Lab # 3: Periodic table and Graph

Objective:

Part-1 You will study the structure of periodic table of elements and use it to find information about elements.

Part-2 You will create a graph on excel or on the graph paper (provided on D2L) out of the given data set.

Introduction:

With all the different substances that exist, you may be surprised to learn that they are formed from a relatively small
number of elements. Each element is unique with its own characteristics. Each element is represented conveniently by a
symbol. For example: H is for hydrogen, O for oxygen, and Cl for chlorine. In addition, each element has its own atomic
number and atomic weight. The symbols of the elements, along with their respective atomic numbers and atomic weights,
are displayed in a special arrangement called the periodic table. Although the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, the elements with similar chemical characteristics appear in columns. This organization is
useful for studying chemistry.Some elements are stable while others are unstable, referred to as radioactive elements.

Elements and the Periodic Table:

The periodic table is also organized by rows called periods and columns called groups. The elements in each group have
similar chemical properties. Elements in Group 1A are the alkali metals, elements in Group 2A are the alkaline earth
metals, elements in Groups 7A are the halogens, and elements in Groups 8A are the noble gases, because they are not
very reactive. Understanding the periodic table can give us a lot of information about the elements.

The elements in the periodic table are divided into metals and nonmetals, with a few semimetals that have some properties
of both. Metals are usually shiny or have a metallic luster. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and can be
molded into any shape. Nonmetals are not good conductors of heat or electricity, are brittle, and appear dull, not shiny.
Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table and nonmetals are found on the right side.

Subatomic Particles and Isotopes:

The smallest particle of an element that has the same chemical and physical properties of that element is an atom.
Atoms are composed of combinations of three types of particles called subatomic particles. Protons are
positively charged particles in the nucleus. Neutrons are neutral and also reside in the nucleus. Electrons are
negatively charged and are located outside the nucleus.

All atoms of an element have the same atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons. The mass
number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers
of neutrons, therefore they can have different mass numbers. Atoms that have the same atomic number but
different mass numbers are called isotopes. The atomic weight, which is found in the periodic table, is the
average of the masses of all the isotopes of the element that are commonly found in nature. The complete symbol
of an isotope contains the symbol of the element, the mass number and the atomic number as shown:

34
16 S
Mass number (p+n) →
Symbol of element →
Atomic number (p) →
This atom has 16 protons and 18 neutrons
This element is sulfur
This atom has 16 protons
Procedure

Part-1

Elements and the periodic table-

1. There is a list of elements in TABLE -1 on the report sheet. Write the symbol and atomic number for each element in
the table. Describe the color and luster (shiny, dull, or none) and whether it is a metal or nonmetal.
2. Place the atomic number and symbol of the elements in the first 5 periods on the empty periodic table in TABLE-2 of
the report sheet.
3. Write the group number at the top of each column and the period number for each of the rows shown.
4. Using different colors, shade in the columns that contain the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and noble
gases. With another color shade in the transition metals. Be sure to label the different colors.
5. Draw a line between the metals and the nonmetals.

Subatomic particles and isotopes-

1. Fill the blank cells in TABLE -3 on the lab Report.

Part II

Graph-

Option-1: You may create a graph on the graph paper provided on D2L

Option-2: You may create a graph on excel

Follow the steps below if you want to create a graph on excel

Open the Excel sheet and enter the following data for graph-1 The data goes in labeled columns with the
horizontal (x) axis column before the vertical (y) axis column, i.e., x-axis column on the left, and y-axis column
on the right.

X Y

20 60
40 65
60 70
80 75
100 80
120 85

1. Now select both columns and insert chart, choose SCATTER chart option with no connecting dots.

2. Data is commonly fit with a trend line also known as regression line. Regression line depicts the relationship
between the independent (x) and dependent (y) variables. Select the data by clicking on any of the dots and
then from the drop down menu select ADD Trendline for this example.

3. Whenever a trend line is added, the equation of the line and R2 (correlation coefficient) value must be
displayed. To do so, select the trend line and look for these options in the right panel: “Display equation on
chart” “Display R2 on chart.” The R2 value tells how well the equation describes the fit. The closer R 2 is to
1.00, the better the fit.

4. Every graph should have a title. To add a title to your graph, click in the box displaying Chart Title. Adjust
the font size as the default font size in Excel is usually 18.
5. Every completed graph must also have labeled axes. Each axis must show the descriptive identity or the
symbol for the variable plotted, including the units parenthetically.

6. The data points in the graph should span the entire interior box. You can cut off some blank space by
adjusting the axis scale. To do this, right click on the axis numbers and change the minimum and maximum
values.

7. At the end, it is useful to remove the horizontal lines. Click on one of them and then delete.

Lab Report on Next page

Name: Zalma Ahmed

Pre-lab Assignment

1) How many groups are there in the periodic table?

18 groups

2) How many periods are there in the periodic table?

7 periods

3) Where are the alkali metals and the inert gases located on the periodic table?

Group 1

4) What are the three main particles found in an atom? What are their masses and charges?

Protons, neutrons, electrons

5) For an isotope, what do the atomic number and mass number represent?
The mass number is the number of protons + the number of neutrons and the atomic number is the number of protons in
an atom.

6) How does the mass number differ from the atomic weight on the periodic table?

The mass number is the average atomic weight calculated and you can do that by adding the number of protons and
neutrons in an isotope and dividing by a 100. The atomic weight is only the mass of a specific isotope.
Post-lab Assignment

Part-1 Click the link below to access the periodic table

Interactive Periodic Table: https://www.webelements.com/

TABLE-1
Element Symbol Atomic Color Luster Metal or
Number Nonmetal?
Oxygen O 8 Blue Dull Nonmetal

Magnesium Mg 12 White Shiny Metal

Sulfur S 16 Yellow Dull Nonmetal

Iron Fe 26 Grey Dull Metal

Copper Cu 29 Red Bright Metal

Orange
Chlorine CI 17 Yellow Dull Nonmetal
Green
Aluminum Al 13 Silvery Dull Metal

Gold Au 79 Gold Shiny Metal

Iodine I 53 Grey Shiny Nonmetal

Lead Pb 82 Bluish Dull Metal

White

TABLE 2: Refer to Procedure Steps 2-5 in Part-1

Blank Table

1 18
2 13 14 15 16 17
1
H
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Li

11
Na

19
K

37
Rb
 Questions:

1. Using the periodic table, identify the elements in the table below as alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, noble gas,
halogen , transition metal.

Iodine Halogen
Barium Alkaline Earth
Metal

Potassium Alkali Metal

Argon Noble Gas

Iron Transition Metal

2. For each halogen in the table below, fill in the column on the right with the physical state of the halogen
(solid, liquid or gas)

Halogen in period-2 Gas

Halogen in period-3 Gas
Halogen in period-4 Liquid
Halogen in period-5 Solid

Subatomic particles and isotopes

TABLE 3: Complete the following table (Remember, the mass number comes from protons + neutrons, not
just the atomic weight from the periodic table.)

Isotope Symbol Atomic # Mass # Protons Electrons Neutrons

40
20 Ca 20 40 20 20 20
39
19 K 19 39 19 19 20
80
35 Br 35 80 35 35 45
197
79 Au 79 197 79 79 118
127
53 I 53 127 53 53 74

Part-II

1. Suppose the X and Y variables in your graph represent temperature ( 0C) and volume (mL) of a gas sample, hat would
be the volume (mL) at a temperature of 500C?

67.5 mL

Turn in your lab report and the excel graph/paper graph sheet in the assignment folder on D2L