Grammar 2.

Word class

Unit 1. Task 1 – Line graph

Noun & Verb

Theory
A. Noun
Common nouns Proper nouns
Example Overweight will lead to many problems. Viet Nam is famous for Pho
Overweight, problems: Common noun Viet Nam, Pho: Proper noun
Will lead: Verb Is: Singular verb
Many: Adjective

Coutable & Uncountable nouns

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Example

Many apples Much cheese

The number of apples is 3 The amount of cheese is 3

Structures Countable noun: 1-2-3-…, “s”, many, the number of

Uncountable noun: much, the amount of

Noun phrase & compound nouns

Noun phrase Compound nouns
Example Luxury restaurant Seafood restaurant
Luxury: Adjective Seafood: Noun
Restaurant: Noun Restaurant: Noun

 Noun phrases are groups of  Compound nouns can be made

words that function like a noun. up of two or more other words,
but each compound has a single
meaning.

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 Usage  Typically, they act as subjects,
objects, or prepositional objects
in a sentence.
Structures Noun phrase: A noun or pronoun, which is called the head,
Compound noun: Adj + Noun/ Noun + Noun/ Noun + Verb...

Extra
Example Entertain -> Entertainment
Usage A noun is a word that represents a person, a place, or a thing.
Structures Nouns usually ending with -tion, -al, -ness, -ent, -sion, -ence, -ance, -lity…

B. Verb
To be
John is a student.
be noun
Formula John is intelligent.
be adjective
John was at the library.
be prepositional phrase
Present simple Past simple Present perfect
Form of “To be” in I am I was I have been
different tenses You/We/They are He/ You/We/They You/We/They have
She/It is were been
He/ She/It was He/ She/It has
been

Action verbs
Q: What do you do in summer?
Example A: I swim.
S Vi

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 A: I play football outdoor.
S Vt O

Linking verbs
(a) The soup smells good.
(b) This food tastes delicious.
Formula (c) The children feel happy.
(d) The weather became cold.
Common verbs that may be followed by an adjective: feel, look, smell, sound,
taste, appear, seem, become (get, turn, grow when they mean “become”)

Modal verbs
Modal verbs are followed by infinitive verbs (without “to”) and their form
Formula doesn’t change.
Eg: He could speak French and Italian.
Could you speak French before you lived there? (not Did you could speak)

Practice
Exercise 1. Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns.
1. The entire world is facing many problems.
2. Someone made a noise in the class on Tuesday.
3. Aunt Polly loved him very much because he was her dead sister’s son.
4. William Shakespeare wrote many novels.
5. The Nile is the longest river in the world.
6. My teacher’s name is Nick.
7. The girl is playing with her brother in the park.
8. Everyone dislikes Monday.
9. Do you enjoy the horror movies?
10. I am watching Harry Potter now.

Exercise 2. Match the words to make compound nouns. Use each word only once.
1. mountain a. shop
2. air b. road

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 3. main c. block
4. coal d. net
5. coffee e. range
6. tennis f. player
7. safety g. conditioner
8. tower h. mine

Exercise 3. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

Noun Verb
competition compete

1. In physical education classes, children learn to ………………………………….. in a healthy way.

2. ………………………………. in the job market can make it difficult for people to find employment
even if they are highly qualified.

Noun Verb
selection select

3. University students can ………………………………… which courses they want to take each
semester.
4. I like shopping at this store because they have a wide ……………………………… of merchandise.

Noun Verb
decision decide

5. Some parents make the ………………………………. to send their children to school at an early age.
6. Many families ……………………………… to care for their elderly parents at home.

Noun Verb
beauty beautify

7. We will ……………………………….. the city by planting trees along the street.

8. I know that the ……………………………… of this place will impress you.

Exercise 4. Choose the right modal verb.

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1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You …………… buy any.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. may not D. should not
2. This is a hospital. You ……………. smoke here.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. may not D. don’t have to
3. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He ……………. be tired after such hard work.
A. must B. need C. had better D. mustn’t
4. The teacher said we ……………… read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional.
A. can B. needn’t C. must D. should
5. Take an umbrella. It ……………… rain later.
A. need B. should C. mustn’t D. might
6. You ……………… leave small objects lying around. Such objects ………………. be swallowed by
children.
A. shouldn’t - may B. shouldn’t - must C. needn’t - may D. may not - can
7. Drivers ……………… stop when the traffic lights are red.
A. could B. must C. may D. should
8. ……………… I ask a question? – Yes, of course.
A. May B. Must C. Should D. Will
9. You ………………. take your umbrella. It is not raining
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. may not
10. People ……………… walk on the grass.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. may not

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 Adjective & Adverb

nit 1. Task 1 – Line graph

Theory
A. Adjective
Comparative Adjective
Adjectives containing only one syllable or Add “er” as a suffix
two syllables but end with “y/ow/le/er/et” Notes: for adjectives ending with “y”, change
the “y” to “i” before adding “er”
Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but add “more”
Signal word than

Superlative Adjective
Adjectives containing only one syllable or Add “est” as a suffix
two syllables but end with “y/ow/le/er/et” Notes: adjectives ending with “y”, change
the “y” to “i” before adding “est”
Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but add “most”
Signal word the

Special cases

Adjective Comparative form Superlative form

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much more most
far further furthest

B. Adverb
Abverb

Signal describing the verbs in the sentence and end in -ly

 Before Verb
Positions of adverbs
 After auxiliary verbs

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 - After "to be/seem/look"...and before adj: "tobe/feel/look"... +
adv + adj

 very, much, more, many

Some special cases
 always, usually, hardly, never, …

Practice
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with correct word form.
1. Mina thinks she’d call it a ………………………….. image. (beauty)
2. Her brother met a ………………………… person in Canada. (home)
3. Jacky is the most …………………………. boy in my class. (handsomeness)
4. It was so …………………………… in my daughter’s room. (disgust)
5. They had an ………………………….. trip on holiday last week. (excite)
6. She is a …………………………… little girl. (humor)
7. This firm is so ………………………… (bore)
8. Binh is a …………………………. opponent to me. (danger)
9. He is a ……………………….. driver. He rarely causes accidents. (care)
10. His house seems quite ……………………….. today. (tidily)

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the box in a comparative or superlative form.

brave effective exciting expensive fast

happy good heavy small

1. I travelled through Turkey by train because it was …the fastest... way to cross the country.

2. Scientists have discovered a tiny bacteria living in the deep ocean. They say it is
……………………….. living organism known to man.

3. It is almost impossible to find a parking place in the city centre so it is ………………………… to

travel by public transport if you need to go there.

4. Pain killers are much ……………………….. now so they reduce pain a lot faster than in the past.

5. I like all kinds of sports, but I think football is …………………………. game to watch because it is
so fast-moving.

6. Nick did a bungee-jump, but I was too scared. He’s much ………………………… than me.

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7. I think people from the north of my country are ……………………………. than people from the
south. In the south no one ever seems to smile, but it’s the opposite in the north.

8. The website listed hotels in a wide price range. I was amazed that the …………………………… ones
cost over $500 a night.

9. Weightlifters these days are lifting ………………………….. weights than ever before.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

Adjective Adverb
competitive competitively

1. Team sports are very ………………………………

2. These products sold quickly because they were ………………………………… priced.

Adjective Adverb
selective selectively

3. Some private schools are quite ………………………………… about the students they admit.
4. Eat desserts ……………………………… if you want to avoid weight problems.

Adjective Adverb
decisive decisively

5. Once you have a plan, act ………………………………. to carry it out.

6. A ………………………………. person does not hesitate it out.

Adjective Adverb
beautiful beautifully

7. The entire cast performed the play ………………………………

8. We had a ……………………………….. view from our room.

Exercise 4. Underline the correct words.

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Environmentalists and conservationists tell us that there are ways that each of us can help to
1. very reduce / greatly reduce our impact on the planet. We can 2. work hard / hardly work
to conserve energy and we can invest in equipment to help us create our own power. People
3. say often / often say that they want to save the planet, but the only way to do this is to 4.
take immediately action / take action immediately.

It is 5. really important / important really for individuals to 6. responsible act / act responsibly
and try to reduce their contribution to greenhouse gases. There are several ways we can do
this. For example, there are mini wind turbines that you 7. can install easily / easily can install
on your roof as well as very efficient solar panels that 8. work good / work well all year round
to provide electricity.

But if this is all too expensive, there are other ways to conserve energy that actually save you
money. In cooler weather, simply keep the heat 9. inside safe / safely inside by closing doors
after you so that the warmth doesn’t escape. It is 10. absolutely essential / too essential that
we all take this seriously and do our best to lead a more sustainable life.

Preposition

nit 1.graph
Theory
Preposition of time
Preposition of place
Preposition of movement
Preposition of manner
Preposition of purpose
Preposition of reason
Preposition
at, on, in, before, after, during
at, in, on, above, over
to, into, onto, from, across, along round, around
with, without, according to, in spite of, in stead of
to, in order to, so as to, for
thanks to, because of, by means of

Practice
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps in the letter with a preposition.

Dear Mr Rees,

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Thank you for your letter of 21 June. I was very disturbed 1. …by…. your account of what
happened in our hotel last week, and I am writing to apologise 2. ……………………. this. I can
understand that you were shocked 3. …………………… the way the employee spoke to you. There
can be no excuse 4. …………………… such behaviour and I fully understand why you felt the need
to complain 5. ……………………. the situation. I can provide no explanation 6. …………………… the way
the receptionist behaved.

Our hotel group has a reputation 7. ………………….. being good 8. …………………. looking after our
customers, and I am very sorry that your experience 9. …………………. our service did not confirm
this. I intend to deal 10. …………………. the staff member appropriately and I will ensure that she
does not repeat this behaviour 11. ………………… sending her on a retraining course next week. I
would like to assure you that the behaviour you encountered is not typical 12. ………………… our
staff.

As the manager, I am responsible 13. ……………….. all of our employees so please accept my
apologies again and this voucher worth £50 to spend in any 14. ……………….. our hotels.

Yours sincerely,

Clive Martin

Hotel Manager

Exercise 2. In nine of these sentences there is a wrong preposition. Underline each mistake
and write the correction.

1. There has been a rise in the number of people buying their own homes. …….……

2. It is not difficult to distinguish among the emotional response to this crime and the law’s
response. …………………….

3. There is no need about a new school in this area. …………………….

4. We want the government to promise to make a change in the law. …………………….

5. I hate the way she always laughs to people. …………………….

6. I’ve decided to apply to that job in the newspaper. …………………….

7. Professor Ho has a good knowledge about his project. …………………….

8. I’m afraid I broke this glass in accident. …………………….

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9. My husband’s staying at my cousin while he is on business in America. …………………….

10. I gave him one of my paintings in return for his help when I moved house. …………………….

11. Why do governments always insist in doing things that are unpopular? …………………….

12. When I was in school I did much more sport than I do these days. …………………….

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