P SECOND SEMESTER

MODULE NUMBER: 1 FOURTH QUARTER

CLASS NAME: GRADE and SECTION:
NUMBER: _________________________________STEM 11 – DEL PILAR /
________ ___________ MALVAR
SUBJECT:
GENERAL
TEACHER: Mrs. DESIREE ANN CONTACT NUMBERS:

BIOLOGY 2 M. CRUZ 0917-159-8613

Date: April 4– 8, 2022 S.Y. 2021 – 2022

SJA Vision Statement SJA Mission Statement

The SJA Administrators, faculty and staff The SJA, a recognized institution of
join hands with the
SJA Philosophy Statementparents, alumni and its allies learning commits itself for the upliftment,
in creating an educational environment that will development, and integral growth of its learners.
developSaint
in itsJoseph Academy
learners the 21stis century
a highlyskills
respected
SJA non-sectarian
provides learners secondary institution
a well-rounded education
dedicated toto impart
necessary to the
improve students
literacy, the respect
scientific and in that
the individual needs of themselves and
will maximize their 21st century skills and
others. Thus, SJA that
believes that every
love, student
loyalty has the right
theirtototal
technical potentials embodies learn and get toa quality
develop personality prepare them
education.
and hope for the family, school, community and
for higher educational pursuits and global
country.
SJA Goals and Objectives competitiveness.

Accepting its role as the second home of its students, SJA endeavors to:

mold its students to be God-loving and God-fearing, in imitation of the virtues of St.
Joseph while respecting all religious beliefs existing in the community.
direct the minds of students to become productive citizen with positive Filipino values,
developing in them love of family, community and country.
strengthen the school-community relations through extension programs
stimulate in each student a desire to maximize his own talent

SJA Core Values

S – Simplicity and Self Discipline (Kasimplehan at Disiplinang Pansarili)

J – Justice (Hustisya)
A – Acceptance and Asssertiveness (Pagtanggap at Pagtitiwala)
E – Excellence and Enthusiasm (Kahusayan at Kasipagan)

- - - - - A STUDENT’S PRAYER - - - - -
Lord Jesus, I dedicate myself to you as a student
Thank you for all your blessings and graces, thank you for my parents, teachers, classmates and my school.
Enlighten me to realize the importance of education.
Always be there to guide me to overcome my faults, failures and frustrations that I may become more pleasing to you.
Cast out all evil spirits from me and all my educational materials and other elements that I may encounter during my
student life.
 R – Rapport and Respect (Pagkakaisa at Paggalang)

4
QUAR
TER
INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION and FOCUS QUESTIONS

The subject enhances your understanding of the mechanisms and processes in plant
and animal systems. It also involves an open inquiry experiment that will test your scientific
ability in designing and presenting the results from your own experimental design. At the end of
this unit, you will acquire an essential understanding of homeostatic adaptations used by plants
and animals for survival.
This module designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in
the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms,
their structure, function and evolution. Hence, remember to search for the answer to the
following question(s):
 What is a reproduction?
 What are the two main types of reproduction?
 What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
 What are the examples of sexual and asexual reproduction?
 Why is it important to study reproduction?
 CONTENT STANDARD
The students demonstrate understanding of feedback mechanisms to maintain
balance and homeostasis.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learner should be able to develop a presentation to show how an organism

maintains homeostasis.

LESSON and COVERAGE

NO. of DAYS
LESSON MODULE
TITLE MELCs to be
NO. NO.
TAUGHT

The learners demonstrate an

Introduction to
1 understanding of Asexual and Sexual 4 1
Reproduction
Modes of Reproduction.

In this lesson, you will learn the following:

LESSON TITLE LEARNING COMPETENCIES MODULE NO.

 The learners should be able to compare
various modes of asexual and sexual
Introduction to reproduction.
Reproduction 1
Describe different modes of sexual and
asexual reproduction

MODULE MAP

You will be dealing with the complexity of an organism’s structure and function, starting
from cells with similar functions, forming tissues that combine into different organs and organ
system.
At the end of this quarter, you will be able to explains the interconnected functions of
integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems in giving body shape, protection, and mobility.
To give you an overview of the lesson, here is the simple module map of the above
lessons that you will cover:

Reproduction Organ Systems

Integumentary
Asexual Sexual System
Reproduction Reproduction
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Excretory System
 EXPECTED SKILLS

1. Identifying the reproduction.

2. Describing the sexual and asexual reproduction.
3. Differentiating the sexual from asexual reproduction.
4. Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual
reproduction.
5. Describing the importance of reproduction.

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

REMINDERS FOR THE LEARNERS:

 Read the instruction carefully before starting anything.

 Complete all the activities and worksheets. Follow instruction on how to submit them.
 Look up the meaning of the words that you do not know.
 You will frequently come across process questions as you go through different lessons. Use bond
paper or pad paper to write your answer to these questions. Keep it on your portfolio.
 Allow time for relaxation and recreation when you are mentally tired.

LEARNING TARGETS

To create the most effective and meaningful students’ learning, this module is designed by providing
appropriate learning targets to be used along with the teacher to aim for and assess your
understanding.
 1. I can identify the reproduction.
2. I can describe the sexual and asexual reproduction.
3. I can differentiate the sexual from asexual reproduction.
4. I can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.
5. I can describe the importance of reproduction.

DAY 1: ONLINE LEARNING

Activity # 1: Fill Me In!

Directions: Fill in the graphic organizer below by the words/terms that corresponds to
REPRODUCTION.

REPRODUCTION
 DAY 2: ONLINE LEARNING
In this part of the learning module, you will find out the about reproduction.

In a general sense reproduction is one of the most important concepts in biology: it means
making a copy, a likeness, and thereby providing for the continued existence of species.
Although reproduction is often considered solely in terms of the production of offspring in
animals and plants, the more general meaning has far greater significance to living organisms.
To appreciate this fact, the origin of life and the evolution of organisms must be considered. One
of the first characteristics of life that emerged in primeval times must have been the ability of
some primitive chemical system to make copies of itself.
At its lowest level, therefore, reproduction is chemical replication. As evolution
progressed, cells of successively higher levels of complexity must have arisen, and it was
absolutely essential that they had the ability to make likenesses of themselves. In unicellular
organisms, the ability of one cell to reproduce itself means the reproduction of a new individual;
in multicellular organisms, however, it means growth and regeneration. Multicellular organisms
also reproduce in the strict sense of the term—that is, they make copies of themselves in the
form of offspring—but they do so in a variety of ways, many involving complex organs and
elaborate hormonal mechanisms.

Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new

individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a
fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.

There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction

 1. Asexual reproduction can be defined as the process by which offspring are
produced from a single parent rather than through fertilization. It is most common in
environments that favor rapid population growth over genetic diversity, as the
offspring inherits its genetic traits completely from one parent. The methods of
asexual reproduction vary greatly among different types of species. 

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A. Spores

Some protozoans and many bacteria, plants and

fungi reproduce via spores. Spores are structures
naturally grown as part of an organism's life cycle and
designed for separation from the organism and dispersal
via a medium such as air or water. When conditions are
correct, the organism will release its spores, which are
each then considered entirely separate and autonomous
organisms. Given an environment suitable for life, the spores will then develop into fully
grown organisms and eventually grow their own spores, repeating the cycle.

B. Binary Fission

Prokaryotes and some protozoa reproduce via

binary fission. Fission occurs at the cellular level when a cell's
contents are replicated internally and then subjected to division.
The cell then forms into two distinct entities and separates itself.
Each partial cell then reconstitutes the missing parts of its
internal structure. At the end of the process, the single cell has
become two new fully developed cells, each with identical
genetic properties.

C. Vegetative Propagation

Many plants have evolved specialized

genetic features that allow them to reproduce
without the aid of seeds or spores. Examples
include the prostrate aerial stems of
strawberries, the bulbs of tulips, the tubers of
potatoes, the shoots of dandelions, and the
keikis of orchids. This form of specialization is
most common in environments with seasonally
harsh conditions; it allows plants to survive and
thrive in situations where the traditional seeding
process is subject to frequent interruption.

D. Budding
 Organisms like proteins, yeast, and some viruses reproduce via budding, a process
by which an entirely new organism grows on an existing one. Unlike fission, this is not
brought about by the separation of an existing organism into two partial entities. The
developing organism begins its life as an entirely separate life form from its "parent",
separating into an autonomous entity only when it has fully matured. As the "child"
organism proceeds through life, it will produce its own buds.

E. Fragmentation

Segmented worms and many

echinoderms such as starfish reproduce
asexually via fragmentation. In this process, an
organism physically splits and develops new,
genetically identical organisms out of each
segment. The segments rapidly grow new cells
to constitute their muscle fiber and internal
structure through mitosis. This split can be either
intentional or unintentional on the part of the
organism.

2. Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which

a gamete (such as a sperm or egg cell) with a
single set of chromosomes (haploid)
combines with another to produce an
organism composed of cells with two sets of
chromosomes (diploid).[1] Sexual reproduction
is the most common life cycle
in multicellular eukaryotes, such
as animals, fungi and plants. Sexual
reproduction does not occur
in prokaryotes (organisms without cell nuclei),
but they have processes with similar effects
such as bacterial
conjugation, transformation and transduction,
which may have been precursors to sexual
reproduction in early eukaryotes.

Gametes are haploid reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms that fuse with

one another during fertilization. Fertilization produces a diploid cell that undergoes repeated
rounds of cell division to produce a new individual. Gametes are the physical carriers of genetic
information from one generation to the next. They carry recombinant chromosomes produced at
the end of meiosis.
Types of gametes
 The two most common gametes are sperm and ova. These two haploid cells can
undergo internal or external fertilization and can differ from each other in size, form, and
function. Some species produce both sperm and ova within the same organism. They are called
hermaphrodites. However, the majority of sexually reproducing organisms have distinct sexes
with each producing a single type of gamete.

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction:

1. It allows for rapid populating.
2. It does not require mobility.
3. It does not need mates.
4. It is friendly to the environment
5. It is pretty handy in case of emergency.
6. It does not require any true investment.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

1. It hinders diversity.
2. It poses some inheritance issues.
3. It can lead organisms to being prone to extinction.
4. It carries problems with population control.
5. It causes organisms to not being able to adapt.
6. It would result to poor conditions for the subjects.

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

1. Produces genetic variation in the offspring.
2. The species can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a
survival advantage
3. A disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population.

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

1. Time and energy are needed to find a mate.
 2. It is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce.

Processing Questions:
1. What is a reproduction?
2. What are the two types of reproduction?
3. What are the types of asexual reproduction? Explain each
4. How sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
5. What are the types of gametes formation? Explain each.
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?