The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of

computer networks -- a network of networks in which users at any one

computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was
conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.
government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original
aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer
at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A
side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be
routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to
function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or
other disaster.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility

accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It is used by many
as the primary source of information consumption, and fueled the creation
and growth of its own social ecosystem through social media and content
sharing. Furthermore, e-commerce, or online shopping, has become one of
the largest uses of the Internet.

How the Internet works

Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently
existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the
Internet is its use of a set of protocols called Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Two recent adaptations of Internet
technology, the Intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

The Internet can be seen as having two major components: network protocols and

hardware. The protocols, such as the TCP/IP suite, present sets of rules that
devices must follow in order to complete tasks. Without this common collection of
rules, machines would not be able to communicate.
The protocols are also responsible for translating the alphabetic text of a message
into electronic signals that can be transmitted over the Internet, and then back again
into legible, alphabetic text.

Hardware, the second major component of the Internet, includes everything from
the computer or smartphone that is used to access the Internet to the cables that
carry information from one device to another. Additional types of hardware
include satellites, radios, cell phone towers, routers and servers.

These various types of hardware are the connections within the network. Devices
such as computers, smartphones and laptops are end points, or clients, while the
machines that store the information are the servers. The transmission lines that
exchange the data can either be wireless signals from satellites or 4G and cell
phone towers, or physical lines, such as cables and fiber optics.

The process of transferring information from one device to another relies on packet
switching. Each computer connected to the Internet is assigned a unique IP
address that allows the device to be recognized. When one device attempts to send
a message to another device, the data is sent over the Internet in the form of
manageable packets. Each packet is assigned a port number that will connect it to
its endpoint.

A packet that has both a unique IP address and port number can be translated from
alphabetic text into electronic signals by travelling through the layers of the OSI
model from the top application layer to the bottom physical layer. The message
will then be sent over the Internet where it is received by the Internet service
provider's (ISP) router. The router will examine the destination address assigned to
each packet and determine where to send it.

Eventually, the packet reaches the client and travels in reverse from the bottom
physical layer of the OSI model to the top application layer. During this process,
the routing data -- the port number and IP address -- is stripped from the packet,
thus allowing the data to be translated back into alphabetic text and completing the
transmission process.
Uses of the internet
In general, the Internet can be used to communicate across large or small distances,
share information from any place in the world and access information or answers
to almost any question in moments.

Some specific examples of how the Internet is used include:

 Social media and content sharing;

 E-mail and other forms of communication, such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC),
Internet telephony, instant messaging, video conferencing

 education and self-improvement through access to online degree programs,

courses and workshops and

 searching for jobs -- both the employer and applicant use the Internet to post
open positions, apply for jobs and recruit individuals found on social
networking sites like LinkedIn.

Other examples include:

 Online discussion groups and forums

 Online dating

 Online gaming

 Research

 Reading electronic newspapers and magazines

 Online shopping, or e-commerce.

Browser

Google chrome Chrome is a free Internet browser officially

released by Google on December 11, 2008. Its features
include synchronization with Google services and
accounts, tabbed browsing, and automatic translation and spell
check of web pages. It also features an integrated address
bar/search bar, called the omnibox. Chrome works quite
well with Google sites and services such as YouTube
and Gmail. It also manages its system resources
differently than other browsers. Its V8 JavaScript
engine was developed from scratch at Google, and may
improve your experience on heavily scripted websites
and applications. Essentially, it should make the things
you do on the Internet fastHere are some of Google
Chrome's best features:

It's fast, secure, and easy to use.

Perhaps the biggest draw to Google Chrome is its raw

performance. Web pages can be opened and loaded
extremely quickly—even when browsing through lots of
pages with heavy graphics, ads, or video content. The
interface is clean and simple to use, even for
beginners, and updates are rolled out frequently and
automatically to keep security in check.

You can use the address bar to search Google.

Need to search for something? Simply open a new
window or tab and start typing whatever you need to
search for in the address bar. Then press
Enter/Go/Search and you'll be shown the corresponding
Google search results page.

You can sync Chrome settings across devices.

When you use Chrome with your Google Account, you

can sync all of your bookmarks, history, passwords,
autofills and more. This means that your settings will
remain consistent and updated whenever you use
Chrome via your Google account on any other
computer or device.

Safari Safari web browser is the default for the iPhone, iPad,

and macOS, first released by Apple in 2003 and briefly offered on
Windows from 2007 to 2012. The popularity of the Safari browser
exploded with the iPhone and the iPad, and currently has about
a 54% market share of mobile browser usage in the United States.
In most ways, Safari is like any other popular browser. Users can
browse websites, bookmark favorites, and open multiple sites in
tabs. Built using the WebKit engine, Safari was one of the first web
browsers to support the new HTML 5 standard. It was also one of
the first browsers to have support for Adobe Flash turned off by
default, with the mobile versions of Safari having never supported
Flash.

Safari on Mac OS is currently on version 11.1, which includes an

upgrade to Intelligent Tracking Prevention. This feature helps
prevent a specific website from tracking pages browsed on other
websites, a process called 'cross-site tracking. Safari on iOS
shares its version with the iOS version, which is currently on 12.1.
What Makes Safari Stand out From Other Web Browsers?

While you might have trouble spotting the differences between

Google Chrome, Apple's Safari, or Microsoft Edge at first glance,
the Safari browser has some key features that help separate it
from the pack, including the ability to format articles for easier
reading.

 iCloud Tab Browsing. This feature automatically syncs open

tabs across devices with the same iCloud account. You can
view a list of all tabs open on your MacBook while using
Safari on the iPhone or iPad. It's similar to Chrome's
bookmark sharing but doesn't require logging in. 
 Sharing. The Safari app has a built-in share button that
enables users to quickly share a website through messaging,
email, or social media such as Facebook or Twitter. The
coolest feature is the ability to share a site directly with
another nearby iPhone, iPad, or Mac using AirDrop. 
 Reader View. Safari can detect articles and present them in
a format that strips out navigation and advertisement in favor
of a more readable view. This view is especially great for
websites that load new windows as you scroll or become
unreadable on an iPhone or iPad because of navigation.
 Energy Efficient. While iMacs are great desktop computers,
Apple is primarily a laptop and mobile device provider. Safari
proves this by being extremely energy efficient, buying you
precious minutes, and sometimes even hours of extra use
compared to Chrome, Firefox, and other popular browsers.
What Are Safari's Deficits?

The Safari web browser has a lot going for it, especially for those
who are rooted in the Apple ecosystem and own a Mac along with
an iPhone or iPad. However, it's not all roses and butterflies:

 Limited Plugin Support. Safari supports Extension, but the

plugins available for Safari lag behind those available for
Chrome.
  Exclusive to Apple. While it's possible to run Safari on Linux
and it was briefly supported on Windows, Safari is primarily a
web browser made to run on Apple hardware. You can't run it
on Android smartphones or tablets, and you should avoid the
Windows version because Apple no longer supports it with
critical security updates.
 No Tab Icons. Favicons are essentially icons for websites.
And while browsers like Google Chrome use these icons in
tabs to help differentiate browser tabs and help the user pick
out the one they want, Safari doesn't include them on tabs.
Safari Alternatives

While Safari is the default browser for iOS and Mac, users can
download a wide range of browsers on either platform. The Mac
supports Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Vivaldi, and many other web
browsers, while iPhone and iPad users can download Chrome,
Firefox, Opera, and even Microsoft Edge.