mjd;
Kjdpiyahfpa tpidabAld; ngau;r; nrhy; njhlu;tJ tpidj;njhifahFk;.
(c+k;) tpbfhiy ce;Jtpir
eLfy; epiwFlk;
nra;k;kjp
gz;Gj; njhif
gz;ig czu;j;jp Md> Mfpa cUGfs; kiwe;J epd;W> xU nrhy; ePu;ikg;gLk;
njhif epiyj; njhlu; gz;Gj; njhifahFk;.
(c+k;) nre;jhkiu - tz;zk; ehw; Fzk; - msT

tl;lf;fy; - tbtk; ,d;nrhy; - Rit
Fwpg;G:- nghJg;ngaNuhL rpwg;Gg; ngaNuh rpwg;Gg; ngaNuhL nghJg;ngaNuh ,ize;J
,ilapy; Mfpa vDk; gz;GUG kiwe;J tUtJ ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;.
jhkiug;G+ - nghJg;ngau; - G+
- rpwg;Gg; ngau;- jhkiu
fjypthio - nghJg;ngau; - thio
- rpwg;Gg;ngau; - fjyp
ctikj; njhif
Nghy> xg;g> md;d> Giua Kjypa ctik cUGfs; ,ilapNy njhf;F epw;f
ctkhdr; nrhy;Yk; ctNkar; nrhy;Yk; njhlu;tJ MFk;. ,t; ctik tpid>
gad;> tz;zk;;> tbtk; vd;gd gw;wp tUk;.
kiof;if - gad; fay;tpop - Njhw;wk; (tbtk;)
Gtpr;Nrhod; - tpid gtstha; - tz;zk;
ck;ikj; njhif
vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; vd;Dk; ehy;tif msTfshw; nghUl;fis
msf;Fkplj;Jj; njhlUk; mt;tsitg; ngau;fSs; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ~ck;|
vd;gJ kiwe;J epw;gJ ck;ikj;njhifahFk;.
(c+k;) RfJf;fk; - RfKk; Jf;fKk; fgpyguzu; - fgpyUk; guzUk;
88
md;n khopj; njhif
Ke;ija Ie;J njhif epiyj; njhlu;fspy; ahNjDk; xd;W> jhd; Fwpf;Fk;
nghUis tpLj;J thf;fpa epiyapy; jd;NdhL njhlu;Gila gpwpnjhd;iwr; Rl;Lkhapd;
mJ md;nkhopj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : G+q;Foy; te;jhs;.
G+itAila Foiy cilats; te;jhs; vd tpupAk;.
G+q;Foy; - G+itAila Foy; vd tUk; NghJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
MfNt G+q;Foy; te;jhs; vd;gJ Ntw;Wikj; njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;
njhifahFk;.
fUq;$e;jy; ghbdhs;
gz;Gj; njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif
fay;tpop Mbdhs;
ctik njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif.
njhfh epiyj; njhlu;
njhfhepiyj; njhlu; vd;gJ nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; cUGfs; Kjypad njhfhkYk;
xU nkhopj;jd;ikg;glhkYk; nrhw;fs; njhlu;e;J tUjyhFk;.
,J xd;gJ tifg;gLk;.
1. vOtha;j; njhlu; 6. tpidnar;rj; njhlu;
c + k; - fz;zd; te;jhd; c + k; - te;J gbj;jhd;
2. tpspj;njhlu; 7. ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlu;
c + k; - fz;zh th c + k; - kw;nwhd;W
3. Ntw;Wikj; njhlu; 8. cupr; nrhw;nwhlu;
c + k; - fz;zidf; fz;Nld; c + k; - fbauz;
4. tpidKw;Wj; njhlu; 9. mLf;Fj; njhlu;
c + k; - gbj;jhd; fz;zd; c + k; - ngupa ngupa
5. nganur;rj; njhlu;
c + k; - gbj;j fz;zd;
jutpUj;jpcs;sL
P fs;
• njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs; - vOjpa bikd; jhs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
• njhif> epiy njhfh epiyj; njhlu;fis NtWgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• njhlu;fisg; nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspy; vOJthu;.
• njhifepiyj; njhlu;fspd; tiffis mwpe;J ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fspd; tiffis ,dk; fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
89
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : thf;fpa tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; mikg;igAk; mwpe;J>

mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpak;. (thf;fpa tiffs;)
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• thf;fpak; gw;wpAk;>thf;fpatiffs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• mikg;G mbg;gilapy; thf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Fthu;.
• jdpthf;fpaq;fis ,izj;Jf; $l;Lthf;fpakhf/fyg;G thf;fpakhf vOJthu;.
• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>mtw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghL

njhlu;ghf tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L gjpy; $wr; nra;jy;.
• jdpthf;fpak;>$l;Lthf;fpak;>fyg;G thf;fpak; vd;gtw;iw cjhuzj;Jld; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s topfhl;ly;.
• thf;fpaq;fis toq;fp>mit vt;tif thf;fpaq;fs; vd;W vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
• jdpthf;fpaq;fisf; $l;Lthf;fpaq;fshfTk;>$l;Lthf;fpaq;fisj; jdpthf;fpaq;fshfTk;
khw;w topg;gLj;jy;.
thf; f paq;f s; :
• nrhw;fs; nghUs;glj; njhlu;e;J te;J fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngw;W miktJ thf;fpak;
MFk;.
• jdpthf;fpaq;fs;:
XU thf;fpaj; njhliu kl;Lk; nfhz;L miktJ jdp thf;fpakhFk;. ,J Xu;
vOthiaAk; xU gadpiyiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
c-k; xsitahu; rpwe;j Gytu;.
ghlrhiy khztu;fs; ePz;l J}uk; ele;jdu;.
• $l;Lthf;fpak;:
,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l rkepiyj; njhlu;fspd; ,izg;Ng $l;L
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
c-k;: ehd; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbj;Njd;.
90
vdJ ez;gp jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbj;jhs;.
ehDk;>vdJ jk;gpAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gbj;Njhk;.
• fyg;G thf;f pak;

xU jiyikj;njhlNuhL rhu;Gthf;fpaj; njhlu; xd;Nwh>gyNth ,ize;J tUtNj
fyg;G thf;fpakhFk;.
c-k; :
ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp fk;gu; cj;jufhz;lj;ijg; ghbdhu; vd;gij> Ma;thsu; rpyu;
kWg;gu;.
,e; j cjhuzj; i j Nehf; f pdhy; > ,J jdp thf; f paq; f s; ,uz; b dhy;
cUthfpAs;sikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp fk;gu; cj;jufhz;lj;ijg; ghbdhu;.
Ma;thsu; rpyu; kWg;gu;.
vd;Dk; ,uz;L jdpthf;fpaq;fs; ,q;F ,ize;Js;sd.
,it ,uz;Lk; rkepiy thf;fpaq;fs; my;y. ,tw;Ws; Ma;thsu; rpyu; kWg;gu;
vd;gJ Kjd;ik ngWtjhf mjhtJ jiyikj; njhluhf cs;sJ. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp
cj;jufhz;lj;ijg; ghbdhu; vd;gJ rhu;Gj; njhluhf cs;sJ.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• thf;fpa ml;il
• thf;fpa tiffs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• thf;fpak; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• jdpthf;fpak;> $l;Lthf;fpak;> fyg;G thf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsq;fp
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
• ghlg;gFjpfspypUe;J> thf;fpa tif xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fis
vOJthu;.
91
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : thf;fpa tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; mikg;igAk;

mwpe;J> mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpak;. - ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs;
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fspd; gad;ghl;bidf; $Wthu;.
• thf;fpaq;fspy; ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; vit vd;gJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb $wr; nra;jy;.
• thf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf> ,izg;g pilr; nrhw;fisg; gad;g Lj;JkhW

topfhl;ly;.
• ,izg; g pilr; nrhw; f isg; nghUj;j khfg; gad; g Lj; j p>jdpthf;f paq; fisf;
$l;Lthf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp vOjtopg;gLj;jy;.
• thf;fpa ,izg;g pilr; nrhw;fs;

jdpthf; f paq; f s; ,izf; f g; g l; L f; $l; L thf; f pak; cUthf; f g; g Lfpd; w J.
,r;nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ> jdpthf;fpaq;fis ,izf;fg;gad;gLk; nrhw;fNs> thf;fpa
,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
m) ck; gadpiyj;njhlu; xd;whf mikAk; NghJ> NtWgLk; vOtha;j; njhlu;fs; ck;

,ilr;nrhy;yhy; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : xsitahu; Mj;jp#b vOjpdhu;

ghujpahu; Mj;jp#b vOjpdhu;.
xsitahUk; ghujpahUk; Mj;jp#b vOjpdu;.
92
• nrag;gLnghUsha; mikAk;> Ntw;WikNaw;w ngau;j;njhlu; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : fkyh jpUf;Fws; gbj;jhs;.
fkyh ehybahu; gbj;jhs;.
fkyh jpUf;FwisAk; ehybahiuAk; gbj;jhs;.
• tpidailj;njhlu;fs;
c-k; : mk;kh Ritahfr; rikj;jhu;.
mk;kh thridahfr; rikj;jhu;.
mk;kh RitahfTk; thridahfTk; rikj;jhu;.
• vr;rj; njhlu;fs; ( ) nra;a

c-k; : vdf;Fg; ghl tpUg;gk;.
vdf;F ebf;f tpUg;gk;.
vdf;Fg; ghlTk; ebf;fTk; tpUg;gk;.
• vr;rj; njhlu;fs; ( ) nra;J

c-k; : jk;gp Jilj;Jr; nrd;whd;.
jk;gp fOtpr; nrd;whd;.
jk;gp Jilj;Jk; fOtpAk; nrd;whd;.
M) gy njupTfs; cs;s epiyapy; xd;iwj; Nju;tjhf thf;fpak; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ>

my;yJ> ,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
c-k; : fiytpohtpy; ftpd;ah jpiuapirg; ghly; ghLths;.
fiytpohtpy; ftpd;ah ehl;lhu; ghly; ghLths;.
fiytpohtpy; ftpd;ah jpiuapirg; ghliy my;yJ
ehl;lhu; ghliyg; ghLths;.
~my;yJ| vd;w ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf> ~,y;iynad;why;|> ~,y;yhtpl;lhy;|

vd;g dTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd;
,) M (khw;Wtpdh ,izg;G)
tpdh thf;fpaq;fis ,izj;J>khw;Wtpdh thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;f M vDk;
,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpLfpd;whah?
eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpltpy;iyah?
eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpLfpd;whah>,y;iyah?
<) Mdhy;
Kjy; thf;fpaj;jpd; fUj;Jf;F Kuzhd fUj;Jila thf;fpaj;ij ,izf;f>
Mdhy; ,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
c- k; : ehd; ehisf;F tUNtd;.
ehd; cd;idg; ghu;f;fkhl;Nld;.
ehd; ehisf;F tUNtd; Mdhy; cd;idg; ghu;f;fkhl;Nld;.
93
c) MfNt
xU thf;fpaj;jpd; fUj;NjhL njhlu;Gila>mjd; tpisT vdj;jf;f>
fUj;Jila thf;fpaj;ij ,izf;f ~MfNt| ,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
Fkud; ed;whfg; gapw;rp nra;fpd;whd;.

Fkud; gjf;fk; nty;Ythd;.
Fkud; ed;whfg; gapw;rp nra;fpd;whd;.MfNt gjf;fk; nty;Ythd;.
MfNt vDk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf>vdNt> Mjyhy;> Mifahy; vd;gdTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
 ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; cs;s thf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;il.
 nraw;g hl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
 ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.
 ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhf thf;fpaq;fspy; ,izj;J vOJthu;.
 jdpthf; f paq; fisj; njhlu; t h f; f pakhf Tk; > nj hlu; th f; f paq; f isj;
jdpthf;fpaq;fshfTk; khw;wp vOJthu;.
94

mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpak;. - tO> tohepiy> tOtikjp
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tO vd;gjd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tOf;fis ,dq;fhl;Lthu;.
 tohepiy> tOtikjp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp vOJthu;.
 thf;fpaq;fis tOtpd;wp vOJtjd; mtrpaj;ij czu;e;J vOJthu;.
 thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tOf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb topg;gLj;jy;.
 thf;fpaq;fspy; tOf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjd; mtrpak; gw;wp tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly;.
 tOtiffs;> tOtikjpfs;> tohepiyfs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F cjhuzq;fs; vOj

topg;gLj;jy;.
 thf;fpaq;fspy; tOtikjp fhzg;gLtij ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;$w topg;gLj;jy;.
 thf;fpaq;fspd; mbg;gil cWg;Gf;fshd vOtha;> gadpiy vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gtw;wpy; Kuz;ghlw;w ,iaG fhzg;gLtJ thf;fpa
,iaG vdg;gLk;. thf;fpa ,iaG kPwg;gLk; NghJ tO Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
tOtiffs;
 jpiztO - vOtha; xU jpizapYk; gadpiy ,d; ndhU jpizapYk;

mike;jpUg;gJ.
c-k;: xU fhl;by; xU rpq;fk; ,Ue;jhu;.
 ghy;tO - Mz;ghypy; njhlq;fpa thf;fpak; ngz;ghypNyh> ngz;ghypy; njhlq;fpa

thf;fpak; Mz;ghypNyh KbtJ.
c-k;: ,sturd; Ntl;ilahLtjpNy rpwe;jtdhf ,Ue;jhs;.
95
 vz;tO - thf;fpaj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vd;gd Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: rfy rk;gs Vw;wq;fSk; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,ltO - thf;fpaj;jpy; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd;gd Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: ehq;fs; NfhtpYf;F te;jhu;fs;.
 fhytO - ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk; vd;git Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: New;W mtu;fs; Njhl;lj;ij cOthu;fs;.
 tpdhtO - nghUj;jkw;w tpdhitf; Nfl;gJ.
c-k;: fl;bw;fhy; Nghy gQ;rghz;ltu; MWNguh?
 tpiltO - tpdhTf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaf; $WtJ.
c-k;: cdf;Fr; rNfhjuu;fs; vj;jid Ngu;? vd;W Nfl;lhy; ehd;
jkpopNyjhd; mjp$ba Gs;spfisg; ngWNtd; vdf; $WtJ.
 kuGtO - njhd;Wnjhl;L tUk; kuGf;F khwhff; $WtJ.
c-k;: ahidf; Fl;b
 nrhy;tO - xU nrhy;ypw;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;ndhU nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJ.
c-k;: Mrpupau; ntz;fl;biag; ghtpj;J (gad;gLj;jp) vOjpdhu;.
tohepiy
tOtpd;wp vt;thW vOJtnjdf; $WtJ.
 Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk; Nru;e;JtUk; ,lq;fspy; thf;fpaj;ijg; gyu;ghypy;

Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
c-k;: fz;zDk; uhijAk; te;jdu;.
 xd;wd;ghNyh gytpd;ghNyh vd;w Iak; tUk; ,lq;fspy; m/wpiz ,Ughw;

nghJg;ngau; nfhz;L thf;fpaj;ij Kbf;fNtz;Lk;.
c-k;: xd;Nwh gyNth taYl; GFe;j khL?
 cau;jpizNah m/wpizNah vd;w Iak; tUk; ,lq;fspy; cU> tbtk;

Kjypa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
c-k;: Mzh> ngz;zh mq;F Njhd;Wk; cU.
tOtikjp
tOthf mike;j xU thf;f pak; rpy Fwpg; g pl; l #o; e piyfspNy tpjptpyf; fhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ tOtikjp vdg;gLk;.
• jpiztOtikjp
1. cau;T fhuzkhf m/wpizg; nghUisAk; cau;jpizg; nghUNshL Nru;j;J

cau;jpiz Kbitf; $wyhk;.
c-k;: %j;Njhu; ,isNahu; gR ngz;bu; vd;W ,tu;fl;F
96
%j;Njhu;> ,isNahu;> ngz;bu; vd;Dk; cau;jpizg; nghUs;fNshL gRTk Nru;eJ
‘,tu;fs;’ vd;Dk; cau;jpiz KbT ngw;wJ.
2. ,opT fhuzkhf cau;jpizg; nghUSk; m/wpizg; nghUNshL Nru;e;J

m/wpiz Kbitg;ngWk;
c-k;: %u;f;fDk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh.
• ghy; tOtikjp
1. jrujd; ehl;Lkf;fisj; jha;Nghyg; ghJfhj;jhd;. - jrujd; je;ij Nghy vd

tuNtz;Lk;.
2. r%f kjpg;Gf;fhuzkhf xUtd;/ xUj;jpia mtu; vd miog;gJ.
• ghy; tOtikjp
,uz;L fz;Zk; rpte;jJ. - rpte;jd vd;W gd;ikapy; tuNtz;baJ xUikapy;

te;Js;sJ.
• ,l tOtikjp
ePq;fs; vy;NyhUk; te;jPu;fs; - vy;yPUk; vd tuNtz;Lk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• tOtiffs; vOjpa bikd;jhs;

• nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• thf;fpaq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs; gw;wpAk; tohepiy> tOtikjp gw;wpAk; $Wthu;.

• tOf;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• tOTs;s thf;fpaq;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJthu;.
• thf;fpaq;fis tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.
97

mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs;
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfspd; tiffs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs; gad;gLk; ,lq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J nghUs; njspTld; vOJthu;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs; ,lg;glhj thf;fpaq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtw;wpy; ,lg;glNtz;ba

FwpaPLfs; vitnadf; Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• epWj;jf; FwpaPLfspd; tiffisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topfhl;ly;.
• xt;nthd;wpdJk; gad;ghLfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsq;fpf; $w itj;jy;.
• thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhLj;J> epWj;jf; Fwpfisr; rupahf ,Ltjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPl;bd; tiffisf; $w topg;gLj;jy;.
• thf;fpaq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; epWj;jf;FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;j
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
Kjd;ikg;gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;
thf;fpaq;fisg; nghUs;kaf;fkpd;wp vOjTk; cupa ,ilntsptpl;L thrpg;gjw;Fk; epWj;jf;Fwpfs;

gad;gLfpd;wd.
1. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp / Kbg;gpirf;Fwp (.)

gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,lg;gLk;.
m. tpdhTk;> nka;g;ghLk; jtpu;e;j Vida thf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;.

c-k;: ,yq;if vkJ jha;ehL MFk;.
M. nrhw;fisr; RUf;fp vOJk; ,lq;fspy;
c-k;: m. kp. j. f ghlrhiy
2. fhw;Gs;sp / cWg;gpirf;Fwp (>)
m. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngau;r;nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs; mLj;JtUk; NghJ

c-k;: filapy; kh> muprp> rPdp> gUg;G Mfpa nghUl;fis thq;fpNdd;.
M. nghUs;kaf;fk; Vw;gLk; ,lq;fspy; kaf;fj;ij ePf;Ftjw;F
c-k;: Mrpupau;> jhNd vdf;F mijf; $wpdhu;.
,. xUtiu tpopj;J miof;Fk; NghJ
c-k;: md;G ez;gh> kfNd>
<. jd;$w;whf mikAk; thf;fpaj;jpy; $w;Wf;Fupatupd; ngaupd; Kd;dhy;
c-k;: rpq;fk;> “ehNd ,e;jf; fhl;Lf;F uh[h” vdf; $wpaJ.
c. Kftupfspy; ,Wjpr;nrhy; jtpu;e;j Vida nrhw;fspd; Kd;
c-k;: gpuNjr nrayhsu;>
gpuNjr nrayfk;>
cLtpy; .
98
C. gy jdpthf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J njhlu;thf;fpakhFk; NghJ tpidnar;rq;fis
mLj;J ,lg;gLk;.
c-k;: mtd; fhiyapy; vOe;J> gy;Jyf;fp> Fspj;J> cilazpe;J nfhz;L
ghlrhiyf;Fg; Nghdhd;.
3. miug;Gs;sp / njhlu;gpirf;Fwp (;)

m. Xu; vOthapd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nray;fisf; $Wk; NghJ.
c-k;: guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;j khwd; kfpo;r;rpahy; Mbdhd;; ghbdhd;;
Js;spf; Fjpj;jhd;.
M. ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fis mLj;J
c-k;: ,d;W fLk; kio; MfNt, tFg;Gfs; eil ngwtpy;iy.
4. Kf;fhw;Gs;sp / tpsf;fpirf;Fwp (:)

m. gl;baiyf; nfhz;LtUk;. mitahtd> gpd;tUkhW Kjypa nrhw;fspd;
gpd;dhy;
c-k;: gQ;rG+jq;fs;: epyk;> ePu;> jP> fhw;W> Mfhak; vd;Dk; Ie;Jkhk;.
ml;ltiz mLj;jtupapy; ,lk;ngw;why; Kf;fhw;Gs;spia mLj;Jr; rpWNfhL
,lg;gLk;.
c-k;: jkpo;j;jpdg; Nghl;bfSf;Fj; njupTnra;ag;gl;l khztu;fs; tpguk;
gpd;tUkhW :-
fz; zd;
nre;J }ud;
guzpjud;
M. ,UtUf;fpilNaahd ciuahliy vOJk;NghJ Kf;fhw;Gs;sp ,lk;ngWk;.
c-k;: Mrpupau;: rpfpupah Xtpaq;fisg; ghu;j;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh?
khztd;: ,y;iy> ehq;fs; xUNghJk; ghu;j;jjpy;iy.
,. fzpjj;jpy; tpfpj vz;fSf;F ,ilapy;
c-k;: 7 : 3
<. rpWjiyg;gpd; ,Wjpapy;
c-k;: Neuk;:
,lk;:
jiytu;:
c. gpujhd $w;Wf;Fg; gpd;tUk; $w;W tpsf;fkhf mikAkplj;jpy;
c-k;: fpzW ePz;lfhykhf ,iwf;fhky; fple;jJ: mq;Nf gw;iw tsu;e;J
NghapUe;jJ.
5. tpdhf;Fwp ( ? )
m. tpdh thf;f paj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;
c-k;: 1996 ,y; cyff;fpz;zj;ij ntd;w fpupf;fl; mzp vJ?
M. nrhy;yg;gLk; tplak; re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; thf;f paj;jpd;
,Wjpapy; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; tpdhf;Fwp ,lg;gLk;.
c-k;: mnkupf;f [dhjpgjpapd; ntw;wpapd; gpd;dhy; u\;a csTg;gpupT
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ (?)
6. Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp ( “ ” )
m. xUtuJ fUj;ij mtuJ $w;whfNt jUkplq;fspy;
c-k;: “nghd; nra; nfhy;yd; jd; nrhy; Nfl;l ahNdh murd;?” vdg;
ghz;bad; Nfl;lhd;.
99
7. tpl;birf;Fwp ( - )
m. fUj;Jr; rLjpahfj; jpUk;Gk; ,lq;fspy;

c-k;: me;jg; ngz; - mtis Kd;du; vq;NfNah ghu;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.
M. Fwpj;j xU nrhy;ypw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fTk;
c-k;: ,j;jid nrhw;fisf; ifahz;Lk; - fUj;J njspthftpy;iy.
(fUj;J vd;w nrhy;Yf;F)
,. ntz;ghtpy; jdpnrhy;Yf;F Kd;
c-k;: ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk;gUg;Gkpit
ehYk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; - NfhyQ;nra;
<. nrhw;fisr; RUf;fp Kjy; vOj;ijAk; ,Wjp vOj;ijAk; kl;Lk; vOJk;
,lq;f spy;
c-k;: (cjhuzk; c-k;)
c. fhyk;> ,lk; vd;gtw;wpd; njhlu;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;f
c-k;: ij - khrp
nfhOk;G - aho;g;ghzk;
fhiy 8 - khiy 4
8. nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp / czu;r;rpf;Fwp ( ! )
m. tpag;G> tpUg;gk; Kjypa czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;>

nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> thf;fpaq;fspd; gpd;du;
c-k;: X! vt;tsT mofhd G+f;fs;!
M. Kd;dpiyapy; ,y;yhj xUtiu/ xd;iw> ,we;J Nghd xUtiu/ xd;iw
tpspj;Jr; nrhw;nghopT> ghl;L vd;gtw;wpw; nrhy;Yk; NghJ mt;tpspg;ngaupd;
gpd; N d czu;r;rpf;Fwp tUk;.
c-k;: kfhj;kh fhe;jpNa! ePq;fs; nrhd;d mfpk;iria ,d;iwa cyfpy;
vq;Fk; fhzKbtjpy;iy!
tpjpNa! jkpo;r;rhjpia vd;d nra;a epidj;jha;!
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
 epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs; cs;s thf;fpaq;fs; vOjpa bikd;jhs;.
 nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;.
 epWj;jf;FwpaPLfspd; tiffis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 epWj;jf;FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
 epWj;jf;FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jp thf;fpaq;fs; vOJthu;.
100
juk; - 13
%d;whe; jtiz

;
01 fl;Liuahf;fk; 102 - 103
02 ftpij - njhz;L 104 - 105
03 fl;Liu - rk;gh\iz xU fiy 106 - 107
04 <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW 20 Mk; E}w;whz;L - ftpij 108 - 110
05 ehty; 111 - 115
06 rpWfij 116 - 119
,yf;fzk; - mzpapay; 120 - 124

07
101
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;e;j
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtj;jpd; Clhfr;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Mf;fq;fis vOJjy; - fl;Liu
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; jkJ mDgtq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;
fl;Liu vOJthu;.
 jiyg;Gf;F Vw;w jfty;fisj; jpul;b> njhFj;J fl;Liu vOJthu;.
 fl;Liu El;gq;fisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; fl;Liu vOJthu;.

 rpwe;j fl;Liufis khztu;fs; thrpj;J mit gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w jfty;fisj; jpul;l topfhl;Ljy;.
 fl;Liuf;fhd rl;lfk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb vOj topfhl;ly;.
 jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfr; Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jp> fl;Liu vOj
topfhl;Ljy;;.
nghJePj p njhlu;g hdit.

c+k; :- fw;widj;J}Wk; mwpT - fl;Liu
KfTiu
jiyg;gpid tpsf;fp vOJjy;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;
ehk; fw;Fk; my;yJ thrpf;Fk; KiwapNyNa vkJ mwptpd; ngUf;fKk; tpupTk;
jq;f pAs;sJ. thrpj;Jr; Nru;f;Fk; juTfspNyNa mwpT nrk;ikailfpd;wJ.
,sikapypUe;J KJiktiuAk; fz;lijAk; thrpj;jy / fw;wy;. xU Jiwapy;
epGzj;Jtk; ngWtJ fw;wypNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. mDgtf;fy;tpapd;
Kf;f paj;J tk;. fhy khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g mwpTk; khWtjhy; vg;NghJk; fw;Wf;nfhz;Nl
,Ug;g Jjhd; mwpit tsu;f;Fk;. njhopypy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl NkYk; fw;gJ>
njhopw;fy;tpapy; GJg;GJ mDgtk; ngw cjTk;.
KbTiu -
jhd; Kd;itj;j rfy juTfisAk; njhFj;J> fl;Liuiag; G+uzg;gLj;jy;.
102
tpQ;Q hdk; rhu;e ;j it
c-k; tpQ;QhdKk; r%fKk;
KfTiu
r%fj;jpd; Njitfspd; gy;tifikia tpsf;fp tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; %ykhd
r%f epiwit vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;
tpQ;QhdKk; r%fKk; xd;Wld; xd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd.
kdpj mwptpaypd; tpaj;jF tsu;r;rpapy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;.
Jiwrhu;e;j tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; r%fg; gad;ghLfSk;.
- itj;jpak; - Nghf;Ftuj;J
- tptrhak; - fy;tp
- tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs; - tho;thjhuj; Njitfs;
tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; r%fj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j ed;ikfs;.
gaDs;s tifapy; tpQ;Qhdj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
KbTiu
tpQ;QhdKk; - r%fKk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gpupf;f KbahjthW
,ize;Js;sikAk; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaKk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• fl;Liuf;fhd rl;lfk; vOjpa bikd; jhs;.

• Nkw;Nfhs;fs; (ghly;> $w;Wfs;)
• KbTiu
• rpwe;jnjhU fl;Liuia thrpj;J> mJ gw;wpa jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

• jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;GfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfr; rl;lfk; mikg;ghu;.
• fl;;Liu El;gq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L fl;Liu xd;iw vOJthu;.
103
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpy;

,lk;ngWk; nkhopf;$Wfisg; gFj;J> fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ftpij - njhz;L
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ftpijapd; ikaf; fUj;jpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ftpijapy; eae;j gFjpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
• ftpijapy; ifahsg;gl;l nrhy;yhl;rp gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ftpQuJ nkhopf;ifahs;if gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
• ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfk; nra;a topfhl;ly;.

• ftpijia khztu;fs; thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• ftpijapd; cs;slf;fj;ij> jiyg;Gld; njhlu;GgLj;jp tpsf;f topfhl;ly;.
• ftpijapy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wjy;.
• ftpijapYs;s rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil $wr; nra;jy;.
• Mrpupau; jdJ fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jf; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfisf; fz;lwpar;
nra;jy;.
• ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpfis tpsf;f topfhl;ly;.
(m) ghly; Mrpupau; gw;w pa mwpKfk;
ePyhtzd; <oj;J Kd;dzpf; ftpQu;fSs; Kf;fpakhdtu;. ngupaePyhtiziag;

gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngau; Nf. rpd;dj;Jiu (1931 - 1975) 1952
,y; ‘gpuhar;rpj;jk;’ rpWfij %yk; vOj; J yfpy; gpuNtrpj; j hu; . 1953 ,y;
‘XbtUtnjd;NduNkh’ftpij %yk; ftpijj; Jiwapy; fhyb gjpjj ; tu;. jkpOzu;T>
Md;kPf czu;T> rKjha czu;T vd;gd ,tuJ ftpijfspy; tputpf; fhzg;gLk;.
top> xj;jpif Mfpa ftpijj; njhFjpAk; Ntshz;ik vd;w fhtpaj;ijAk;
je;Js;shu;.
104
(M ) ftpQu; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;;:
“njhz;L vd;w Nghu;itapy; Ruz;l Kw;gLNthupd; Nghypj;jdk;”
(,) ftpQu; ntspg;g Lj;Jk; / nrhy;Y k; tpjk;;:
• jj;Jt&gkhd tu;zid.
• fl;Gyf; fhl;rpr; rpj;jpupg;G.
• fij nrhy;Yk; ghq;F.
• Ngr;NrhirNahL $ba vspikahd nkhopg; gpuNahfk;.
- ghj;jpuj;jpd; Ngr;R> fij Nghy ,Uf;fpd;w ftpijf;Fs;>
• kuG top ahg;G> vJif Nkhidfs; mike;jpUj;jy;.
• khl;ilAk; fhfj;ijAk; FwpaPLfshff; nfhz;L fijtbtpw; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
• rk;gtk;> epfo;fsk; gw;wpa El;gkhd tu;zidfs;.
- FQ;rp ePu; Xil FWkzNy thu;e;jpUf;Fk;
rhk;gpf; FUj;Jk; rUfhd nts;sWF
nfhRf;fs; gil ‘nqha;q;q’; >
rg;gspe;J Nghd tapW
• mzpfspd; gad;ghL
1. ctik mzp
‘fl;lhjiyfpd;w fhl;nlUik Nghy; Ngd;fs;’
2. cUtf mzp
‘nqha;q;q; Foy;’
‘rhl;il tpRf;Fk; gRthy;’;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ‘ePyhtzd;;’ ftpijfs; njhFjp

• ‘ePyhtzd;;’ gw;wpa fl;Liufs;
• ghly; vOjpa bikd; jhs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

• ftpijapy; ,ioNahbapUf;Fk; czu;tpid ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; Clhf Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ftpijapy; fhZk; eaj;ij vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
• ftpijapd; ghLnghUis mDgtj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; $Wthu;.
105
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 3.1 : capu; j ; J bg; G s; s fl; L Uthf; f r; nraw; w pwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : rk;gh\iz xU fiy - fl;Liu
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• rk;gh\iz vDk; gjj;jpid tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

• ey;y rk;gh\izapd; ,ay;Gfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rpwe;j rk;gh\izahsu;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• rk;gh\iznahd;wpid epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• jug;gl;l fl;Liuia thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.

• fl;Liuapd; rhuhk;rk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb vOJtpj;jy;.
• rk;gh\iznahd;wpd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;j topfhl;Ljy;.
• khztu;fs; rk;gh\iznahd;wpid epfo;j;jpf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jjy;.
fl;L iu Mrpupau;
t.uhkrhkp Iaq;fhu; (1889 - 1951)
• kfhftp ghujpAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;.
• jkpoff; ftpij cyfpy; ghujpf;Fupa cd;dj ];jhdj;ij czu;j;jpatu;. jkpo;
kf;fis mwpT G+u;tkhfTk; ju;f;fuPjpahfTk; rpe;jpf;f itg;gjpy; Mu;tKilatu;;.
• mwpQu; mz;zhthy; ~~mf;fpufhuj;J mjprakdpju;|| vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltu;.
• Rje;jpud; (jQ;ir)> kzpf;nfhb gj;jpupiffspy; Mrpupau;.
tu; j ; j kpj; j pud; > gpugQ; r kpj; j pud; > jkpo; e hL Kjypa gy gj; j pupiffspYk;
gzpahw;wpatu;. ,yq;ifapy; tPuNrup gj;jpupifapYk; gzpGupe;jtu;.
• ,tu; vOjpa ehty;fs; :- Re;jup> rpd;dr;rhk;G> tp[ah> Nfhijj; jPT.
• rpWfijfSk; vOjpAs;shu;.
• cg;Gr;rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; <Lgl;ljw;fhfr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ vOjpa ~n[apypd;
laup| gpd;du; E}yhf ntspte;jJ.
106
Mrpupau; $wtpioe;j tplak;
• rk;gh\izapd; NghJ ,lk;> fhyk; mwpe;Jk; urghtj;ij czu;e;Jk; nghUis

mDtpj;Jk; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.
• Mrpupau; mu;j; jk; epiwe;j rk;g h\izfis cjhuzk; fhl;b > mj;j ifa
rk;gh\izfNs gaDs;sit vd typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
(c-k;) mutpej
; u;> kfhj;khfhe;jp> ghujpahu;> Ngdhu;l\
; h MfpNahupd; ciuahly;fs;.
fl;Liu fUj;J f;fis epWtg; gad;g Lj;jpa cj;jpfs;
• Nkdhl;lwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;Ljy;.

• tlnkhop> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fNshL ,izj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• rhrdq;fs; $Wk; nra;jpfisj; jUjy;.
• fu;z guk;giuf; fijfis Mjhuk; fhl;Ljy;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• khjpup rk;gh\iz - ,Wtl;L
• fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; rpwe;j rk;gh\izahsu;fspd; Gifg;glg;gpujp
(c-k;) mutpe;ju;> kfhj;khfhe;jp> ghujpahu;> Ngdhu;l;\h
• rk;gh\iz xd;wpd; gz;Gfs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
• rk;gh\iz vd;gJ xU fiy vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• rpwe;j rk;gh\izapd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• Gfo;ngw;w rk;gh\izahsu;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtu;fs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
• rk;gh\iz xd;wpid tpku;rpj;J> jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• khjpupr; rk;gh\iz xd;iw epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
107
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6;.1 : fhyg;gFg;gpd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf; fhyg;gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis Kd;
itg;g hu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhW - ftpij
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fg; gpd;dzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;J nra;As; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 <oj;J etPd jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 <oj;J etPd ftpijj; Jiwapd; Kf;fpa MSikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;J murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fg; gpd;dzp Fwpj;Jf;

fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;jy;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gfhy <oj;Jr; nra;Aspyf;fpag; Nghf;Ff; Fwpj;J

tpku;rpf;f topfhl;Ljy;.
 etPd ftpijapd; ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahbf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr;

re;ju;g;g kspj;jy;.
 <oj;J etPd ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; Nghf;F vd;gd Fwpj;J tpsf;Ftjw;F cjTjy;.
 <oj;J etPd ftpijapd; cs;slf;fk; cUtk; vd;gd Fwpj;Jf; Nfl;lwpjy;.
 <oj;J etPd ftpijapd; Nghf;Ffisj; jPuk

; hdpj;j gpujhd ftpQu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ
gpujhd ftpijfisAk; mwpKfk; nra;a topfhl;ly;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (key word) vz;zf;fUf;fs;

 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;J murpay;> r%fg; gpd;dzp
 1920fspy; tpLjiy czu;T Kidg;GWjy;> 1930 ru;trd thf;Fupik> murhq;f

rig mwpKfkhjy;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; cUthf;fk;> 1948 ,y; Rje;jpuk;> 1950
fspd; gpwf
; hyj;jpy; ,dKuz;ghl;bd; Muk;gk;> 1990fspy; ,dKuz;ghL tYTWjy;>
1980fspy; ,dKuz;ghL cf;fpukiljy;.
108
 Kjyhspj; J t mikg; G tYg; n gWjy;> r%f rP u ; j; j pUj; j ehl; l k; > mur
cj;jpNahfq;fspy; <Lgly;> efu tho;f;if> ,ytrf; fy;tp mwpKfj;jhy; fy;tp
rfyUf;Fk; rhj;jpakhjy;> etPd njhopy; El;gq;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;jy;>
gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; mjpfupj;jy;> etPd murpay; rKjhar; rpe;jidfs;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;> ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjpg;Gf;fs;.
 etPd ftpijapd; ,ay;Gfs;.
 r%f Nehf;F> Rje;jpu r%f ePjp> r%f rPu;j;jpUj;jk;> r%f rkj;Jtk;> rka
rkurk; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfs;.
 jd;dDgtk;
 vspik
 jw;;GJik
 ajhu;j;jg;gz;G
 Ngr;Nrhir
 nra;As; fl;Lg;ghLfis kPwy; (GJf;ftpij> trd ftpij)
 <oj;jpy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gfhy nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
 rkak; njhlu;ghdit - FkhuRthkpg; Gytu;
 r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghdit - ghtyu; Jiuag;ghgps;is
- ethypA+u; NrhkRe;jug;; Gytu;
 <oj;J etPd ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp 1940 fspd; gpw;gFjp Kjy;.
 fpuhkpak;> fhjy;> FLk;gk;> jkpOzu;T> ,aw;if Kjypad ftpijg; nghUshjy;.
 kuG rhu;e;j nra;As; tbtq;fspy; vspa nkhop eilapy; Ngr;Nrhirg;ghq;Fld;

ftpijfs; mikjy;.
 1950 - 1980
 nkhopAzu;r;rp> Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidfs;> njhopyhsu; tho;tpay;.
 ahg;ig kPwpa epiyapy; ftpij (GJf;ftpij) gilf;Fk; Nghf;F 1960fspy;

Muk;gkhjy;.
 1980 Kjy;
 ,dKuz;ghL> Gyg;ngau;T> ngz;zpak; Kjypad.
 gpwnkhopf; ftpijfs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gly;.
 <oj;jpd; etPd ftpijg; Nghf;fpd; gpujpepjpfshy; mikAk; ftpQu;fs;.
 ghtyu; Jiuag;g hgps;is> NrhkRe;jug; Gytu;> my;thA+u;r ; nry;iyah>

kPdhl;rpak;khs;> Gytu;kzp ngupajk;gpg;gps;is KjyhNdhu; r%f rPu;j;jpUj;jk;>
Njrpa czu;T Kjyhd tplaq;fis vspa eilapy; ghba tifahy; <oj;J
etPd ftpijapd; Cw;Wf; fz;fshfpwhu;fs;.
109
 ~kfhftp|> eP y htzd; > KUifad; MfpNahu; <oj;J etP d ftpijapd;
Kd;Ndhbfshfpwhu;fs;.
 rr;rpjhde;jd;> fhrpahde;jd;> rf;jp ghiyah KjyhNdhu; jkpOzu;r ;rpf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;j ftpQu;fs;.
 gRgjp> Rgj;jpud; KjyhNdhu; Kw;Nghf;Fthj rpe;jidfis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa

ftpQu;fs;.
 jkpNohtpad;> FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd;> KjyhNdhu; kiyafj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ghbdu;.
 jh. ,uhkypq;fk;> jUK rptuhk;> Nrhiyf;fpsp> KjyhNdhu; <oj;Jg; GJf;ftpijj;

Jiwapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpatu;fs;.
 GJit ,uj;jpdJiu> Nrud;> m];ug; rp`hg;jPd;> xsit KjyhNdhu; <oj;J

,dKuz;ghl;bd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fisf; ftpijapy; ntspg;gLj;jpatu;fs;.
 t. nr. r. n[aghyd;> jpUkhtstd;> fp. gp. mutpe;jd; KjyhNdhu; Gyg;ngau;T

mDgq;fis ftpijA+lhfj; je;jtu;fs;.
 rptukzp> Mopahs;> Ry;gpfh KjyhNdhu; ngz;zpiy epdW

; ftpij gilj;jdu;.
 E/khd;> m. NaRuhrh> Nfh. gj;kehjd; KjyhNdhu; gpwnkhopf; ftpijfisj;

jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jdu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - rp. nksdFU> nks. rpj;jpuNyfh>
vk;. V. E/khd;.
 ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - rp. jpy;iyehjd;.
 jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs; - vk;. V. E/khd;.
 <oj;J etPd ftpij - Gjpa cs;slf;fq;fs;> Gjpa ghu;itfs; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; -

nr. Nahfuhrh.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpgg
; PLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;J murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.
 Muk;gfhy jkpo;f; ftpijfspd; Nehf;FfisAk; Nghf;FfisAk; vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
 <oj;J etPd jkpof

; f
; tpQu;fis mtu;fsJ Nghf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
110
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg; gFjpapy;

vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpe;J fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW jw;fhyk; - ehty;
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f gpd;dzp gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
 fhyg;gpd;dzpapy; <oj;jpy; ehty; ,yf;fpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 <oj;jpy; vOe;j ehty;fisf; fhy mbg;gilapy; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 <oj;J ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay;> nghUshjhu gpd;dzp gw;wp mwptjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
 ehty; ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wp tsu;tjw;F VJthd fhuzpfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb

Nfl;lwpjy;.
 fhy mbg;gilapy; <oj;J ehty;fis mtw;wpd; Nghf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp

tpsf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
 <oj;J ehty; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp> gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (key word) vz;zf;fUf;fs;

 <oj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb ehty;fSk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;FfSk;.
 mrd;NgAila fij (1885) - mwpQu; rpj;jpnyg;ig <oj;J Kjy; ehty;.
 CNrhd; ghye;ij fij (1891) - jpUNfhzkiy v];. rpd;dj;jk;gp
 Nkhfdhq;fp (1895) - jp. j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is
 Muk;gfhy ehty;fspd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;.
 fhtpa kugpypUe;J tpLglhj jd;ik.
111
 cau; epiy khe;jiu ehafuhff; nfhs;Sjy;.
 fij epfo;fsk; <ok; my;yhJ gpwNjrq;fshf mikjy;.
 ghj;jpu tu;zid> ,aw;if tu;zid mjpfstpy; ,lk; ngwy;.
 mw;Gj rk;gtq;fSk; jpBu; jpUg;gq;fSk; epiwe;jitahff; fhzg;gly;.
 ghj;jpu ciuahly;fs; nre;newpg;ghq;fhd nkhopeilapy; mikjy;.
 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gfhy ehty;fs;.
 tPurpq;fd; fij my;yJ rd;khu;f;f n[ak; (1905) - rp. it. rpd;dg;ggps;is
(1916) - tpn[arPyk;
 nehUq;Fz;l ,Ujak; (1914) - kq;fs ehafk; jk;igah
 ,uhrJiu (1924) - nrk;nghd; NrhjP];tuu; nry;yk;kh.
 ePyfz;ld; xU rhjp Ntshsd; (1925) - ,ilf;fhlu;.
 fhrpehjd; Nerkyu; (1924) k. Nt. jpUQhdrk;ge;jgps;is
 Nfhghy Neruj;jpdk; (1926 - 1927)
 Jiuuj;jpdk; Nerkzp (1927 - 1928)
 gz;Gfs;.
 <oj;ijf; fskhff; nfhz;likjy;.
 r%fk;> rkak; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; NgRnghUshf mikjy;.
 ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gilaitahf mikjy;.
 capNuhl;lkhd ghj;jpug; gilg;G.
 juhjuj; jkpopyhd tptupg;Gk; Ngr;R tof;fpyhd ciuahlYk; mwpKfkhjy;.
 1930 Kjy; Rje;jpuk; tiuapyhd ehty;fs;.
 fhe;jkyu; my;yJ fw;gpd; khl;rp (1936) - rp. Nt. jhNkhjuk;gps;is
 gtsfhe;jd; my;yJ Nfrup tp[ak; (1932) - tuzpA+u; V. rp. ,uhirah

vr;. nry;iyah
 Nrhkhtjp my;yJ ,yq;if ,e;jpau; el;G (1940)
 fhe;jkzp my;yJ jPz;lhikf;Fr; rhTkzp (1937)
 nry;tp rNuh[h my;yJ jPz;lhikf;Fr; rTf;fb (19 ) - vk;. V. nry;tehafk;
 md;dG+uzp (1942) - R. rr;rpjhde;jd;
 ghrk; (1947) - f. jp. rk;ge;jd;
 Kjw; fhty; (1942) u\;a ehty; nkhopngau;g;G - ,yq;ifau;Nfhd;
112
 muq;fehafp (1934) Mq;fpy ehtypd; jOty; - Nt. Vuk;gKjyp
 gz;Gfs;.
 rhjp xLf;FKiw Kjyhd r%f mePjpfSf;F vjpuhd Fuy; voj;njhlq;Fjy;.
 FLk;gk;> kdpj cwTfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Kjd;ikaspj;jy;.
 r%f> murpaw; gpur;rpidfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
 fzprkhd ehty;fs;> ku;kehty;fshf mikjy;.
 nkhopngau;g;G> jOty; ehty;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
 Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ Kjy; 1969 tiu
 tpjpapd; if (1953) - fdf nre;jpehjd;
 nfhOnfhk;G (1955) - t. R. ,uhruj;jpdk;
 njd;wYk; GaYk; (1955) - ,sq;fuP d;
 ePjpNa eP Nfs; (1959)
 kiyf;nfhOe;J (1964) - ee;jp
 ePz;l gazk; (1965)
 rlq;F (1966) - nr. fNzrypq;fd;
 nrt;thdk; (1967)
 J}uj;Jg; gr;ir (1964) - Nfhfpyk; Rg;igah
 Rlu; tpsf;F (1966) - e. ghNy];tup
 nrhe;jf;fhud; (1968) - th. ngdbf;ghyd;
 jP (1961) - v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu
 rlq;F (1966)
 gz;Gfs;.
 fpuhkpa tho;tpay; ntspg;gly;.
 rhjp Kuz;ghL> tu;f;f Kuz;ghLfSf;F vjpuhd Fuyhf mikjy;.
 <oj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ehty;fs; gpuf;iQ G+u;tkhf vOjg;gly;.
 ghYzu;r;rpia ikag;gLj;jpa ehty;fs; rpy vOe;jd.
 1970fspy;
 gQ;rku; (1972) - lhdpay;
 nry;Yk; topapUl;L (1973) - nrhf;fd;
113
 tpbit Nehf;fp (1973) - njzpahd;
 tho;f;ifg; gazk; (1974) - eaPkh rpj;jPf;
 kPl;lhj tPiz (1974) - V. epj;jpafPu;j;jp
 fhyq;fs; rhtjpy;iy (1974) - njsptj;ij Nahrg;
 Gjpa jiyKiwfs; (1976) - it. mfkl;
 tuyhW mtisj; Njhw;Wtpl;lJ (1976) - Nf. Mu;. Nltpl;
 Nghbahu; khg;gps;is (1976) - v];. =. N[hd;uh[d;
 fhl;lhW (1977) - nrq;ifahopahd;
 Gjpa RtLfs; (1977) - jp. QhdNrfud;
 Rikfs; (1977) - jhkiur; nry;tp
 jq;fr;rpak;kh (1977) - ee;jp
 gz;Gfs;.
 <oj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fspypUe;Jk; ehty;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
 kz; thridia ntspg;gLj;jy;
(cjhuzk;: fhl;lhW> fhyq;fs; rhtjpy;iy> Nghbahu; khg;gps;is)
 rhjpg;g pur;rpid> njhopyhsu; gpur;rpid> rPjdg; gpur;r pid Kjyhd r%fg;

gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
 1980 Kjy; 2000 tiu
 ,dpthdk; ntspr;rpLk; - jkpo;f;ftp
 xU Nfhil tpLKiw - uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;
 maytu;fs; - nr. fNzrypq;fd;
 epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhiyfs; - nr. Nahfehjd;
 kuzq;fs; kype;j G+kp - nrq;ifahopahd;
 Njk;]; ejpf; fiuapy; - uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;
 moptpd; miog;gpjo; - ,. jpahfypq;fk;
 Nts;tpj;jP - jhkiur; nry;tp
 rpijTfs; - njzpahd;
 xspguTfpwJ - jpf;ty;iyf; fkhy;
 fpuhkj;Jf; fdTfs; - \k;];
114
 JapYk; xU ehs; fiyAk; - Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud;
 khapdp - v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu
 gz;Gfs;
 ,dKuz;ghl;bd; cf;fpuKk; mjd; tpisTfSk; gpujpgypj;jy;.
(cjhuzk; : Qhag;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhiy> kuzq;fs; kype;j G+kp)
 Gyg;ngau;T mDgt ntspg;ghL.
(cjhuzk; : Njk;]; ejpf;fiuapy;> moptpd; miog;gpjo;)
 ngz;zpa Nehf;F.
(cjhuzk; : JapYk; xUehs; fiyAk;> cyfnky;yhk; tpahghupfs;)
 r%f khw;wq;fs;.
(cjhuzk; : fpuhkj;Jf; fdTfs;> nghw; rpiwapy; thLk; Gdpju;fs;)
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
 <oj;J jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpak;
 ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
fzPg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
 ,Ugjhk;; E}w;whz;L murpay; r%f nghUshjhu gpd;dzpfis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
 Muk;gfhy ehtypd; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp Mjhuk; jUthu;.
 Muk;gfhy ehtypd; gz;GfspypUe;J jw;fhy ehty;fspd; gz;Gfs; NtWgLkhw;iw

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
115
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;J jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 6.2 : Gytu;fs; gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;

gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf; $Wtu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW - rpWfij
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
 <oj;jpy; ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; rpWfij Njhd;Wtjw;fhd #o;epiy epytpaikia

tpsf;Fthu;.
 Muk;gfhyj;J <oj;Jr; rpWfijg; Nghf;Ffis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 rpWfijapd; cUtk; cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; vLj;Jiug;G Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 jw;fhyr; rpWfijfspd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkply; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
 <oj;J ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisf; fye;Jiuah topfhl;ly;.
 rpWfijfis cs;slf;fq;fSf;Nfw;g tFg;gjw;Ff; topfhl;Ljy;.
 rpWfijapd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb vOJtpj;jy;.
 <oj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbr; rpWfijahrpupau;fSk; mtu;fsJ rpWfijfspd; ,ay;GfSk;

(1930 - 1940)
 ,yq;ifau;Nfhd; (nts;spg;;ghjruk;> mDyh> Nkdif Kjyhdit)
 rp. itj;jpaypq;fk; (ghw;fQ;rp> G+jj;Njtd; Nfhl;il> neLtop Kjyhdit)
 f. jp. rk;ge;jd; (tpjp> Gj;jupd; fz;fs;> jhuhtha; Kjypad)
 gz;Gfs;
 ngUk;ghYk; kNdhujpag; ghq;fhd fijfs;.
 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs; fijg; nghUshjy; (mDyh> G+jj;Njtd;

Nfhl;il)
 ,jpfhrg; gFjpfs; fijg;nghUshjy; (Nkdif)
116
 fpuhkpa tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpupg;G (nts;spg;ghjruk;> ghw;fQ;rp)
 kd czu;Tfs; El;gkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly;.
 nre;newpg;ghq;fhd tptupg;G.
 nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; ghj;jpu ciuahly;fs; Ngr;R tof;fpy; mikjy;.
 1940 - 1950
 m. nr. KUfhde;jd; (kdpjkhL> gioaJk; GjpaJk;> khL rpupj;jJ)
 m. e. fe;jrhkp (ehapDk; filau;)
 R. NtYg;gpsis (R. Nt) - (ghw;fhtb)
 fdf nre;jpehjd; (ntz;rq;F)
 gz;Gfs;
 <oj;J tho;tpay; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly;.
 fijepfo; fhyj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; nrk;ikahf ntspf;nfhzug;gly;.
 r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk; fUj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gLjy;. (gioaJk; GjpaJk;> kdpjkhL)
 1950 - 1980
 t. m. ,uhruj;jpdk; (Njhzp)
 nlhkpdpf; [Pth (ghJif> rhiyapd; jpUg;gk;> jz;zPUk; fz;zPUk;)
 lhdpay; (ts;sp> cyfq;fs; nty;yg;gLfpd;wd)
 nr. fNzrypq;fd; (rq;fkk;> xNu ,dk;> ey;ytd;)
 vd;. Nf. uFehjd; (epytpNy NgRNthk;> jrkq;fyk;)
 ee;jp (Cu;ek;Gkh)
 v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu (mzp> Nju;)
 fhtY}u; ,uhrJiu (Foe;ij xU nja;tk;> xUtif cwT)
 gpj;jd; (ghjpf;Foe;ij> jhfk;> ej;jhu;g;gz;bif)
 nr. fjpu;fhkehjd; (ntWQ;Nrhw;Wf;Nf te;jJ> xU fpuhkj;Jg;igad;)
 m. ]. mg;J];]kJ (vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W)
 kUJ}u;f; nfhj;jd; (xsp> NfhGuq;fs; rha;tjpy;iy> Ntyp)
117
 gz;Gfs;
 ,d czu;T jiynaLj;jy;.
 tu;f;f Kuz;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
(cjhuzk; : nlhkpdpf; [Pth> lhdpay;)
 rhjp mlf;F Kiwia vjpu;f;Fk; Nghf;F.
(cjhuzk; : nr. fNzrypq;fd;> v];. Nf. uFehjd;)
 ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fs;> ,d FOkq;fspd; tho;tpaiyg; gpujpgypj;jy;)
 ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fs; gpujpgypj;jy;.
(cjhuzk; : gthdp Mo;thu;g;gps;is> GJikg;gpupia)
 cstpay; mZFKiw
(cjhuzk; : ee;jp)
 Md;kPfj; Njly; (K. jisarpq;fk;)
1980 fSf;Fg; gpd; <oj;Jr; rpWfij.
 jhkiur; nry;tp> Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud;> kz;û; mNrhfh> Fe;jit> uhzp rPjud;

Nghd;Nwhu; ngz; tpopg;Gzu;T njhlu;ghd fijfis vOjpdu;.
 jkpou; cupikg; gpur;rpidfs;> tpLjiy czu;T Nghd;wtw;iw ikag;g Lj;jp

uQ;rFkhu;> ckhtujuh[d; Nghd;Nwhu; vOjpdu;.
gz; G fs;
 ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; cf;fpuKk; mjd; tpisTfSk; (Nfhriy tho;jy; vd;gJ)
 Gyg;ngau;T mDgt ntspg;ghL (cjhuzk; : ehisf;F ,d;ndhUj;jd;> fw;Gila

tpgr;rhup)
 ngz;zpa Nehf;F vd;gtw;iwf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L rpWfijfs; vOjg;gl;ld)
118
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
 ,yq;if jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
 <oj;JrpWfij tuyhW
 Rje;jpud; rpWfijfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
 20Mk; E}w;whz;L murpay; nghUshjhu gz;ghl;L gpd;dzpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
 Muk;gfhy <oj;Jr; rpWfij Mrpupau;fs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
 <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; rpWfij tsu;rr

; pf; fhyfl;lq;fis tFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
 jw;fhyr; rpWfijAk; mjd; Nghf;FfisAk; xg;gpl;Lf; $Wthu;.
 <oj;Jr; rpWfij tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;j gilg;ghspfs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
119
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 7.4 : thf;fpa tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; mikg;igAk; mwpe;J>

mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,yf;fzk; - mzpfs;
ghlNtisfs; : 09
fw;ww; NgWfs;
 mzp vd;gjw;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
 nrhy;yzp> nghUszpfSf;fhd NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
 nrhy;yzpapd; tiffis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
 ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhy;yzpfs;> nghUszpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;;.
 mzpr;rpwg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l ciueilj; JZf;Ffs; nra;As;fs; rpytw;iwf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp Xir eaj;Jld; thrpf;f topfhl;ly;.
 nrhy;yzp> nghUszp Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;jy;.
 ctikazp gw;wpAk;> ctik vt;nttw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;

tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly;.
 tifg;ghl;bw;F cjhuzq;fs; $wp tpsf;fp vOj topfhl;ly;.
 gilg;ghspfspd; gilg;GfSf;F mtd; ifahSk; mzpfs; moF nra;fpd;wd.

nrhy;Yk; tplaj;ijf; ftu;r;rpahd Kiwapy; nrhy;tjw;F mzpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 mzpapyf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;fSs; fhyj; jhy; Ke;jpaJ njhy;fhg;g pakhFk;.

jz;bayq;fhuk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mzpapyf;fz E}yhFk;.
 mzpfisr; nrhy;yzp> nghUszp vd ,U tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
nrhy; y zp
 nrhw;fis moFgLj;j Mq;fhq;Nf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ifahsg;gl;L te;j mzpfs;

nrhy;yzpfs; vdg;gLk;. vJif> Nkhid> akfk;(klf;F)> jpupG> rpNyil vd;gd
nrhy;yzpfshFk;.
120
 nra;Al; rPuf
; spNyh ciueilr; nrhw;fspNyh ,uz;lhtJ vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
vJif vdg;gLk;.
 nra;Al; rPuf
; spNyh ciueilr; nrhw;fspNyh KjyhtJ vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
Nkhid vdg;gLk;.
 xU nra;Aspy; xU jlit te;j nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtW

nghUisj;jUkhapd; mJ klf;fzp vdg;gLk;. ,ijNa akfk; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
(c-k;) mutk; mutk; mwpAk;
 nra;As; xd;wpy; xUjlit ,lk;ngw;w nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J

mNj nghUisj; jUkhapd; mjidr; nrhw; gpd;tUepiy vd;gu;.
(c-k;) Jg;ghu;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghu;f;Fj;
Jg;gha J}c kio.
 nra;As;fspNyh ciueilfspNyh xU nrhy;ypid my;yJ njhlupidg; gy

nghUs; tpsq;f mikj;Jf; $Wjy; rpNyilazpahFk;.
(c-k;) nrq;fuq;fshy; ,uT jPu;f;Fk;.
#upad; jdJ rpte;j fuq;fshy; ,Uis ,y;yhnjhopj;jYk; murd; <ifahy;

rpte;j jdJ fuq;fshy; tWikia xopj;jYk; rpNyilahf czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,q;F ,uT vd;gJ ,uhj;jpup> ,uj;jy; vDk; ,UnghUs;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghUszp
$Wfpd;w Kiw %yk; ,yf; f paq; f spd; nghUis moFgLj; j p tUk; mzpfs;
nghUszpfshFk;. ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> jd;ik etpw;rp> cau;T etpw;rp>
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G> Ntw;Wik> gpwpJnkhopjy; vdg; nghUszp gy tifg;gLk;.
ctikazp
tpid> gad;> nka;> cU vDk; ehd;fpd; fhuzkhf xU nghUis mjd; jd;ik

nfhz;l kw;nwhU nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ ctikazpahFk;. xU nghUis
mjdpYk; rpwe;j xU nghUSld; xg;g pLtjd; %yk; rpwg;gpg;gJ ,jd; ,ay;g hFk;.
njupahj xd;iwj; njupe;j xd;wpd; %yk; tpsf;FtNj ,jd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;.
ctik mzpnahd;wpd; mk;rq;fshf ctkhdk;> ctNkak;> nghJj; jd;ik> ctik

cUG vd;gd mikAk;. ctikazpapypUe;Nj Vida mzpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhy; ,J
mzpfSf;nfy;yhk; jha; mzp vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
(c.k;) mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq;F Nghy; neQ;rk; fLj;jJ fhl;Lk; Kfk;.
ctkhdk; ctNkak; nghJj;jd;ik ctik cUG

gspq;F Kfk; gpujpgypj;jf;fhl;Ljy; Nghy
121
 “nghd;ndhj;j Nkdpg; Ganyhj;j jlf;ifahd;”
1) nghd; Nghd;w Nkdp ,uhkdpd; Nkdp - gz;G
2) Gay; xj;j fuq;fs; ,uhkdpd; fuq;fs; - gad;
“kW tpyh njOe;j KOkjp Nghy; KfkJ egp gpwe;jdNu”
3) fsq;fkw;w re;jpud; Nghd;wJ Kfk;kJ egpapd; moF - nka; (tbT)
4) Gyp Nghyg; gha;e;jhd; - njhopy;(tpid)
ctikazpahdJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltik> ,y;nghUStik> IaTtik> ,d;nrhy;

ctik> khiy ctik vdg; gy tifg;gLk;.
1) ,y; n ghUStikazp
cyfpy; ,y;yhj xU nghUis ctkhdkhf;fp $wte;j nghUspd; jd;ikia

tpsf;Fjy; ,y;nghUStikazp MFk;. ,y;y hj nghUis ,Ug;gJ Nghy
ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUStikazpahFk;.
“nre;neUg;gpidj; jfL nra;J ghu; xf;Fk; mr; nre;jiug;gug;G…..” –

fypq;fj;Jg; guzp (fhL)
Nghu; ele;j fsj;jpd; jd;ik gw;wpf; $wte;j ftpQu;> rpte;j neUg;igj; jflhfr;
nra;jJ Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhu;. neUg;igj; jfL nra;tJ cyfpy; ,y;yhj xd;W.
2) IaTtik
ctikiaAk; nghUisAk; IAw;W ciug;gJ IaTtikahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpau;

,jidj; jLkhWtik vd;fpwhu;.
“jh(J) mstp tz;L jLkhWk; jhkiunfhy;
khju; tpopAyT thd;Kfq;nfhy;”
,jpy; jiytpapd; Kfj;ijg; ghu;jJ

; mJ jhkiuah? my;yJ Kfkh vdj; jiytd;
jLkhLfpd;whdhk;> Iak; nfhs;fpd;whdhk;. jhkiuahfpa ctikAk; Kfkhfpa
nghUSk;> tz;lhfpa ctikAk; tpopahfpa nghUSk; cWjpahfj; njupahJ
IaKw;W ciuj;jjhy; ,J IaTtikahapw;W.
cUtftzp
ctikahfpa nghUisAk; ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUisAk; NtWghL ,y;yhky; jtpu;j;J

,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vdj; Njhd;WkhW xUkpj;J ciuf;Fk; mzp cUtf mzpahFk;.
mjhtJ ctikazpapy; tUk; ctkhdk;> ctNkak; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Ntwhff;
$whky; ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd;w tifapy; $WtJ cUtfkhFk;. ,jpy; ctNkag; nghUs;
Kd;Dk; ctikg; nghUs; gpd;Dk; mike;J tUk;.
,dpa fhdq;fisj; njhlu;r;rpahff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j xUtu; fhdj;ij fhdnkdf;

$whky; “fhdkio” vd mjhtJ> fhdkhfpa kio vd tpupj;jf; $WtJ ,t;tzpahFk;.
122
ehw;FzKk; ehw;gilah itk;GyDk; ey;yikr;rh
thu;f;Fk; rpyk;Ng azpKurh – Ntw;gilAk;
thSNk fz;zh tjd kjpf;Filf;fPo;
MSNk ngz;ik auR. (esntz;gh)
jkae;jp ngz;ikf;Fupa rfy mk;rq;fSk; nghUe;jpatshf ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gij esDf;F

,yFtpy; Gupaitg;gjhf mike;j ,r;nra;As; xU ehL ehlhf ,Uf;fj; Njitahd
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
jw; F wpg; N gw; w k;
mirAk; nghUs;> mirahj nghUs; Mfpa ,Utifg; nghUs;fsplj;Jk; ,aw;ifahf

epfOk; jd;ikia tpLj;J NtW xd;wpid Vw;wpr; Rit glf; fw;gidahff; $WtJ
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;. (jd; Fwpg;G Vw;wk; - jw;FwpgN
; gw;wkhFk;) mjhtJ> ,aw;ifahd
nghUspdplj;J ftpQd; jd; fw;gidia Vw;wpf;$WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wkhFk;.
ijay; Jau;f;Fj; jupahJ jk;rpwfhk;
ifahy; tapwiyj;Jf; fhupUs;tha; - nta;Nahid
thT gupj;NjNuwp thntd;wiog;gJ Nghy;
$tpdNt Nfhopf;Fohk;. (esntz;gh)
esidg; gpupe;J jkae;jp jtpj;j NghJ Nfhopapdk; $tpaJ. jkae;jpapd; Jaiuj; jhq;f
Kbahky; mit jkJ iffshfpa rpwFfshy; tapw;wpy; mbj;J mbj;J tpiuthf te;J
tpbaiyj;jh vdf; $tpajhff; fhl;Lfpwhu; GfNoe;jp.
cau;T etpw;r pazp
cs;sij cs;sthW $whky; Nfl;Nghu; kfpOk; tz;zk; gd;klq;F cau;thfg; ngUf;fp

moFglf; $WtJ cau;T etpw;rpazpahFk;.
mDkd; fz;l ,yq;ifiaf; $w te;j ftpQu;
~~................................
td;nfhz;ly; tpl;Lkjp Kl;Ltd khlk;||
vd ,yq;if khefupd; rpwg;G> ftpQuhy; fw;g idj;jpwDld; cau;T etpw;rpahfg;

ghlg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
123
jd;i k etpw;r pazp
xU nghUspidNah my;yJ ,aw;iff; fhl;rpapidNah mjd; ,ay;Gfs; cs;sthNw

ntspg;gl;L epwF
; k; tz;zk; kdijf; ftUk; Kiwapy; $WtJ jd;ik etpw;rp mzpahFk;.
rpl;Lf; FUtpapd; tu;zid
~~rpwpa jhdpak; Nghd;w %f;F>
rpd;df; fz;fs;> rpd;dj;jiy>
nts;isf; fOj;J >
mofpa kq;fy ntz;ik epwKila gl;Lg; Nghu;j;j tapW||
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
 nrhy;yzp> nghUszp gw;wpa tpsf;f ml;ltiz.
 mzpfs; ,lk;ngWk; ghly; tupfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; bikd; jhs;fs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
 mzp vd;gjw;fhd tiutpyf;fzq;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
 nrhy;yzp> nghUszp vd;gtw;wpid NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 mzptiffis cjhuzq;fSld; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 jw;fhyr; rpWfijAk; mjd; Nghf;FfisAk; xg;gpl;L $Wthu;.
 ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mzpfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
124

Jkpo : Mrpupau Topfhl B

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jkpo;

mr;rplYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

mr;rplYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2018

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

Mrpupau;fSf;;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. n[ae;jp FzNrfu

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk;> gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J>

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;rfu;fshy;

fyhepjp.tz. khGy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;>

ghl tpla MNyhrid

nkhopg; gjpg;G jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;.

fzpdpg; gjpg;G nry;tp. ehfee;jpdp

f. ngh. j rhjhuz juk; tiuAk; jkpo; nkhopiaf; fl;lha ghlkhfg; gapd;W

vdNt> ,tw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L; ,k;Kiw Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ghlr; Rikfs;

tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;FtJk;> xNutpjkhd fw;gpjj ; y;

f. ngh. j cau;jug; gpuptpy; jkpo; nkhopia xU ghlkhfj; njupT nra;J fw;w

jw;fhy khztu;fsplj;jpy; thrpj;jyDgtKk; NjLjYk; mUfptUk; epiyapy; nkhop

jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;

01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii - iv

02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

05. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

09. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1 - 129

,y tpla cs;slf;fk; gf;fk;

02 ,izaj;js ,yf;fpar; nraw;ghL 4 -5

06 fk;guhkhazk; (44 - 72) 13 - 14

07 ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;• cja#upad;• khdpl rf;jp 15 - 17

08 ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;Liu 18 - 19

09 rpWfij - vdf;F taJ gjpd;%d;W 20 - 21

10 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - INuhg;gpau; fhy 22 - 24

nra;As; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp

11 INuhg;gpau; fhy ciueil ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp 25 - 27

13 INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpag;gz;Gfs; 28 - 29

14 INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpaf; fu;j;jhf;fs; 30 - 31

15 <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW - Mq;fpNyau; fhyk; 32 - 34

16 Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; 35 - 36

17 Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpaf; fu;j;jhf;fs; 37 - 39

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtj;jpd; Clhfr;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Mf;fq;fis vOJjy; - fl;Liu

• jkJ mDgtq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; Ra Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

• rpwe;j fl;Liufis thrpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;

mikg;G : KfTiu> cs;slf;fk;> KbTiu

• fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;w jfty;fisf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.5 : gy;NtW re;ju;g ;g q;fSf;Fk; NjitfSf;Fk; Vw;g r;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;

• gy;NtW jfty;fisg; ngw ,izaj;jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis mwpe;J

• cau;ju khztu;fsJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bw;F ,izaj;jsg; ghtid cjTtijj;

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• cyfshtpa uPjpapy; rka> r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhu tplaq;fis tiyg;gpd;dy;

• ,izaj; njhlu;Gs;s fzdp Ma;T $lk;.

• ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : ghlg; g Fjpia mtjhdkhff; fpufpj; J vOj; J g;

tpla cs;slf;fk; : RUf;fk; vOJjy;