Lec 3

Advanced Wireless Network Security
Transmission Media and Access Techniques
Dr. Zafar Iqbal

Assistant Professor
Department of Cyber Security, FCAI.
Air University, Islamabad.
2
Types of Wireless Communication
2
Transmission Media
3
Transmission Media
• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical

conductor.
• This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
Wireless
Transmission
Radio Infrared Bluetooth Cellular ------ Microwave Satellite
4
Wireless Transmission Media
Transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna:

1. Directional:
• Focused beam.
• Transmitter and Receiver must be aligned
2. Omnidirectional:
• Signal spreads out in all directions.
• Can be received by many antennas
5
Microwave
• Use for long-distance telephone service.

• Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 GHZ.
• Antenna: Parabolic Dish
• Unobstructed- Line of sight
• Curvatures of the earth requires repeaters stations~30 miles apart.
6
Microwave Applications
• Long-distance telephone transmission.

• Private business networks.
7
Microwave Pros and Cons
• Advantages:
• No cabling needed.
• Wide bandwidth.
• Multichannel transmission.
• Disadvantages:
• Line of Sight (LoS)
• Subject to interference e.g.: Airplanes, rain.
8
Satellite Communication
• Can transmit signal over long distance
9
Satellite Communication Frequency Bands
10
L-band (1–2 GHz)
• Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and

also satellite mobile phones.
• Such as Iridium; Inmarsat providing

communications at sea, land and air; World
Space satellite radio.
ESA - Satellite frequency bands
11
L-band (1–2 GHz)
655.pdf (iacr.org)
12
S-band (2–4 GHz)
• Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some

communications satellites, especially those
of NASA for communication with ISS and
Space Shuttle.
13
C-band (4–8 GHz)
• Primarily used for satellite communications,

for full-time satellite TV networks.
14
X-band (8–12 GHz)
• Primarily used by the military.

• Used in radar applications.
• X-band radar frequency sub-bands are used for weather
monitoring, air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic control,
defence tracking and vehicle speed detection for law
enforcement.
15
Ku-band (12–18 GHz) and Ka-band (26–40 GHz)
• Ku-band (12–18 GHz) : Used for satellite

communications. In Europe, Ku-band for
direct broadcast satellite services, such as
Astra.
• Ka-band (26–40 GHz): Communications
satellites, and high-resolution, close-range
targeting radars on military aircraft.
16
Multiple Access
Users
Highways
FDMA and SDMA TDMA
PPT - Multiple Access Techniques PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:308985 (slideserve.com)
17
Multiple Access
• It allow many users to share radio spectrum

simultaneously.
• Various technologies have been developed
to use radio spectrum in an efficient way.
18
Duplexing
• Talk and listen simultaneously is called duplexing.

• Classification of communication system according to their connectivity.
• Simplex
• Half-duplex
• Duplex
19
Duplexing
• Duplexing facilitates communications in both directions simultaneously: base station

to mobile and mobile to base station
• Duplexing is done either using frequency or time domain techniques:
• Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• Time division duplexing (TDD)
20
Stellite Attacks
• Santamarta said his research focused on three main sectors that use SATCOM
systems: aviation, maritime, and military.
• He found that all of these sectors were vulnerable in different ways, and all of his
attacks could be executed remotely.
• While he found potential security breaches in all sectors, but also uncovered specific
safety risks for SATCOM use in military and maritime fields.
Satellite Communications Hacks Are Real, and They're Terrifying | PCMag
21
Stellite Attacks
• Concerning military SATCOM systems, Santamarta found he could extract the exact
GPS coordinates of the antenna to reveal the location of military installations.
• he could control not only the position of the SATCOM antennas, but the power of the
transmission as well.
• It is possible to use a specific amount of power in the transmission to create a
scenario where biological and electrical systems can be affected," Santamarta
explained. "This can be used to create burns if [people] are affected by the
transmission of the attena”.
22
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
• Two band if frequencies for every user

• Forward band: For traffic from Base station to Mobile use
• Reverse band: From Mobile user to Base station
• FDD is suitable for radio communication systems
23
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
• TDD is more suitable for fixed wireless systems

• Same Frequency but different time slots for forward and reverse link
24
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
25
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• The frequency spectrum is divided into unique frequency bands or channels
• These channels are assigned to users
• Multiple users cannot share a channel
• Users are assigned a channel as a pair of frequencies (forward and reverse channels)
• FDMA requires tight RF filtering to reduce adjacent channel interference
26
FDMA Applications
• Walkie-talkies
• Early cellular telephony mostly used FDMA analogue transmission.
• FDMA is AM or FM radio broadcasting, where each station has its own channel.
• Satellite Communication
27
FDMA Disadvantages
• Inefficient use of spectrum: If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle.
• Network and spectrum planning are intensive.
• Frequency planning is time consuming.
• Even though no two users use the same frequency band at the same time, guard
bands are introduced between frequency bands to minimize adjacent channel
interference
28
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
29
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• TDMA systems divides the radio spectrum into time slots, and in each time slot only
one use is allowed to either transmit or receive.
• Transmission for any user is non-continuous.
• In each TDMA frame, the preamble contains the address and synchronization
information.
• TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users.
• TDMA could allocate varied number of time slots per frame to different users
30
TDMA Applications
• Digital 2G cellular systems that used the TDMA technology are GSM, IS-136, PDC, and
DECT standard for portable phones.
• The current TDMA standard for cellular divides a single channel into six time slots.
• Each caller occupies a cyclically repeating time slots.
31
TDMA Advantages
• Data Transmission is in discrete bursts which provides extended battery life over
FDMA and talktime.
• More efficient use of spectrum, compared to FDMA
• Will accommodate more users in the same spectrum space than an FDMA system
which improves capacity in high-traffic areas, such as large metropolitan areas
• Since different slots are used for transmission and reception, duplexers are not
required
32
TDMA Disadvantages
• TDMA requires synchronization. If the time slot synchronization is lost, the channels
may collide with each other.
• Network and spectrum planning are intensive.
• Higher costs due to greater equipment sophistication.
33
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
• SSMA is bandwidth efficient in multi-user environment

• Famous techniques:
• Frequency hopped (FH) multiple access
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
34
Frequency hopped (FH) multiple access
• Carrier frequencies of individual users are varied within a wideband channel
• FHMA provides inherent security, and guard through error control coding and
interleaving
35
Frequency Selection in FHSS
Data of each user is broken into uniform

Modulator Spreading
Input Signal
Signal
size bursts that are X
• transmitted on different channels
• at different time instants
• based on their code sequence
36
Frequency Selection in FHSS
37
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• All users use the same carrier frequency and can transmit simultaneously.
• CDMA assigns to each user a unique code sequence that is used to code data
before transmission.
• If a receiver knows the code sequence related to a user, it is able to decode the
received data.
38
• The codes are shared by the mobile phone and the base station.
• A user’s unique code separates the call from all other calls.
• The signal is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level.
• The receiver then uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal.
• The codes are called Pseudorandom code sequences.
39
Pseudo-noise (PN) Sequence
40
XOR Gate
• It is a digital logic gate.
• XOR gate is also pronounced as EXOR and Exclusive OR).
• If both inputs are false or both are true then a false output results.
• A true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true.
Logical symbol for XOR gate Truth Table

A B X = A +B
⊕ Schematic symbols for XOR gate
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
41
LFSR
Sequence
0 1 2
X^3 + X^2+1 X^3 + X^2+1

0 1 2 Key 0 1 2 Key
0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
42
Primitive Polynomial
• Irreducible polynomials are roughly comparable with prime numbers, i.e., their only
factors are 1 and the polynomial itself.
• Primitive polynomials are a special type of irreducible polynomial.
• Primitive polynomials can relatively easily be computed. Hence, maximum-length
LFSRs can easily be found
43
Primitive Polynomials
44
45
CDMA Advantages
• Suppressing interference
• Making interception difficult
• Compared to GSM cellular systems, CDMA requires fewer cell towers and provides
up to five times the calling capacity.
• CDMA also provides more than 10 times the voice traffic of earlier analogue system
(AMPS) and is the basis for 3G data transmission for GSM carriers.
46
CDMA Advantages
• Capacity increases about

• 8 to 10 times that of an analogue system (AMPS) and
• 4 to 5 times that of GSM
• Simplified frequency planning: all users on a CDMA system use the same radio
frequency spectrum.
• Precise power control increases talktime and battery life for mobile phones.
47
Near Far Problem – Precise Power Control
Near-far problem is one of the major problems

that creates mutual interference and badly
hurts mobile communications.
48
CDMA Disadvantages
• Backwards compatibility techniques are costly.

• Currently, equipment is expensive.
• Difficult to optimize to maximize performance.
• Low traffic areas lead to inefficient use of spectrum and equipment resources.
49
FDMA vs. TDMA vs. CDMA
Everyone speaks in a different

With in each room, everyone language in the same room at
Everyone talks in a different room
takes turn to talk to avoid same time. Since languages are
to avoid interference.
interference. unique so one may be filtered
from other.
50
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocol (CSMA)
• In CSMA protocols, each terminal on the network is able to monitor the status of the
channel before transmitting information Variations:
• CSMA/CA
• CSMA/CD
51
Wireless Transmission Impairments
• Attenuation Attenuation: Signal strength falls off with distance.

Attenuation is greater at higher frequencies,
• Noise causing distortion.
• Thermal noise
Thermal noise: Functions of temperature.
• Rain Particularly significant for satellite comm.
• Multipath
• Refraction Intermodulation Noise: Signals with different
frequencies share the same medium.
• Free Space Loss Crosstalk: Unwanted coupling between signals
52
• Attenuation Atmospheric absorption: Water vapors.
• Noise
• Thermal noise Multipath: Obstacle reflect signals. Multiple copies
with varying delays are received.
• Rain
• Multipath
• Refraction
• Free Space Loss
Energy from all paths can be summed by
adjusting their phases and path delays.
This is a principle of RAKE receiver.
53
• Noise Refraction: Bending of radio waves as they

• Thermal noise propagate through the atmosphere.
• Rain
Refraction can increase the signal path by about
• Multipath 15%.
• Refraction
• Free Space Loss
54
Free space path loss: the loss in signal strength that
• Noise occurs when an electromagnetic wave travels over a
line of sight path in free space.
• Thermal noise
In these circumstances there are no obstacles
• Rain that might cause the signal to be reflected
refracted, or that might cause additional
• Multipath attenuation.
• Refraction
• Free Space Loss
55
56
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Advanced Wireless Network Security

Transmission Media and Access Techniques

Dr. Zafar Iqbal

• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical

Radio Infrared Bluetooth Cellular ------ Microwave Satellite

Transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna:

• Use for long-distance telephone service.

• Long-distance telephone transmission.

• Can transmit signal over long distance

• Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and

• Such as Iridium; Inmarsat providing

ESA - Satellite frequency bands

• Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some

• Primarily used for satellite communications,

• Primarily used by the military.

• Ku-band (12–18 GHz) : Used for satellite

FDMA and SDMA TDMA

• It allow many users to share radio spectrum

• Talk and listen simultaneously is called duplexing.

• Duplexing facilitates communications in both directions simultaneously: base station

• Two band if frequencies for every user

• TDD is more suitable for fixed wireless systems

• The frequency spectrum is divided into unique frequency bands or channels

• These channels are assigned to users

• Multiple users cannot share a channel

• FDMA requires tight RF filtering to reduce adjacent channel interference

• Early cellular telephony mostly used FDMA analogue transmission.

• Network and spectrum planning are intensive.

• Frequency planning is time consuming.

bands are introduced between frequency bands to minimize adjacent channel

DECT standard for portable phones.

• Each caller occupies a cyclically repeating time slots.

may collide with each other.

• Network and spectrum planning are intensive.

• Higher costs due to greater equipment sophistication.

• SSMA is bandwidth efficient in multi-user environment

• Carrier frequencies of individual users are varied within a wideband channel

Data of each user is broken into uniform

• transmitted on different channels

• at different time instants

• based on their code sequence

• The signal is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level.

• The receiver then uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal.

• The codes are called Pseudorandom code sequences.

• It is a digital logic gate.

• XOR gate is also pronounced as EXOR and Exclusive OR).

Logical symbol for XOR gate Truth Table

X^3 + X^2+1 X^3 + X^2+1

factors are 1 and the polynomial itself.

• Primitive polynomials are a special type of irreducible polynomial.

• Primitive polynomials can relatively easily be computed. Hence, maximum-length

LFSRs can easily be found

• Making interception difficult

up to five times the calling capacity.

• Capacity increases about

Near-far problem is one of the major problems

• Backwards compatibility techniques are costly.

Everyone speaks in a different