What does the bid rent curve represent?

A. The willingness to pay for a unit of
city centre
B. The willingness to pay for a unit of
city centre
C. The willingness, of different firms,
D. The willingness to pay for a unit of
land for different distances from the
land for a specific distance from the
to pay for a unit of land
land

Christaller’s model aims to

A. explain the existence of a city
B. explain the existence of cities of the same size
C. explain the existence of small cities
D. explain the existence of an urban hierarchy

A production area is an area where

A. each producer is forced to sell his/her goods
B. each producer competes to sell his/her goods
C. each producer produces hi/her goods
D. each producer sells his/her goods in a perfect competition market

In regional economics, the opportunity cost represents

A. the time necessary to move of one unit in space and that could otherwise
be used to do something else
B. the time necessary to move of one unit in space
C. the time spent for leisure activities
D. none of the above

A market area is an area where

A. each producer is forced to sell his/her goods
B. each producer competes to sell his/her goods
C. each producer produces hi/her goods in a monopolistic position
D. each producer sells his/her goods in a perfect competition market

What does the effective rent curve represent?

A. The willingness to pay for a unit of land for different distances from the
city centre
B. The real price at which an urban land is offered on the real estate market
at different distances from the city centre
C. The willingness to pay for a unit of land
D. The real price at which a firm is ready to rent a unit of land

In the production location model of Alonso, an irrational location choice is

represented by:
A. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses the effective rent curve
B. a situation in which the bid rent curve touches in only one point the
effective rent curve
C. a situation in which the bid rent curve does not cross the effective rent
curve
D. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses twice the effective rent
curve

Christaller’s model allows the existence of different functional specialisation

for cities of the same size
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

The gravity model is considered a useful model to interpret the relations that
may arise between the activates at the two points in space
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
One of the conclusions achieved by the Christaller’s model is
A. the existence of an urban functional specialization for one city
B. the existence of an urban functional specialization for cities of the same
size
C. the existence of an urban functional diversification for cities of the
same size
D. the existence of an urban functional diversification for one city

Two points along the same bid rent curve represent the willingness to pay for
two distances from the city centre. The closest to the city centre is the one
preferred by the individual or the firm.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

In the Chirstaller’s model, the range represents

A. the minimum distance at which the consumer is willing to move in space to
purchase the service
B. the maximum distance at which the consumer is willing to move in space to
purchase the service
C. the minimum distance that, once rotated, guarantees an area in which a
sufficient population is located to offer the service under profitability
principles
D. none of the above

In the market area

A. the demand is point-like , the supply occupies a space
B. the supply is point-like, the demand occupies space
C. both demand and supply occupy space
D. none of the previous ones

Weber’s model identifies an equilibrium point taking into account

A. agglomeration economies and transportation costs
B. agglomeration economies
C. transportation cost
D. none of them

Lösch criticises Christaller’s model on

A. the concept of threshold
B. the concept of range
C. the factor of proportionality constant along the urban hierarchy
D. the assumption of different threshold and ranges for each service

Who wins in the competition among firms to be located closer to the city centre?
A. the largest firms
B. firms that are more prone to a central location
C. firms that are willing to pay the highest rent
D. firms whose revenues highly depend on central locations

If an individual increases his/her income, his location choice change

A. towards the centre
B. towards the periphery
C. it depends
D. it remain where it is

Von Thünen’s model is a partial equilibrium model

A. TRUE
B. FALSE
In the production location model of Alonso, the location equilibrium is
represented by
A. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses the effective rent curve
B. a situation in which the bid rent curve touches in only one point the
effective rent curve
C. a situation in which the bid rent curve does not cross the effective rent
curve
D. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses twice the effective rent
curve

A partial spatial equilibrium model is an equilibrium point defined for the

collectivity
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

In the production location model of Alonso, an impossible choice is represented

by
A. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses the effective rent curve
B. a situation in which the bid rent curve touches in only one point the
effective rent curve
C. a situation in which the bid rent curve does not cross the effective rent
curve
D. a situation in which the bid rent curve crosses twice the effective rent
curve

The Hotelling model identifies

A. a location equilibrium point obtained under the assumption that suppliers
cannot relocate
B. a location equilibrium point obtained under the assumption that consumer
cannot relocate
C. a location equilibrium point obtained under the assumption that suppliers
can relocate
D. none of them

The bid rent curve is an indifference curve in space

A. TRUE
B. FALSE

In the Von Thünen’s model, within an area identified for a certain category
of farmers, farmers compete to be located closer to the city centre

A. TRUE
B. FALSE

In the Alonso’s partial spatial equilibrium model of productive

activities, given a certain profit, rent is obtained

A. TRUE
B. FALSE

A general spatial equilibrium model is an equilibrium point identified for the

collectivity
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

In the Von Thünen’s model

A. the demand is point-like, the supply occupies a space
B. the supply is point-like, the demand occupies space
C. both demand and supply occupy space
D. none of the previous ones
Along the bid rent curve, the size of the apartment
A. decrease by moving towards the periphery
B. increases by moving towards the periphery
C. remain constant
D. increases by moving towards the centre

In the Alonso’s model of productive location, the situation of indifferent

location is obtained when
A. the increase in rent is compensated by the decrease in productive
activities
B. the increase in rent is perfectly compensated by the decrease in
transportation costs
C. the increase in rent is partially compensated by the decrease in
transportation costs
D. none of the previous ones

The hexagon geometric shape of Christaller’s model is due to (A) is only one of three
A. the existence of competition among producers conditions and not the
B. the existence of monopolistic conditions on the market main one, the main one
C. the existence of different types of services produced is minimization of
D. none of the previous ones transportation cost
According to Hägerstand’s model, which of the followings is NOT a phase in the
temporal development of innovation
A. Diffusion
B. Adoption
C. Diversification
D. Saturation

What does Hägerstrand’s model examine?

A. The role of distance in local development
B. Production factors
C. Competition between urban hierarchies
D. The role of innovation in local development

According to the Hagerstrand’s model, how is distance considered?

A. As geographical distance among adopters
B. As economic distance among adopters
C. As socio-cultural distance among adopters

District economies derive from which of the following factors?

A. None of the other options
B. Lower production costs; reduced transaction costs; increased efficiency of
the production factors; increased dynamic efficiency
C. Lower production cost; increased dynamic efficiency
D. Higher production costs, increased dynamic efficiency, increased
efficiency of the employment

According to the critical remarks about the growth pole theory, the initial
settlement of a dominant firm may negatively affect:
A. The long-term development of the area
B. The phenomena of concentrated settlement
C. The pre-existing local firms, for example craft business
D. The transportation costs and the agglomeration economies

According to the “milieu innovateur" theory, the exchange of knowledge:

A. Exerts negative effects on the innovative capacity of the industrial
district
B. Is a spontaneous phenomenon, named collective learning
C. Is confined within the R&D departments of large firms
D. Is not relevant for the innovation process of the entire industrial
district

According to Becattini, what was one of the main reasons for the “Third Italy”
miracle?
A. Innovation
B. Large enterprises supporting the area
C. A spatial concentration of small and medium enterprises
D. None of the other options

In the neoclassical regional growth model, the growth depends on:

A. The quality of production factors
B. The quantity of labour
C. The demand for locally produced goods
D. The growth in the endowment of production factors in a region

The “radical approach” of 1970s interpreted the impact of multinational firms on

the growth of a local area as:
A. Negative, because it boosted the spatially uneven development between rich
and poor areas
B. Positive, because they create job and transmit managerial expertise
C. Positive, because they produce externalities that benefits the local firms
D. Positive, because they give rise to an increase of foreign direct
investment (FDI)
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the theory of the stages of
development?
A. Specialization
B. Diversification
C. Autarky
D. Urbanization

In the theory of the stages of development, which of the following are

significant advantages/externalities?
A. Externalities deriving from interdependencies among sectors
B. Externalities arising from interdependencies between demand and supply
C. Externalities arising from investments in infrastructures
D. All the other options

In the export-base model, the sector of specialization which has the highest
importance for the activities of an area is
A. the SERVICE SECTOR
B. the BASE SECTOR

Developed a theory of local development that envisaged selective growth at

certain points in space where a propulsive unit triggered the development
process
A. HÄGERSTAND
B. PERROUX

Which cannot be seen as a genetic condition for an area to be considered an

industrial district?
A. Social proximity
B. Concentration of industries
C. Economies of scale

What is the growth pole theory unable to explain?

A. The existence of selective development
B. The reasons for the initial presence of a propulsive industry in an area
C. The polarization effect

In which period the theory that emphasized also the positive effects of the
presence of multinationals in an area was developed?
A. 1920s
B. 1950s
C. 1980s

Within the “milieu innovateur” theory, the emphasis is on:

A. The production process
B. The market area
C. The innovation process

According to Williamson
A. The regional gap widens in the early phases of development and then
narrows
B. The regional gap decreases in the early phases of development and then
widens
C. The regional gap is constant and persistent over time
D. The regional gap tends to decrease over time

In the export-base models, regional growth depends on:

A. Low external demand
B. Short-term supply
C. Increased (external) demand
D. The structure and dynamic of the production system
Which is the concept of space in the one-sector model of G. Borts and J. Stein
(neoclassical)?
A. Uniform-abstract space
B. Diversified-relational space
C. Diversified-stylized space

According to Borts and Stein (neoclassical model of regional growth) regional

imbalances
A. Need policy and economic intervention to be balanced
B. Will be rebalanced by a natural reallocation of production factors
C. Do not achieve an equilibrium
D. Do not follow the law of marginal decreasing returns

Which of the following is NOT a possible determinant of regional attractiveness

for multinational firms?
A. The presence of large final markets
B. The presence of high-quality assets
C. The local unemployment rate
D. Low labour cost

On which concept of space is the optimal city size theory based?

A. Physical-metric space
B. Diversified-stylized space
C. Uniform-abstract space
D. Diversified-relational space

Does a specific optimal city size exist in the real world?

A. Yes, it is the one for which the distance between per capita location
benefits and costs is maximum (theoretical one for the entire community)
B. Yes, it is the one for which marginal location benefits equal marginal
location costs
C. No, because it depends on agglomeration economies
D. No, because cities are different from one another in terms of production
function and specialization

Who is the author of the optimal city size theory?

A. Lösch
B. Alonso
C. Ricardo
D. Hagerstrand

What was the main aim of the SOUDY model?

A. To confirm empirically the optimal city size theory
B. To measure efficiency gains in cities
C. To overcome the assumption of the optimal city size theory that cities are
all similar
D. To measure urbanization economies

Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the SOUDY model?

A. Establishing the need to replace the "optimal city size" with an
"interval" within which the city size is efficient
B. The formalization of an aggregate urban production function
C. Establishing the need to allow for different "efficient" urban intervals
according to the functions actually performed by the cities
D. Distinguishing urban ranks from urban size (difference with Christaller)
In what period was the SOUDY model conceived?
A. mid-1980s
B. mid-1920s
C. mid-2000s
D. mid-1950s

What is the concept of capital entailed by the “milieu innovateur” approach?

A. Physical capital
B. Cultural capital
C. Financial capital
D. Relational capital

What of the following shortcomings does not refer to the export-base model?
A. The multiplier effect remains constant over time
B. There is no obstacle to the expansion of the supply
C. The multiplier effect is the same for all sectors
D. Unemployed production factors are limited