THERMoDYN AMICCS

the camcepts hat

heat
dAals wtth
8amcho
*Bamch Sciemce
omd athti am ene

Muumal Equlibium at AamAtemp.

Aamtemp.
hoat a a
No low/ twonse
w
wth
h aa
Zerath Law ewmal eqb
Aeparately in thoumal
Li2 2 Sys A&B a also
in thumal egb
in t h u m a l ego
thon A & BB a i
ind Sys C,
wih each 0thut.
D i a h e m i c WuLl

TTT
Adiabatie Wol
+ve

Volume Expand WsA rolo na by

- ve
Vo lumu Decmase Nauk done on s
+ve
Haat uppllieol to he 6yatem
-ve
ot co he Ays tem
Heat givem

Law Congeevation Eneg

Fbut
amains he. Aame
um USe
Eneg
Enesgy

l dU dW
Nauk
Hat 9ntena

Ene8
Coees
Ssatthtumal

Wiso PoLV RT
V
LV nRTInVJ,

Wiso4 n RT An Y A8 P
U) sochouc AV o.nO
AU nCy AT
i ) Iso bau c
Po
Vz
PoLV aP
sob
Wiob P (V-V.) =
nR(T,-T)|

Aiabatic o u H L a t nat thuough,

pam ing *haon
A =o
oLU=Cy odLT d W = Pov
ol& olU + olw
O nCy olT + P dV O
PV n RT PolV Yol P nRddT

Polv +Vol P oT

Pat n O
PaV+ Vo P\ PaV O
R
Cy Pol V + CVol P+ PR ot V = o

PCCyt R)V+ CVoP = O

Cp Poalv+ CVctP =o
 Divide by C

PPatv+ VolP O
Cv

Y PoLV+ VlP O

Divis by PV yt-

Y Jog,V+ og. P o PV K

Nadia Kdv
yr 7 PV,- PV2
- Y-I

adia RCT-T
-

oTheumody namis
Second Lau
baseol @m entkapy
tA always in csueasey
ceaes
System aluays in
cltaseo
LTotal entop4
Ovet ime. " heot enugy
heat enugy
into
convect all h e
s impossi ble to
L 4 oithout any Jomes
lones
wak
werk nin a yclic ptocum

Entoopy
S Ke Jee W
 Condinuwm ModleX
t tamumes Aubitamce oh e object iO
hat the
Raceit occupies.

as a ComctinuaLus Aytem
a tem
buated
ce s
0y Substam te
Subtam asida
asido omd c
clamital
lamita
to a kept
) Statis tical appvach i be ellow eo
namics appoach
hmooy
o m aam
End 6
Sub^tam ce ia
beates u
()
h om
ham
dis continuiky mi
icctaalle
evve
ell
stathe
LathOT
at
the syatem
( ) We Atudy
physical propaeties
macolev
oleals withh
Continum Moolel
which a indepomdsnt o am
amy
salids amelfluids
o. Co- COHoinote SyAtem,
Aaiulm

Caena's Engine the

mateA he
C t t mates
cye.le hat eAtt
t i athumooy namic hat a
that a heat duung
engine owing
heat engin
eficiem. y
maximuLm pos&iblY
p os&ihl
hiat into w a k
mol w ouei ng
wotei
e c o n v e s i @ n owm
Hhe
h
cQ
two AvovL an poSse
between

*Cosunat Thecoem

wasueing betwe en T C h t uervoL)

Any
Any &ustem h a w e manL
c a m ne
amo T Ccolel Aervo
i)
opexating bet
bet -

camot engne
icien y ham h e
ticien ty
LAeSLvovu,
ween he ame

the natw amd

Eiciency inddpomolent
two
rempAsatune o
only ola pamolent am

ALAvoisus.
Cavunot Cyel

#Step CDeüvation)
Isothuumal Expama io n 2kRT, An N

Adiabatic Expam ion w HR(T,-T)

Y-I

i) Ssathumal Compuwion

Liv) Aoiabatic Compuion LR(T-T)

N N- s
N RT, m RT n
Net wkolone by the9s
Net ebbideney Heat aba asubed Dy thego

Ne eb5ieny ) T Ln Ys
n
Adiabakic po cum

Nek &tiieny