1.

INTRODUCTION:
Campus have their origions in the western tradition of the greek agora and in the
socratic approach of open debate in the public space.
The campus its self was derived from the greek terminology for a green or open land scaped are
later,the roman military “camp” of well planned order.at once,the concept represntd a paradox
of freedom and control that continues to this day.although the Greeks may have viewed the
campus as a setting to spur the commerce of ideas,the romans saw its order in term of
colonization and a way to bring civilization to the conquered “barbarian”.this approach si not
unlike that of the early colonists wanting to establish collages in the fledging communities of
the American wilderness.
The collage symbolized both a continuation of culture roots and a belief in the future of the
pioneering spirit.the campus itself became the symbol or icon of the collage and,later,the
university stefanos polyzoides wrote in 1997
The central group of building typically formed this emblematic space.the place and
representation of the university.as universities became larger and more complex,the term
campus came to represent an aggregate and interconnected set of voids.the total figure of
space in between the university’s building….and has now come to describe all of a university’s
grounds and buildings,the total physical presence of an institution.

2. MULTI STOREY:
Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall,
or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors.
"According to the building code of Hyderabad, India,a High-Rise Building Is One with Four
Floors or More or One 15 Meters or More in Height. Most building engineers, inspectors,
architects and similar professions define, A High-Rise As A Building That Is At Least 75 Feet
(23 M) Tall.
High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for structural and geotechnical engineers,
particularly if situated in a seismically active region or if the underlying soils have geotechnical
risk factors such as high compressibility or bay mud. They also pose serious challenges to
utuesystems like the building standpipe system, HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air
conditioning), fire sprinkler system and other things like stairwell and elevator evacuations pose
significant problems.

TYPOLOGY:
 Low rises
 Mid rises
 High rises
 Sky scrapers
Any building with height between 75’ to 420’ is considered a high rise building,
Buildings below this height are low rise, and above this height are considered sky scrapper.

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LOW RISE

MID RISE

HIGH RISE

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Avg. floor height is around 13ft therefore it should comprise of at least 6 floors. It is important
to note that the height of a high rise has a serious impact on evacuation.

HISTORY OF HIGHRISE:
Initiatives were taken to build high rises in Chicago and New York in the late 19th
century.
The world’s 1st high rise was a short brick building.
ORIGIN:
Sky scraper---upper most moon sail, tall hats, and high flying birds.
OVERCOMING OBSTACLES:
Brick was replaced by steel, reinforced concrete and curtain wall for a more durable or
lighter structure. Otis elevators and modern telephones made the upper levels inhabitable the
actual cause of building high rises was the great Chicago fire as well as the high urban
population density of some of the most developed cities.

THE LOGISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION:

 Large excavations with retaining walls had to be dug.
 Metal, stone or glass cladding hung from the building’s steel frame.
 Heating and cooling systems were to be designed in accordance with the requirements
and adequacy.
 Water sprinkler systems were introduced for fire fighting.
 Plumbing, electrical and telephone lines, lighting fixtures, bathroom equipments and
other utilities were also of pivotal importance.

MIX-USED MULTI-STOREY BUILDING:

A mixed use building is defined as the building which contains more than one activity in
it. Like residence, market Non residential uses contain the retail shops and offices, other
activities that are hazardous or are in adequate for the privacy or safety for the users are not
encouraged. Advantages of this type of building usage are that we can use same land for
different purposes. Less use of land but we can achieve more.

Design elemenst of a high rise:

ZONING (MIXING USES):

Retail
Residential
Mixed Use

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Non selling Areas:
Stock rooms require a range of sizes of shelving, from 8 to 12 or 20 in. wide, as well as
closed cupboards for objects which might be damaged by dust. The receiving and packing room
will have to handle large quantities of inflammable packing material. A wrapping table, 3 ft 6 in.
b y 5 ft, with two paper rolls, 18, 24 to 30 in. long is usually sufficient. Weighing scales are
required.
SUPERMARKETS:
New, free-standing supermarkets average 22,700 sq ft to 31,000 sq ft with 75 to 80
percent of the total store devoted to selling space and the remaining 20 to 25 percent of floor
space devoted to service areas such as storage coolers, prepackaging areas, grocery storage,
Etc. Weekly sales per square foot of selling space vary from $3 .10/sq ft to $3 .75/sq ft

Mixed uses:
Uses which is are placed in a mixed use buildings are
 Residential
 Offices
 Market
 Food courts
 Sports complex
Mixed use building can have all activities written above. Residential apartments should placed in
The area where is no noise problems.
Offices also should placed in separated area from markets or food courts.

Conclusion:
 All spaces should be segregated .

3. STRUCTURE:
The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are:
Linear:
Columns
Beams
Surface:
Walls 
Slabs
Spatial:
Facade Envelope
Core
Building as System
4. CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
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 The essence of the change the development of the structural system of the high-rise is
the development from the building as a rigid frame to the building as a long cantilever. Moment
resistant frames can be effective options up to about 20 or 30 stories; tubular frames and
trusses have yet to reach their limit. With tees two types of systems taken as the extremes, the
other systems can be considered as systems which have characteristics which are taken from
both. In 1984 the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat attempted to develop a rigorous
methodology for cataloging the structural systems of tall buildings (Falconer and Beadle, 1984).
They determined four types:

Shear Frames
Semi-Rigid Frames
Rigid Frames
Interacting Systems
Frames with Shear Cores
Frames with Shear, Band and Outrigger Trusses
Partial Tubular Systems
End Channel Framed Tube with Interior Shear Trusses
End Channel and Middle I Framed Tubes
Tubular Systems
Exterior Framed Tube
Tube-in-Tube
Bundled Framed Tube
Exterior Diagonal zed Tube

The following are the Common Structural types as Schuler (High-Rise Building Structures, 2nd
Edition. 1986) describes them

Core with Cantilevers Bearing Walls with Core

Staggered Truss
Rigid Frame
Tube-in-Tube
Belt-Trussed Frame with Core
Trussed Frame
Bundled Tube
Self Supporting Boxes
Bearing Wall Systems

5. STABILITY DESIGN:
In high-rise buildings, lateral loads become an increasingly dominant parameter for the
planning and design of the whole building. Lateral stability systems are frequently fitted within
the central core and services have to be carefully integrated with the structure. This is true if
the dominant lateral load is wind or seismic loading.
“Two principal criteria are used in assessing building stability”
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 5.1 DRIFT AND ACCELERATION.
Drift is simply the ratio of the building deflection over its height, and the critical
parameter is usually inter-storey (floor-to-floor) drift rather than total building drift. Building
acceleration is a measure of the speed with which drift occurs, and acceptance criteria are
based on human tolerance of movement.

5.2 OPTIONS FOR STABILITY:

The three most popular systems for providing stability are;
Shear walls, External tubes & Combination or dual systems
5.3 SHEAR WALLS:
A shear wall system is the usual solution for low- to medium-rise buildings. These can be
formed from either solid concrete walls or braced steel bays, generally located around features
that remain fixed in plan over many floors. The system relies on linking strong elements at
either ends of the wall into a dumb-bell to create a push-pull system, resisting the overturning
caused by lateral loads. Depending on the local economic circumstances and the aspect ratio of
the building, these systems will often be the most cost-effective for buildings up to 40 or 50
storeys.

5.4 EXTERNAL TUBES:

As buildings increase in height, there comes a point where the slenderness of a central
shear wall system becomes excessive and the structure is not stiff enough. However, this aspect
may be improved if the building perimeter, rather than the central core, is used for the lateral
system. Such systems are known as external tubes.
External tube systems involve tying the perimeter columns of the building together to form a
hollow tube. To achieve the stiffness required, perimeter columns must be closely spaced
(typically 3m centers), and rigidly connected by stiff beams at each level.
5.5 COMBINED OR DUAL SYSTEMS:
These systems are used where the slenderness of the building is such that a single
system cannot provide adequate strength or stiffness. In theory, almost any combination of
systems is possible, providing that the stiffness’s are approximately equal. If significantly
different, the stiffer system may attract much of the load, but may not have the strength to
carry it. At Canary Wharf, a perimeter tube system was adopted for One Canada Square, but a
concrete shear wall system within the internal cores has been used on the majority of the
phase two high-rise buildings.
5.6 FLOOR SYSTEMS:
There are few floor systems suitable for use in commercial buildings and only a handful
for large-span commercial office buildings. At Canary Wharf, composite floors are the most
popular, although reinforced concrete floors have sometimes been used.

5.7 COMPOSITE FLOORS:

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 Such floors were developed in the USA and first used in the UK in the early 1970s.
Typically, a floor will consist of 130mm of lightweight concrete on profiled metal decking. After
the concrete has gained strength, the decking acts as the tension reinforcement in a composite
steel/concrete slab. The slab is generally supported on steel beams that act compositely with
the slab via shear studs welded in-situ to the beam. This is the favored floor slab for
superstructure floors in all Canary Wharf projects, where clear spans of 13.Sm or more are
typical.
5.8 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS:
Reinforced concrete floors are not commonly used for the superstructure floors of high-
rise buildings in the UK. A notable exception is Tower 42 in the City of London (formerly the
NatWest Tower). The self-weight of concrete, the large spans and the relative cheapness of
steel militates against reinforced concrete for this purpose. Reinforced concrete floors are more
common in short span buildings and in some countries where steel is relatively expensive.
Basement floors, however, are often made from reinforced concrete. In most Canary Wharf
buildings, the basement suspended floors are reinforced concrete flat slabs. Additional columns
allow for shorter spans and thin and economic flat slabs can be produced. Column drops or
heads can be incorporated, permitting further reduction of slab thickness.

5.9 FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE:

The foundations of most Canary Wharf high-rise buildings consist of a concrete raft on
large-diameter bored piles. In some, it has not been possible to provide sufficient piles beneath
the core to support the core load and a concrete raft up to 3m thick has been required to
distribute loads to piles outside the plan area of the core.
Constructing a thick raft requires a certain discipline. The major concerns on Canary Wharf
relate to continuity of concrete supply and excessive heat of hydration. A concrete mix
incorporating pfa has been designed to minimize thermal and shrinkage cracking. The following
mix was used with four levels of retardation up to four hours:
Portland cement: 216kg/m^sup 3^
Pfa: 144kg/m^sup 3^
20-5mm coarse aggregate: 1042kg/m^sup 3^
Zone M fine aggregate: 774kg/m^sup 3^
Maximum water/cement ratio: 0.50

6. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE:

The use of steel in multi-storey building construction results in many advantages for the
Builder and the user. The reasons for using steel frames in the construction of multi-storey
buildings are listed below;
Steel frames are faster to erect compared with reinforced concrete frames. The
Availability of the building in a shorter period of time results in economic advantages
To the owner due to shorter period of deployment of capital, without return. For example, at
the time the steel-framed Empire State Building was completed, the

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Tallest reinforced concrete building, the exchange building in Seattle, had attained a Height of
only 23 storeys’.
In comparison with concrete construction, steel frames are significantly lighter. This
Results in very much reduced loads on foundations.
The elements of framework are usually prefabricated in the factory under effective Quality
control thus enabling a better product.
This form of construction results in much reduced time on site activities, plant, Materials and
labor, causing little disruption to normal life of the community, unlike wet concrete
construction process.
The use of steel makes possible the creation of large, column-free internal spaces.
This is of particular advantage for open-plan offices and large auditoria and concert halls.
The use of steel frame when compared with R.C. frame results in sufficient extra space to
accommodate all service conduits without significant loss in head room.
Subsequent alterations or strengthening of floors are relatively easy in steel frames compared
with concrete frames.
The framework is not susceptible to delays due to slow strength gain, as in concrete
construction.
The material handling capacity required at site in steel construction is less than prefabricated
concrete construction.
Steel structure occupies lesser percentage of floor area in multi-strayed buildings. The steel
frame construction is more suitable to withstand lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake.
Conclusion:
 Structure should be economical and sustainable.
 Grid should be planned very properly for structure design.

7. PARKING:
7.1 Basement parking:
In Basement parking the attention should be given to providing the maximum driver
visibility possible at all turning points along the roadway. While federal courthouses have
Inside/Basement parking for only the judges and Marshals Service, it is typical beneath office
buildings for building occupants and visitors as well. Characteristics and features that
distinguish the Basement Parking space type includes.
8. ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS:
Below grade extension of the building structure to accommodate basement parking is
required. This involves additional excavation, structural frame, floor slabs above, sloped vehicle
access ramps, and basement perimeter walls and partitions separating parking from other
building enclosed areas.

9. SIGNAGE AND WAY FINDING:

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 Signage should indicate all major internal pedestrian access points as
well as external major roads and buildings. In basement parking, pavement
markings are reflective paint and traffic control signage is usually reflective
metal with minimum 5" high letters
10. VENTILATION:
The parking area is generally supplied with unconditioned air utilizing
multiple speed fans, preferably interlocked with carbon monoxide detectors
tied into an alarm system.
11. PARKING MANAGEMENT:
Usually pre-manufactured booths with transaction windows and deal
trays are installed at vehicular entrances/exits to manage entering and exiting
vehicles.

12. SECURITY PROTECTION:

Beyond parking management, several security measures are
incorporated into typical basement parking spaces to ensure the security of
visitors. These generally include: uniform lighting coverage, preferably with
energy- efficient light fixtures; closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras; card reader access
control for vehicle entrance doors etc.
13. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY:
Proper notification systems, lighting, and signage are required to facilitate safe and
speedy evacuations during an emergency in the basement parking spaces. This is usually
accomplished with proper fire alarm wiring, pulls stations, strobes, annunciates, and exit
signage.

14. DRAINAGE AND STORM WATER MANAGEMENT:

Water runoff from vehicles is typically dealt with in basement parking spaces by
installing trench drains with cast iron covers at all vehicle entrance/exit points, sand and oil
traps at all storm drain discharge points, and floor area drains at every low point.

Conclusion:
 Well ventilated parking.
 Central parking loops.
 Well managed parking bays.
 Natural light in parking.
MOVEMENT AND CIRCULATION:
ELEVATORS:
An elevator is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors of a building . Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either
drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
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ESCALATORS:
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people
between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked
steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Horizontal:
Corridors should be in square form approach to different activities should be easy.
Entrance sizes of the different activities like commercial, offices, residential should be different
from each other.
Conclusions:
 Well designed Horizontal movement in the building.
 Enhanced entrance.
 Different entrance for different activities.
Vertical:
Lifts, stairs and escalators are considered in vertical movement of the building.

Conclusions:
 Easy approach to vertical movements.
 Different lifts for different activities.
 Escalators should only in market area.

15. Building Services:

HVAC:
HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" ) is an acronym that stands for the closely related
functions of "Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning"- the technology of indoor or
automotive environmental comfort.
Parts of a HVAC System
Generation equipment
Distribution system
Terminal equipment
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Type of HVAC systems
Self contained systems
Central system
Conventional Central system
Conventional Central system:
Require a full complement of central equipment (Boilers, chillers, cooling towers and
circulating pumps) and a distribution system (pipes and ducts). This System is used in high rises.
Three Types of Conventional Central Systems:
All water system
All air system
Air- Water system
Air Water System:
These systems include any type of air-water system which is combined with a
separately-ducted ventilation air system, plus a unique system called the induction system. This
type of system is found in to high-rise buildings where a minimum amount of ductwork is
desirable.

USING AIR WATER SYSTEM

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10% of Floor area is occupied By the HVAC equipment per Floor.

CENTRAL PLANT EQUIPMENTS:

(Usually one location in the building, housing central chillers, boilers and related
equipment)
12 - 16 ft. clear height available
Long narrow rooms—with an aspect ratio (width to length) of approximately
1:2—usually allow for the most flexible and efficient layout of equipment.
SIZE OF BOILERS AND CHILLERS:
General space requirements must allow ample room for service, which may include
space to pull boiler tubes. As an example, boilers and chillers height from 15 - 80 ft., have tube
unit lengths of 8 - 27 ft., and widths of 4 - 10 ft. These units require an additional 5 - 23 ft. of
space to pull tubes as necessary.
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A ROOF TOP OF COOLING TOWERS:
Cooling towers can range in height from 12 ft. to over 40 ft. and should be located far
away from building openings (such as windows and outside air intakes) to avoid the possibility
of any carryover of moist, and possibly contaminated air back into occupied areas.

EQUIPMENT FOR AIR HANDLING UNITS.

Air handling units:
Typical air handling unit data (e.g., Sweet’s catalog manufacturer’s literature) indicate,
let us assume an approximate unit size of 14x11x7.6 ft. This should fit comfortably within a
room of 25 ft. x 40 ft. and have space for all associated ductwork and servicing.

Ventilation system:
A ventilation system for a multi-storey building, which system comprises a ventilation
apparatus mounted on a roof and provided with fans for generating an inlet air flow and a
distributing channel for supplying the inlet air flow to various intermediate levels of the
building.
Basic consideration of design is Controlling Pollutants and Sources Heating, Ventilation,
and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Moisture Control Construction commissioning Renovation and
Repair Operations and Maintenance.

Electrical:
Electrical equipments for electricity distribution are:
 Main line from wapda.
 Transformers.
 Panel rooms.
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  HT panel
 LT panel
 DB
 Floor distribution.
 Electric ducts.

PUBLIC HEALTH
Water supply:
Every sprinkler system must have at least one automatic water supply of adequate pressure,
capacity, and reliability An automatic supply is one that is not dependent on any manual
operation to supply water at the time of a fire. The rate of flow (capacity) and the duration
(time) of that flow needs to be considered as part of an automatic supply.
Types of supplies:
• Connection to water works system
• Gravity tanks
• Suction tanks
• Fire pumps
• Pressure tanks
Have possible uses but an important limitation is the small volume of water than can be stored.
Where an adequate volume of water is available but pressure is not sufficient, a pressure tank
gives a good starting point for the first sprinklers to operate. Pressure tanks can be used in tall
buildings where public water pressure is too low for effective supply to the highest sprinkler,
until the fire department arrives to pump into the fire department connection.

• Fire department connections

USING CONNECTIONS PROVIDED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND WATER PUMP

Factors affecting water supply requirements

• Ceiling height: Ceilings of unusual heights can produce drafts that will carry heat away from
the sprinkler directly over the fire area, resulting in the delay in the application of water and the
opening of sprinklers remote from the fire.
• Unprotected vertical openings: Sprinklers are designed on the assumption that fire will be
controlled on the floor of fire origin. With unprotected openings, heat and fire may spread
through the openings causing additional sprinklers to operate.
• Floor-mounted and ceiling-mounted obstructions and concealed spaces: Beams, girders, light
fixtures, and HVAC duct work can obstruct the water pattern, which in turn can cause additional
sprinklers to operate to account for the obstruction.

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 Floor obstructions such as office privacy partitions can also cause a problem.

“Example of hydraulically designed system for light hazard occupancy without hose stream demand”

Summary of NFPA Standard 13 Pipe Schedule Systems for Steel Pipe: Number of
sprinklers fed by pipe size

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 PIPE SIZE LIGHT HAZARD ORDINARY HAZARD
1" 2 2
1-1/4" 3 3
1-1/2" 5 5
2" 10 10
2-1/2" 30 20
3" 60 40
3-1/2" 100 65
4" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor 100
area
5" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor 160
area
6" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor 275
area
8" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor
area area

PLUMBING SYSTEMS:
System design includes:
Hot and cold water lines
Pressure and flow
Tank capacities
As standard minimum precautions, wells of any depth are normally not located within
50ft (15m) of a sewer or septic tank or within 100ft of a septic field.
It is assumed that the supply water will be relatively soft (low calcium carbonate), so that no
precipitated coating will form within pipe walls, which would reduce inside pipe diameters and
prevent free flow of water. Water softeners are used to eliminate Calcium and Magnesium
from water.
Water piping must run as direct as possible and free of unnecessary turns, which may
unnecessarily reduce flow & create locations for blockage.

Taps:
Pipe may vary in size depending on the fixture unit count or demand, usually
represented by Gallons per Minute (GPM) or liters/ second (l/s). For pipe sizing purposes a
maximum 7fps water velocity is recommended.
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 An approved pressure reducing valve should be installed in the water service pipe near
the entrance of the water service pipe into the structure, except where the water feeds a water
pressure booster.
The pressure at any fixture normally should not exceed 80 psi (550 kPa) under no-flow
conditions.
Drain Valves:
A drain valve should be installed in the lowest branch of the basement so that the entire
system can be completely drained.
Main shut-off valve:
A main shut-off valve should be provided in each water supply pipe.
Water softeners:
Water softeners are available in various sizes and types, all of which require a salt tank
for regeneration.
Pipe insulation is necessary to prevent undesirable condensation from cold water lines
and heat loss in the hot and re-circulating water lines.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DAILY WATER REQUIREMENTS BASED ON BUILDING OCCUPANCY. SOURCE:
BUILDING OFFICIALS AND CODE ADMINISTRATION (1990).

TYPE OF SPACE TYPE OF OCCUPANCY MINIMUM QUANTITY OF

WATER PER PERSON PER DAY IN GALLONS (OR
AS INDICATED)
Restaurants (toilet and kitchen usage per 7 to 10
patron)
Restaurants (kitchen usage per meal served) 2 1/2 to 3
Additional for bars and cocktail lounges 2
Day workers at schools and offices (per shift) 15
Swimming pools and bathhouses 10
Luxury residences and estates 100 to 150
Motels with bath, toilet, and kitchen range 50
Self-service laundries (gallons per wash, i.e., 50
per customer)
Stores (per toilet room) 400

Hot water lines:

Hot water lines should also be insulated to avoid waste of energy due the heat loss, and
for this purpose typically 1/2 in. to 1 in. (1.25 cm to 2.5 cm) fiber glass insulation is used. Shut-
off valves are also required in the same fashion as indicated for cold water lines.
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Pressure and flow:
Booster pumps can be a duplex system or several duplex systems supplying different
zones. A structure taller than five stories should be divided in zones of not more than 12 stories.
Booster systems can be complimented with storage tanks at the highest level of each zone.
Tank capacity:
BUILDING TYPE WATER CONSUMPTION IN OFFICE BUILDINGS
GAL. PER HOUR/PERSON

Commercial no air-conditioning 3.8

Commercial with air-conditioning 7.2 – 9

For example,
Assume that a commercial office building has
Occupancy of 4,500 persons: 4,500 times 3.8 gallons per H/P = 17,100 gal. per hour
Tank should have a half-hour supply = 8,550 gal.
Pump should have one-hour supply = 17,100 gal. per hour
The pump capacity will be 285 GPM (18 l/s).
It is normal practice to design a system with a standby pump to provide water service in
the event of a system shutdown; and if additional requirements for make-up water are
necessitated by air conditioning systems.

SANITARY WASTE SYSTEMS:

Waste system sizing:

Sanitary drainage systems are designed to carry wastes from plumbing fixtures and floor
drains to public sanitary sewers or septic tanks.
The designer should also consider other sources of continuous or semi continuous flow into the
drainage system, such as from pumps, sump ejectors, and air conditioning equipment. These
loads are commonly computed as one fixture unit equaling 7.5 gallons per minute (28.35 l/m).
Stack capacities:
Waste stacks are the vertical pipes collecting all the horizontal drainage branches from
each floor (Figs. 1 and 2). They are commonly known as “intervals.” A stack can take two
branches from the same level with a 45 Y fitting or sanitary T, and that also will be an interval,
in other words, the collection of pipe branches in each level is an interval.
Vent requirements:
 The size and length of vent pipes are directly dependent upon the volume of discharge
for which the soil and waste pipe are designed.

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  Unless adequate venting is provided, the flow of fixture discharges through soil or waste
stacks can produce pressure variations in branches that may damage the seals of fixture
traps by blowing them from positive or back pressure in lower parts of the system,or
siphoning them because of negative pressure in upper sections.
Sanitary building drains:
 Building drains are typically placed at the lowest piping invert elevation in a drainage
system. Building drains receive wastes from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside
a structure and convey them into the building sewer.
 Drainage pipe going from a horizontal to a vertical line uses short turn fittings; but in
going from a vertical flow to a horizontal flow, a long turn fitting is used (sweep elbow).
 The waste effluent is calculated in sequence starting from the furthest and highest
fixture, or branch, and ending at the lowest fixture, or branch, to properly size the stack.
Critical limitations to consider in any drainage system:
 No branch or fixture should be connected within 10 pipe diameters downstream from
the base of the soil or waste stack.
 Indirect waste should to discharge through an air gap into a trapped fixture.
 Combination waste and vent should only be used for floor drains, standpipes, sinks and
lavatories, which should discharge to a vented drainage pipe.
 Chemical waste should be completely separated from the sanitary drainage system.
 The minimum size for underground drain pipe should be 2 in. (5cm).
 The size of the drain pipe should not be reduced in size in the direction of the flow.
 Drainage for future fixtures should be terminated with an approved cap or plug.
 Dead ends are prohibited in the installation or removal of any part of a drainage system.
The application of code requirements should be accurate in this and other related
matters.
 A fixture should not be connected to horizontal piping from the base of the stack within
40 pipe diameters from the stack to prevent backup of fixtures on the lower floor
caused by a hydraulic jump at the base of the stack. Suds pressure zones exist in the
piping as shown in Fig. 1 and fixture connections in this areas should be avoided.
 Suds pressure zones should be considered to exist at the indicated locations in sanitary
drainage and vent systems when the piping serves fixtures on two or more floors that
receive waste containing bubble bath or sudsy detergents.

RAIN WATER DISPOSAL:

Minimum 1 to 2 inch slop is provided for the roof and cost iron pipes are used for the drainage
of the water. These are galvanized to prevent the rust. These are used due to cost efficiency.

Fire Fighting:
An automatic sprinkler system is a system of pipes with automatic sprinklers placed at
various intervals.
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Types of automatic sprinkler systems:
Wet-pipe system
Dry-Pipe system
Pre-action system
Combined dry-pipe and precaution system
Deluge system
Wet-pipe system:
These types of systems are the most commonly found and can be installed in areas
where the temperature will always be maintained above 40F (4°C).
Dry-Pipe system:
Automatic sprinklers are attached to a piping system that normally contains air under
pressure. These systems are used in areas that cannot be heated.
Pre-action system:
Automatic sprinklers are attached to a piping system in which there is air in the piping that may
or may not be under pressure. These systems are used in locations where accidental damage to the
piping or sprinklers, on a wet- or dry-pipe system, could cause damage to facilities or equipment, such as
computer centers.
Combined dry-pipe and precaution system:
Automatic sprinklers are attached to a piping system that includes the features of both a
dry-pipe and precaution system. These systems have an economic advantage in the elimination
of numerous dry-pipe valves that require regular maintenance.
Deluge system:
In this type of system, all sprinklers are open at all times. This system is used primarily in
special hazard situations where is it necessary to apply water over a large area to control a fast-
developing fire. It is also used to apply foam for protection of flammable liquid hazards.
USING COMBINED DRY PIPE AND PRE-ACTION SYSTEM:
BENEFIT:
It improves life safety related to fire in residential buildings.
Design criteria and requirements:
 The sprinkler system must be provided with a water source of sufficient capacity to
supply the number of sprinklers that will be opened during a fire. The water must have
adequate pressure in order to be adequately distributed to the highest and farthest
sprinkler on the system.
 Outdoor hydrants, indoor hose standpipes, and hand hose connections also are
frequently part of the sprinkler system.
Hazard classification:
 A building’s use is the primary consideration in designing a sprinkler system that is
adequate to protect against hazards in the occupancy.
These hazard classifications affect:

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- Spacing of sprinklers
- Sprinkler discharge densities
- Water supply requirements
 The three general classifications are:
Light hazard:
Quantity and/or combustibility of materials is low and fires with relatively low rates of
heat release are expected. Examples include apartments, churches, hotels, office buildings, and
schools.
Ordinary hazard:
Examples include laundries, textile plants, printing plants, flour mills, and paper
manufacturing and storage warehouses containing paper, furniture, and paint.
Extra hazard:
Examples include rubber production, upholstering operations using plastic foams, and
occupancies with large amounts of flammable liquids, varnish, and paint dipping

Ordinary hazard pipe schedule (Source: NFSA Fire Sprinkler

Plan Review Guide)
2 sprinklers fed by 1 in. (2.5 cm) pipe
2 + 1 = 3 sprinklers fed by 1-1/4 in. (3 cm) pipe
3 + 2 = 5 sprinklers fed by 1-1/2 in. (3.8 cm) pipe
5 + 2 = 7 sprinklers fed by 2 in. (5 cm) pipe (up to 10 allowable)

USING LIGHT HAZARD

Integrating sprinklers with other building services and equipment
The building designer needs to consider how the sprinkler system will be integrating into the
design of the building. Examples:
- Floor or roof structure elements required to support the pipe hanger.
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- Location of piping in ceiling spaces that will not be affected by the
HVAC duct work.
- Floor plan partition layout relating to sprinkler coverage.
- Location of area for sprinkler control valve and heating, if required.
- Piping installation that is aesthetically pleasing.
- Architectural features that may obstruct the spray pattern or cause delayed activation, such as
soffits, partitions, ducts, decorative ceilings, and light fixtures.
s
WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
 Water pump
 Fire department connection

CLASSIFICATION OF STANDPIPES:
- Class I: System with 2-1/2 in. hose connections to supply water for use primarily by fire
departments.
- Class II: System with 1-1/2 in. hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the building
occupants or by the fire department during initial response.
- Class III: System with 1-1/2 in. hose stations for use by building occupants and 2-1/2 in. hose
connection to supply a large volume of water for use by the fire department.

FIRE ALARMS SYSTEM:

Function:
The purpose of the fire alarm system is for the protection of life by automatically
indicating the necessity for evacuation of the building or fire area, and the protection of
property through the automatic notification of responsible persons and for the automatic
activation of fire safety functions. Fire alarm systems include one or more of the following
features:
- Manual alarm signal initiation
- Automatic alarm signal initiation
- Activation of fire suppression systems
- Activation of fire safety functions
- Activation of alarm notification appliances
- monitoring of abnormal conditions in fire suppression systems
- Emergency voice/alarm communications
- Process monitoring supervisory systems
- Activation of off-premise signals

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Design Considerations:
The height of the building will determine if the fire alarm system will have voice/alarm
communication systems. Buildings over 75 ft. in height are generally considered high-rise
buildings and require devices such as firefighters telephones, warden stations, and
voice notification and direction systems. In high-rise buildings, the code will direct the
designer as to type of notification is required. In some Jurisdictions, the alarm notification is on
the floor of first alarm and on the floor above and below the floor of alarm initiation. When the
Fire Department arrives at the building with such information, they can thus direct occupants
on where to go for safety.
Fire and smoke detection:
- Automatic sprinkler and standpipe water flow indicators.
- Area smoke detectors will be provided in all electrical and telecommunication equipment
rooms and elevator machine rooms.
- Duct smoke detectors will be provided in re-circulating air systems as required by code. In
addition to activating alarm signals, activation of the smoke detectors will cause shut down of
related fan systems.
- Smoke detectors will be provided in all elevator lobbies. Activation of this detector will initiate
automatic elevator recall to the designated floor.
- Manual fire alarm stations will be located at entry to exit doors and exit stairs.
Fire Command Center
Fire Command Center located on ground level in a location approved by the Fire
Department, and consisting of:
- Emergency voice communication panel.
- Fire Department communication panel
- Sprinklers and standpipe supervisory display panels.
- Status indicators and controls for smoke control system.
- Fire and sprinkler pump control and status indicator.
- Emergency and stand-by power indicators and controls.
- Special extinguishing system monitoring.
- Elevator control panels with elevator positions and status indicators.

SECURITY:
CCTV cameras:
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific
place, limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly

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transmitted, though it may employ point to point wireless links.

 Nonochrome (black and white) cameras provide higher resolution and better
performance in low light applications.
 Color cameras, which may be considered to provide additional critical evidence of
identification (e.g. color of clothing) require optimum lighting conditions and should be
restricted to indoor applications only.
CCTV monitor considerations:
 The following formula can be a guide to calculate monitor size and viewing distance:
monitor size (in.) - 4 = monitor viewing distance (ft.). Example 9 in. - 4 = 5 ft.
 Maximum vertical viewing angle is approximately 30 degrees.
 Maximum horizontal viewing angle is approximately 45 degrees in either direction.
 Standard monitor security monitor sizes (measured diagonal in inches) are: 5, 9,12, 17,
19, and 21 (in.).
CCTV power requirements:
 Cameras typically operate on either 24VAC or 120VAC provided at each camera or distributed
from a central location.
 Monitors and switchers and recording equipment typically require 120VAC power.
 Power to all systems should be dedicated and unswitched.
 A good grounding system is required.
CCTV cabling requirements:
 Camera signals can be transmitted over coaxial, fiber optic, or unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cable.
 The most common camera signal cable in use currently is RG-59/U coaxial cable with a
maximum cable distance between the camera and monitor of 1,000 ft. (305 m).
 Fiber optic cable can transmit camera signals over several miles.
 UTP copper cable will carry video signals up 1,200 ft. (365 m).
 Typically each camera will require cables one for power and for signal.
 PTZ (Pan-tilt-zoom) camera applications will require additional multi-conductor or fiber
optic cables.
CCTV space requirements:
 Security riser closets typically require 48 sq. ft. (4.5 sq. m) of wall space for CCTV
equipment.
 Security equipment rooms typically require 75 sq. ft. (7 sq. m) of floor area for every 100
cameras.
 All security riser closets and equipment rooms must be physically secure, well lighted,
and ventilated.

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  The CCTV system may require connection to emergency power sources.

Acoustics:
Acoustics are handling these things in the building
 Announcements for management.
 Music on market floor
 Azan

Acoustic Considerations

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  Adequate noise control in a duct system can be achieved if the designer understands
basic noise control principles.
 Sound masking system is installed in the public commercial areas and office zone where
the privacy is required to the individual. The role of sound masking is to
 direct field
 in open ceiling
 under raised floors
 Cover over (or mask) intruding speech and/or other noise distraction from adjacent
spaces that is not Absorbed or Blocked by architectural design
 Make it difficult to hear distant conversations - even with marginal blocking from
furniture or walls
 Cover up the noise that's left over, including leaks from small gaps from adjoining spaces

ELECTROMECHANICAL ROOM NOISE:

 Radiator fan noise;
 Engine radiated noise;
 Engine exhaust noise;
 Air intake fan noise, if any; and
 Ventilation fan noise, if any.

ACOUSTIC DOORS:
 Equipment and personnel doors shall be acoustical doors for effective isolation
of generator room noise.

WALL AND CEILING INSULATION :

 In general the walls of the generator room are of 100 mm thick clay bricks
 walls plastered 20 mm thick both sides. If so required, the internal walls of the
 generator room shall be acoustically treated with sound absorption material of
 inorganic high density felted mineral fibre board covered with decorative facings, to
 achieve noise level outside the generator room not exceeding the noise levels.

Building Aesthetics:

 Environment
 Parking facilities
 Staff , workers and visitors etc. circulation
 Space distribution as per activities
 Acoustic factor
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  Visual perspectives
 Connections of the zones
 Electrification (lighting, fire alarms, cctv’s etc.)
 Plumbing
 Public health issues
 Ventilation (natural and mechanical)
 Structure
 Suitable foundation
 Services (ducts and shoots)
 Electro mechanical services
 Building materials selection
 Durable and cost effective solutions
 Building economy control
 Type of construction
 Hard escape and landscape
 Revenue generation

Garbage disposal:
 The channel of garbage disposal slide (the hole or chute system)
 Secondary and adjacent system
 Automatic ant fire system
 Garbage compactor

Duct system:
Ducts are kind of tube or a channel provided for the servicing of wiring or pipes to go
throughout the building without any obstruction, and they should be designed in such a
manner that there maintenance is possible in the easiest way

The design of the ductworks in ventilation systems are often done by using the

 Velocity Method
 Constant Pressure Loss Method (or Equal Friction Method)

 Static Pressure Recovery Method

The Constant Pressure Loss Method (or Equal Friction Loss Method):
A proper speed is selected in the main duct close to the fan. The pressure loss in the
main duct is then used as a template for the rest of the system. The pressure (or friction) loss is
kept at a constant level throughout the system. The method gives an automatic velocity
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reduction through the system. The method may add more duct cross sectional changes and can
increase the number of components in the system compared to other methods.

The Static Pressure Recovery Method:

With the static pressure recovery method the secondary and branch ducts are selected
to achieve more or less the same static pressure in front of all outlets or inlets. The major
advantages of the method are more common conditions for outlets and inlets. Unfortunate the
method is complicated to use and therefore seldom used.

Types of ducting in a multi storey building

 Individual round pipe system
 Extended plenum system
 Reducing trunk system
 Combination (of two or more systems)
 Cabinet vertical duct system(most appropriate for electrical wiring, sewerage, other
wiring and water pressure pipes)
 Horizontal duct system(appropriate for sewerage pipes and other wiring distribution to
floor)

16. Conclusions:
 employment is provided closer to the residential area that shortens distance
 provides opportunities for living and working closely reducing the fuel consumption for
vehicular use
 daily routine services are in a close proximity
 available services
 allow people to live close to recreation, entertainment and services
 provide low-maintenance accommodation opportunities

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  social interaction among the people
 Design should be Sustainable.
 Fire exit should be in 50 fit distances of the users.
 Fire fighting system should be mange by Fire sprinklers, Standpipes, Fire detection and
alarm and lights, Smoke management, Fire fighter’s telephones, Warden stations Voice
notification and direction systems.
 Emergency exits and fire escapes should be directly connected to corridors or outside
the building.
 Flat plat structure should be used, because Simple construction, Flat ceilings and Low
story heights due to shallow floors.
 Security is maintained through security points and CCTv camera management.
 For the electrical lines and meters electrification ducts should be provided.
 Natural and mechanical ventilation both should be installed as per design. For
mechanical ventilation proper HVAC system should be designed.
 Underground basement parking should have proper light and ventilation, security, fire
exits and user friendly environment.
 Public health system should have over head water tank and ground water storage for
clean water .
 Septic tank should be design for
 sewerage.
 Service ducts should be designed for vertical transportation of sewerage pipe ,clean
water pipe and gas pipe.
 It should have proper communal and outdoor spaces have for residential users.
 The mixed use building should have ability to adjust both commercial and residential
activities.
 Indoor and outdoor material should be cost efficient.
 Vertical transportation should be done by the help of staircases, lifts, escalators and
ramps.
17. REFERENCES
1. McCormac. C. J., (1994): "Structural Steel Design", Harper Collins College

Publishers.

2. Owens. G. W. and Knowles. P., (1994) "Steel Designers Manual", The Steel

Construction Institute, ELBS Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London.

3. Taranath. S. B., (1984): "Structural analysis and design of tall buildings", McGraw-Hill Book
Company

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4. Schuller. W., (1976): "High-rise building structures", John Wiley & Sons

5. Smith. B. S., and Coull. A., (1991): "Tall building structures: Analysis and Design",

John Wiley & Sons.

6. IS: 875 - 1987 (Parts - I to V), Indian Code of Practice for evaluating loads excepting

earthquake load.

7. IS: 1893 - 1984, Indian Code of Practice for evaluating earthquake load.

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