RELATED LITERATURE

J.P. RIES (2011) studied that Lightweight aggregate (LWA) plays important role in today’s move towards sustainable concrete,
Lightweight aggregates contributes to sustainable development by lowering transportation requirements, optimizing
structural efficiency that results in a reduction in the amount of overall building material being used, conserving energy,
Reducing labor demands and increasing the survive life of structural concrete.

According to PARAG S. KAMBLI, SANDHYA R. MATHAPATI (2014) The goal of the above paper was to use eco waste in
construction materials which reduces the cost for housing The coarse aggregates area unit the most ingredients of concrete.
During this paper, the employment of coconut shell as a rough combination has been mentioned supported the results
obtained from comprehensive review of literature. A possible exists for the employment of coconut shells as replacement of
standard combination in each standard Ferroconcrete and light weight Ferro-concrete construction. To reduce the usage of
environment harmful materials in construction mixture by using coconut shell waste for standard mix which make the mixture
eco-friendly.(DANIEL YAW OSEI 2013)

S. Kandasamy(2009) From this extensive experimental study, it si well k known that natural fibers enhance all
the strength and flexural performance of concrete. The effect of curing ages mechanical properties such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus o rupture and flexural performance and micro
structuralproperties have been ascertained and distress ed

We tend to all need that our buildings should be robust and may build with the development material of cheap rates. Light
weight construction mixture is prepared by using the wastes like panels & block production, internal wall casting, outdoor
furniture etc.(VINOD B R, P.VENKATA KHYATHI (2017) Coconut shells are not commonly used in construction industry and are
often dumped as agricultural waste. The aim of this research is to spread awareness of using coconut shell as partial
replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete.

In concrete mix the most important ingredient is the coarse aggregate therefore they used coconut shell as main ingredient
and found better results. By collecting the test results they proved that using coconut shell is more eco-friendly than other
materials. (YOGESH NARAYAN SONAWANE2013) Their availability, costing, lower density, and overall convenient mechanical
features have made them attractive ecological materials as compared to synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, nylon, and
aramid. Natural fibers ave a long history of usage for various products ranging from housing to construction and clothing.19–22
N

The coarse aggregate are the main materials of concrete. In authors of this paper discussed about replacing coconut shell for
coarse aggregate. 25% and 50% of coarse aggregate replacement prepared by binding constantly along with water in the ratio
of 0.45 per all mixes, density, workability and water adsorption. One week, two weeks and four weeks were determined
compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength.( AJAY LONE, ANIKET DESHMUKH 2016)
 RELATED STUDIES

Study on Durability Properties of Coconut Shell Concrete with Coconut Fiber

Anandh Sekar, and Gunasekaran Kandasamay,(2019)

this study aimed to estimate the durability performance of CSC with coconut fibers. Additionally, since
CS and coconut fibers are wood based material, the effect of three different curing conditions—full
water immersion W1, site curing condition W2, (method adopted in field—covering the specimen
with wet gunny bags) and no curing W3 (air-dry) were considered in this study as per literature [8,12].
The durability parameters studied include water absorption, volume of permeable pore voids (VPV),
rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), sorptivity and resistance at elevated temperature.

An investigation of key mechanical and durability properties of coconut shell concrete with partial

replacement of fly ash

Ramaiah Prakash, Rahagopal Thenmozhi, Sudharsian N. Raman, Chidamram Subramanian,

Nagarajan Divyah, (2020)

This study investigated the effect of adding fly ash on the mechanical and durability characteristics of
coconut shell (CS) concrete. Two different mixes were developed, one with CS and the other with
conventional aggregate and CS as coarse aggregate. Cement was replaced with Class F fly ash in terms
of weight at 0, 10, 20, and 30% in both mixes. Test result showed that the CS concrete with 10% fly
ash replacement level exhibited the highest compressive and tensile strength. The addition of fly ash
decreased the porosity of CS concrete due to its fineness and increased hydration products in the
matrix at later ages. Additionally, it also improved the weak aggregate interfacial transition zone of CS
lightweight concrete. Thus, the fly ash addition in CS concrete showed lower values of water
absorption, permeable voids, sorptivity, and chloride permeability. Furthermore, the increasing
content of fly ash addition improved the durability characteristics of CS concrete considerably.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Waste as Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement for Concrete Hollow

Blocks

Jasper Milo T. Dela Cruz1 , Anjelamari H. Dela Rea, Caryl Anne S. Magalong, Anjelamari H. Dela

Rea, , Anjelamari H. Dela Rea1, Kristine Ann K. Poyoan, Christian Michael P. Velarde, (2020)

The study generally aimed to test the potential of using coconut shells and coir fiber (CSF) as partial
replacement to coarse aggregate for concrete hollowblocks. Specifically, the research aimed to
investigate blocks. the effects of different mix proportions of CSF to the concrete specimen in terms of
effectiveness indicators such as workability by slump height (mm/inches), compressive strength
(megapascals/psi),and water absorption (percentage); (ii) effect of curing on slump
 height, compressive strength, and water absorption; and (iv) cost comparison between the CSF
concrete pecimen and the conventional concrete mix.

Recycling of Waste Coconut Shells as Substitute for

Aggregates in Mix Proportioning of Concrete

Hollow Blocks

Tomas U. Ganiron Jr1,a , Nieves Ucol-Ganiron2,b

Tommy U. Ganiron III3,c

The researcher made this study to explore the use of coconut shells and fibers as an
aggregate. Analyze the performance and the effectiveness of the coconut shells and fibers as
aggregates in concrete hollow blocks in terms of physical properties like color, texture, size,
and density and by mechanical properties like compressive strength, modulus of elasticity,
absorption, thermal conductivity and fire resistance to obtain a design technical specification
of concrete hollow blocks (Kamar, 2002)

Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete

Block with Granulated Corn Cob

S. Ananda Selvan1
, P. Asha2 (2021)

The main scope of this research work consists on analyzing the potential use of corn granulated as a
sustainable aggregate solution in light weight concrete block for walls in a building as an alternative to
other product. Affordability, sustainability and quality are the three factors which dictate the design
of the product, to full fill these three equirements are the big challenge. The light weight corn cob
concrete block presented in this paper was designed mainly as a partition wall for nonstructural
elements. The density, compressive strength, unit weight and water absorption tests were compared
with conventional clay bricks. This paper is structured with sample preparation and equipments used
are described and the experimental results obtained are
presented and discussed with conventional clay bricks.
 Utilization of Corn Cob Ash as Fine Aggregate and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as

Cementitious Material in Concrete

Naraindas Bheel, Montasir Osman Ahmed Ali, Yue Liu, T. Tafsirojjaman, Paul Awoyera, Nadhim

Hamah Sor and Lenin Miguel Bendezu Romero (2021)

According to the literature, many investigations were explored using GGBFS and CCA as PC
replacements in concrete. However, there are very limited works conducted on concrete with the
inclusion of CCA as a fine aggregate replacement material and no experimental work was performed
on concrete with the inclusion of various dosages of PC replaced with GGBFS along with fine
aggregate replaced with CCA. Therefore, our main objective is to analyze the fresh and hardened
properties and embodied carbon of concrete using various levels of GGBFS as a PC replacement and
CCA as a fine aggregate replacement, both separate and together in concrete mixtures.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FIBERCONCRETE USING COCOUNT COIR

Prabu.S1, Naveenbala.C2, Yogaraj.S3, Aravindan.S4, Logesh.k 5(2021)

Investigations to overcome the brittle response and limiting post-yield energy absorption of concrete
led to the development of fiber reinforced concrete using discrete fiber within the concrete mass. Out
of the commonly used fiber, easily available low cost natural fiber is renewable source materials.
Though these fiber are ecologically advantageous. Utilizing coconut coir in concrete production not
only solves the problem of disposing this solid waste but also helps conserve natural resources.

Comparative Study on Behaviour of Concrete Pavement Block using Coconut Fibre and Coconut
Shell

Dr. M. Loganathan, B. Manohar, K. Manishankar(2021)

Concrete is widely used in all over the countries as a construction materials. Increase in cost of
concrete made construction, looks extremely costly. The manufacturing of concrete includes Cement,
Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate. Due to wide usage of concrete cost of materials is increased.
Therefore the coconut fibre is added as the partial replacement of cement, alternative material is
used for partial replacement of fine aggregate and Coconut shell is used for partial replacement of
coarse aggregate in concrete. The main aim of this project is to decrease the cost of concrete and
make price effective. Research were supported out on 24 0 mm x 120mm x 80 mm zigzag paver blocks
for M 30 grade. Coconut Fibre and Coconut Shell plays the main role in the project.