Automotive Technology

Automotive Technology
Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 1

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Chapter (1) Automotive Systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Chapter (2) Hand Tools and Shop Equipment………………………………………………………………………………13
Chapter (3) Automotive Engine Designs and Diagosis…………………………………………………………………. 54
Chapter (4) Diagnostic Equipment and Special Tools………………………………………………………………….. 65
Chapter (5) Working Safety in the Shop………………………………………………………………………………………112
Chapter (6) Preventive Maintanence and Basic Services……………………………………………………………..124

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Automotive Technology pmtkyfudk JACK ERJAVEC a&;om;aom Automotive Technology A

Systems Approach 5th Edition pmtkyfudk t"du tm;xm;NyD; a&;om;NyKpkxm;ygonf/

CHAPTER (1)
AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS
1.1. THE BASIC ENGINE

um;rsm;udk a&Ghvsm;armif;ESif&ef tif*sifyg&Sdygonf/ um;tif*sifrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'DZ,ftif*sifESifh
"mwfqDtif*sifqdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;cGJNcm;EkdifNyD; þtif*sifESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf twGif;rD;avmifaygufuGJaomtif*sif
(Internal Combustion Engine) trsdK;tpm;rsm; NzpfMuygonf/ tif*sifxJudk qDeJhavudk a&maESmapum
rD;avmifaygufuGJapNcif;Nzifh yg0g&&SdapNcif; Nzpfygonf/
um;MuD;awGrSm 'DZ,ftif*sifudkom toHk;NyKMuNyD; wcsdKhum;ao;rsm;wGifvnf; toHk;NyKMuygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifeJh "mwfqDtif*sift"du tcsufawGu twlwlyifNzpfaomfvnf; olwdkh&Jh tvkyfvkyfyHkuawmh
tawmfuJGjym;rSk &Sdygonf/
"mwfqDtif*sifwGif "mwfqDESifhavudk umA&dkufwm(Carburetor)uae a&maESmay;NyD; tif*sifxJxnfh
um ypfpwifNzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzdtm;rsm;aecsdefwGif pywfyvyf (Spark Plug) rS rD;xGuf apNyD; rDavmif;
aygufuGJum yg0g&&Sdapygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifwGif tif*sifxJudk avwpfrsdK;xJudkomxnfhNyD; ypfpwifNzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzdtm;
rsm;aecsdefwGif aemfZ,frS 'DZ,fqDtrSkeftrTm;av;rsm;udk Nzef;ay;apNcif;Nzifh rDavmif;aygufuGJum yg0g&&dS
apygonf/
Figure (1-1) qvif'gav;vHk;um;tif*sifyHk
1.1.1. Cylinder Block (qvif'gvavmuf)

qvif'gbavmufudk tif*sifbavmufvdkhac:NyD; tif*sif&JhtMuD;qHk;tydkif; Nzpfygonf/ oGef;oH
(Cast Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif a&oGm;&ef
acsmqDrsm;oGm;&ef taygufrsm; azgufxm;ygonf/ ypfpwifa&Ghvsm;oGm;vmtvkyfvkyf&ef qvif'grsm; yg&Sd&
ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif tNcm;pufrSkqdkif&mypönf;rsm;udk wyfqif&ygonf/

Figure (1-2) qvif'g&SpfvHk;ygaom tif*sifbavmufyHk
1.1.2. Cylinder Head (qvif'g[uf)

qvif'g[ufudk qvif'gbavmuftay:rSm wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufESifh qvif'g
[ufwdkhudk Head Gasket Nzifh wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'g[ufwGif Combustion Chamber t"du yg&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJudk t0iftxGuf Inlet Port, Exhaust Port rsm;yg&Sdygonf/ qvif'g[ufudkvnf; oGef;oH (Cast
Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/
Figure (1-3) qvif'gbavmuf? qvif'g[ufyHk
1.1.3. Piston (ypfpwif)

ypfpwifxdyfESifh qvif'g[ufMum;wGif rD;avmifaygufuGJygonf/ ypfpwifonf tat;Al;yHkpH&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJwGif wif;wif;&if;&if; xnfhxm;&ygonf/ qvif'gav;vHk;ygaomtif*sifwGif ypfpwifav;vHk;&Sd
NyD; wpfvHk;csif;onf Intake Stroke, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke, Exhaust Stroke awG tvSnfhus
Nzpfaeygonf/ tif;wdwfpwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf atmufzufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet Port zGifhaeNyD; aveJhqDta&m
taESmudk qvif'gtwGif; 0ifapygonf/ uGef;y&uf&Sif;pwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf tay:zufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet
Port ESifh Exhaust Port ydwfaeNyD; aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk zdodyfygonf/ qvif'gtwGif;&Sdaom
aveJhqDta&mtaESmonf zdtm;rsm;NyD; tylcsdefvnf; rsm;vmygonf/ tJh'DtcsdefwGif pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;
vdkufaomtcg rD;avmifaygufuGJum ypfpwiftay:wGef;ay;Ncif;Ncifh yg0g&&Sdygonf/ ypfpwifonf tay:zuf
udk Nyefwufaomtcg rD;avmif;NyD;aom rD;cdk;aiGhawGudk Exhaust Port uae tif*siftNyifzufudk xkwfypfyg
onf/ þodkhNzifh ypfpwifonf tif*sifxJwGif txufatmuf a&Ghvsm;aeygonf/
Figure (1-4) ypfpwifyHk
1.1.4. Connecting Rods and Crankshaft

ypfpwif&Jha&Ghvsm;rSkonf tif*sifxJwGif tay:atmufom a&Ghvsm;aeygonf/ tJh'Dta&Ghuae vnf
ywfrSk&atmif pufrSkenf;ynmudk toHk;NyKygonf/ ypfpwifudk u&dkif;&kyf Crankshaft qDudk uGefeufwD; a&mh
Connecting Rod eJh qufxm;ygonf/ yHk (1-4) udkMunfhyg/
1.1.5. Valve Train

Intake Stroke eSifh Exhaust Stroke awGrSm Inlet Port ESifh Exhaust Port awGonf tcsdefudkuftzGifht
ydwfvkyfay;&ygonf/ tJhvdkvkyfay;Ncif;udk Valve Train vdkh ac:ygonf/ wdkif;rifudkufap&ef Crankshaft ESifh
Camshaft wdkhudk csdwfqufxm;ygonf/ Inlet Port ESifh Exhaust Port awGudk py&defeJh tydwfyHkpHvkyfxm;yg
onf/ zGifhcsif&if py&deftm;udk ausmfvGefatmif Pushrod uae zday;ygonf/ yGwfa&mhb,ftcsdefrSm zGifh&rvJ
qdkwm Camshaft &Jh vnfywfrSkay: rlwnfaeygonf/
Figure (1-5) The valve train for one cylinder of an overhead valve engine
1.1.6. Manifolds
Intake Manifold eSifh Exhaust Manifold ESpfck&Sdygonf/ qvif'gav;vHk;xdk;qdk&if rDeDzdk;u av;ckcGJ
oGm;Ncif;? av;ck pkpnf;ay;Ncif;wdkhudk vkyfay;ygonf/
Figure (1-6) tNyma&mifonf tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;NzpfNyD; teDa&mifonf tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;Nzpfygonf/

1.2. ENGINE SYSTEMS

um;tif*sifudk pepfwus avhvmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ qdkif&mqdkif&mudk ppfpwrfawGeJh pkpnf;az:NyNcif;
Nzpfygonf/
1.2.1. Lubrication System

tif*sifxJwGif ypfpwifuJhodkhaom pufrSkypönf;awGonf tNrJa&Ghvsm; tvkyfvkyfaeaomaMumifh wckw
ckeJh yGwfwdkufum tylxGufvmygonf/ wckeJhwck yGwfwdkufrSk'Pfoufomap&ef acsmqDydkhay;&ygonf/ þacsm
qDudk tif*sif0dkifvdkh ac:ygonf/ tif*sif0dkifudk Engine Block atmufzufwGif Oil Pan xJwGif xnfhygonf/
tif*sif0dkifudk oefhpifap&ef Oil filter udk Nzwfoef;ap&ygonf/ Oil filter onf tif*sif0dkifxJwGif yg0ifaom
tnpftaMu;rsm;udk z,fxkwfay;ygonf/ Oil filter udk topfvnfvJay;&ygonf/
Figure (1-7) Oil flow in a typical engine’s lubrication system
1.2.2. Cooling System

tif*sifxJwGif rD;avmifaygufuGJrSkawG Nzpfaewmqdkawmh tylrsm;pGm Nzpfay:aeygonf/ tJh'Dtyludk
avsmhcszdkh Cooling System udk toHk;NyK&ygonf/ Cooling System wGif a&wdkifuD (Radiator), a&yefh (Water
Pump), Radiator Hose, tif*sifbavmufxJwGifa&aygufrsm; (Water Jackets) wdkh yg0ifygonf/ a&wdkifuDxJrS
a&rsm;onf a&qlrSwfxufawmif ylvmoNzifh a&wdkifuDtay:zufwGif Pressure Cap udk wyfqifxm;ygonf/
y&ufqmuyfwGif py&defyg&SdNyD; a&&JhtylcsdefeJh zdtm;ay:rlwnfNyD; py&defudk wGef;uefNyD; a&aEG;aiGhrsm; xGufoGm;
ygonf/ um;udk &yfNyD;NyD;csif; y&ufqmuyfudk b,fawmhrS oGm;rzGifhygeJh/ tif*sifat;oGm;rSom zGifhcsifzGifhyg/
tif*sifu tyleJhtvkyfvkyf&wmqdkawmh t&rf;at;oGm;vdkh rNzpfao;wmaMumifh Thermostat omrdkpwufudk
wyfxm;ygonf/ omrdkpwufu csdefxm;wJh tylcsdefa&mufrS a&toGm;tvm;zGifhay;NyD; Cooling System udk
tvkyfvkyfapygonf/ t&rf;at;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm ta&;MuD;ygonf/
Figure (1-8) A typical engine cooling system

1.2.3. Fuel and Air System
"mwfqDtif*sifwGif "mwfqDwdkifuDyg&SdNyD; wdkifuDuae tif*sifxJa&mufonfhtxd ydkhay;&ygonf/
qDudkxdef;csKyfonfhtvkyfonf tcufcJqHk; tvkyfNzpfygonf/ qDeJhavudk tcsdK;usa&mpyfay;NyD; tif*sifxJ
xnfhay;&ygonf/ avudkvnf; qDeJhra&mcif oefhpifaezdkh Air Filter udk Nzwfvm&ygonf/
Figure (1-9) The intake system for a V-10 Engine
1.2.4. Emission Control System

tif*sifu xkwfvTwfvdkufaom tdwfaZmxJwGif [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons, umAGefrdkaemuf
qdkuf (CO) Canbonmonoxide, atmufqdkufatmhEdkufx&dk*sif (NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen awG ygoGm;ygonf/
Environmental Protection Agency wnfaxmifNyD; um;uxkwfvTwfaom raumif;qdk;0g;"mwfaiGhawGudk xdef;
csKyfvmygonf/ tJh'Dat*sifpDu Standard awG xkwfNyefNyD; um;xkwfvkyfolawGudk xdef;csKyfygonf/ avxk
npfnrf;rSkudk xdef;csKyfay;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfNyygrnf/
1.2.4.1. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System

onfenf;uawmh [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/
Crankcase xJu tif*sif0dkifawG taiGhysHNyD; qvif'gxJudk tifwdwfrDeDzdk;uae 0ifa&mufrD;avmifusGrf;um
tdwfaZmuae [dkuf'&dkumAGefawG xGufvmNcif;udk xdef;csKyfNcif; Nzpfygonf/
1.2.4.2. Evaporative Emission Control System

onfenf;uvnf; [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/
1.2.4.3. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System

onfenf;uawmh atmufqdkufatmhEdkufx&dk*sif (NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen avsmhcsay;onfhenf;
Nzpfygonf/ tif*sifu xkwfvdkufaom tdwfaZmudk tif*sifqvif'gxJ NyefxnfhNyD; toHk;NyKNcif; Nzpfygonf/
1.2.4.4. Catalytic Converter

onfenf;uawmh Catalytic Converter udk tdwfaZmvdkif;wGif wyfqifNyD; toHk;NyKygonf/ [dkuf'&dk
umAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons, umAGefrdkaemufqdkuf (CO) Canbonmonoxide, atmufqdkuf atmhEdkufx&dk*sif
(NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen awGudk avsmhcsay;Edkifygonf/
1.2.4.5. Air Injection System

onfenf;uvnf; [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/
tdwfaZmxJudk avoefhxnfhay;wJhenf; Nzpfygonf/
1.3. Exhaust System

tdwfaZmppfpwrfuawmh tif*sifxJwGif Exhaust Stroke uae xkwfvTwfvdkufaom rD;cdk;aiGhawGudk
vlawGeJha0;&ma&mufatmif xkwfay;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ Exhaust System wGif Exhaust Manifold tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;?
tdwfaZmydkuf? Catalyst Converter awG yg&Sdygonf/

Figure (1-10) A typical exhaust system on a late-model car
1.4. Electricl and Electronic Systems

um;wGif um;b,fx&DupNyD; vsSyfppfqdkif&mppfpwrfrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ t"duppfpwrfrsm;u
awmh (1) Ignition System, (2) Starting System, (3) Charging System, (4) Lighting System ESifh tNcm;
ppfpwrfawG &Sdygonf/
1.4.1. Ignition System

"mwfqDtif*sifwGif aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk ypfpwifu zdodyfNyD;ygu pywfyvyfuae rD;cwfzdkh
vdkygonf/ 'DZ,ftif*sifrSmawmh pywfyvyfrvdkyg/ Ignition System wGif b,fx&D? Ignition Coil, Spark Plug
awGyg&Sdygonf/ Ignition Coil u b,fx&DvmaomAdkhudk Adkhtm; 30000 uae 100000txd aNymif;ay;ygonf/
tif*sif&JhvnfywfyHkay:rlwnfNyD; rD;cwf&rJhtcsdefrSm pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;Ncif;udk Ignition System vdkh
ac:ygonf/
1.4.1.1. Crankshaft Position Sensor

Sensor qdkonfrSm tckacwfaemufqHk;ay:tif*sifawGrSm wyfqifxm;NyD; tif*sif&JhNzpfay:aewJh
taNctaeawGudk wdkif;wmwJh ud&d,mav;awGudk ac:ygonf/ Crankshaft Position Sensor udk u&dkif;&SyfwGif
wyfqifNyD; u&dkif;&Syfb,f'D*&Da&mufaeNyD;vJ wdkif;wmwJhqefqmav; Nzpfygonf/ &&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuf
tvufawGudk Electronic Engine Control Module( ECM) qDudk ydkhay;ygonf/ ECM u qefqmawGqD
u&&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuftvufawGay:rlwnfNyD; b,ftcsdefrSm Spark Plug rD;cwfay;&rvJqdkwmudk xdef;
cskKyfygonf/
tif*sifwpfvHk;rSm qvif'gav;vHk;ygu Ignition Coil uae xGufvmaom Adkhudk Distributor uae
tvSnfhus ydkhay;ygonf/
Figure (1-11) An Ignition module and coil assembly for four cylinders
1.4.2. Starting and Charging System

tif*sifudk pESdk;Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ udkbdkwmwpfvHk;xdk;tif*sifudk vufeJhvSnfhESdk;&wm awGhzl;rSmyg/
um;tif*sifudk um;aomhav;eJh ESdk;rSNzpfrSmaygh/ um;aomhav;vSnfhvdkufaomtcg b,fx&Du vSsyfppfudk
Solennoid or relay qDudk ydkhay;ygonf/ &ufav;onf b,fx&Du vSsyfppfudk Starter Motor qDudk a&muf
atmif vkyfay;oNzifh pwwfwmarmfwmvnfum tif*sifu&dkif;&Syfudk vnfapNyD; pufESdk;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/

Figure (1-12) A typical starting system
pufESdk;vdkufwJhtwGuf b,fx&Duyg0gu usoGm;ygNyD/ b,fx&Dutm;udk Ignition System twGuf

qufoHk;&rSmqdkawmh b,fx&Dtm;&Sdzdkh vdkygonf/ xdkhaMumifh b,fx&Dtm;oGif;&ef AC Generator udk wyfqif&
ygonf/ *sifea&wmudk tif*sifu armif;ESifay;ygonf/
Figure (1-13) The major components of a late-model AC generator
1.4.3. Electronic Engine Controls (ECM)

aemufydkif;xkwfvkyfwJhum;awGtm;vHk;udk Electronic Engine Controls (ECM) eJh xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifyg
onf/ onfppfpwrfwGif Electronic eJh Electromechanical tpdwftydkif;awG ygygonf/ tif*sif&Jhtvkyfvkyfae
wmudk tqufrNywf apmifhMunfhaeNyD; qDudk vdktyfovdk xdef;csKyfay;oNzifh qDpm;oufomygonf/
tdwfaZmuxkwfvdkufaom taiGhawGudk xdef;csKyfay;ygonf/
Figure (1-14) Late-model electronic engine control systems are made up of many different sensors and
actuators and a central computer or control module



CHAPTER (2)
HAND TOOLS AND SHOP EQUIPMENT
2.1. MEASURING SYSTEMS wdkif;wmenf;pepfrsm;

wdkif;wmenf;ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Imperial Unit eJh Metric Unit ESpfrsdK;Nzpfygonf/
Description Imperial Unit (tify&D&,fpepf) Metric Unit (rpfx&pfpepf)

Length (tvsm;) Inches, Feet, Yard (vufr? ay? udkuf) Milimeter, Centimeter, Meter (rDwm)
Weight (tav;csdef) Ounce, Pound, (atmifp? aygif) Grams, Kilogram (*&rf? uDvdk*&rf)
txufyg,lepfESpfrsdK;wGif rpfx&pfpepfudk ydkNyD;toHk;rsm;vmMuygonf/ ¤if;pepfonf q,fvDpdwf

NzpfaomaMumifh tao;pdwfwefzdk;rsm;udk vG,fulpGm wGufEdkifygonf/ Oyrm/ / 0.01 rDwm? 0.5 uDvdk*&rf
,lepfESpfrsdK;udk wpfrsdK;uwpfrsdK;aNymif;vJEdkifygonf/
tvsm;twdkif;twmwGif 1 rDwm = 39.37 vufr (Oyrm/ / 5 rDwm = 5 x 39.37 = 196.85 vufr)
1 rdkif = 1.6093 uDvdkrDwm(Oyrm/ / 5 rdkif = 5 x 1.6093 = 8.0465 uDvdkrDwm)
tav;csdeftwdkif;twmwGif 1uDvdk*&rf=2.2046 aygif(Oyrm/ / 5uDvdk*&rf = 5 x 2.2046 =11.023 aygif)
Fig (2.1) A meter stick has 1,000 increments known as milimeters and is slightly longer than a yardstick

2.1.1. FASTENERS
qdkonfrSm pufrSkypönf;awGudk wpfckESifhwpfckwGJ&eftwGuf 'DZdkif;aocsmxkwfxm;Ncif; Nzpfyg
Fastener
onf/ rsm;aomtm;Nzifh o&uf&pf (Threaded Fastener) rsm; Nzpfygonf/
Fig (2.2) Common automotive threaded fasteners
Fig (2.3) Various sizes of pipe fittings used with lines and hoses

Fig (2.4) Basic terminology for bolt identification
2.1.2. Bolts
bkwfqdkonfrSm wpfzufwGif bkwfacgif;&SdNyD; tNcm;wpfzufwGif t&pf&Sdygonf/ bkwfwpfacsmif;wGif
&Sdaom tac:ta0:rsm;udk txufygyHkwGif az:Nyxm;ygonf/
(1) Bolt Diameter (bkwf&Jhtcsif;? bkwft&G,ftpm;? bkwfacsmif;vHk;ywf)
(2) Shank (bkwfacsmif;wGif t&pfr&pfaomtydkif;)
(3) Bolt Length (bkwfacsmif;t&Snf- Bolt Head udk xnfhrwdkif;yg)
(4) Head wrench size (Bolt Head t&G,ftpm;onf toHk;NyKrnfh *Gt&G,ftpm;Nzpfonf)
(5) Thread pitch (tify&D&,fpepfwGif wpfvufrwGif&Sdaomt&pfaygif; Thread per inch) rpfx&pfpepf
wGif o&uf&pfwpfckeJhwpfckMum;tuGmta0;udk rDvDrDwmNzifh az:Nyygonf/
Table (2.1) Standard Bolt Head Sizes

bkwfacsmif;&Jht&nftaoG;udk Grade Nzifh az:Nyygonf/
Fig (2.5) Bolt grade markings
bkwfacsmif;&Jh *&dwfudk tvG,fwulodapEdkif&ef bkwfacgif;wGif eHygwfyg&Sdygonf/ tJh'DeHygwfrSm

vnf;ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ tify&D&,fpepfu Grade 2, 5, 7, 8 Nzifh az:NyNyD; rpfx&pfpepfu Identification Class
number 4.6, 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9 ponfNzifh az:NyMuygonf/ Oyrm/ /10.9 bkwfacsmif;onf Tensile
Strength 1,000 MPa (145,000 psi), Yield Strength 900 MPa (90% of 1,000) &Sdygonf/ 10.9 bkwfacsmif;
wpfacsmif;onf tify&D&,fpepfu Grade 8 eJh Strength wlnDygonf/
ewf (Nut) qdkonfrSm bkwfacsmif;eJhwGJoHk;NyD; twGif;&pf&Sdygonf/ ewfrSmvnf; bkwfeJhtwl *&dwfwl
&ygrnf/ tu,fí *&dwfNrifhwmwwfzdkhvdkwJhae&mrSm bkwfudk*&dwfNrifhwmoHk;ayrJh ewfudk *&dwfedrfhwm oHk;rdyg
u tJh'DbkwfewftwGJ&JhcHEdkif&nfonf *&dwfedrfhwJhewfwefzdk;twdkif;yJ &Sdygonf/ bkwfu*&dwf(5)oHk;&if ewfudk
vnf; *&dwf(5)oHk;&ygrnf/
Table (2-1) Standard Nut Strength Markings
Fig (2.6) Bolt fillet detail
Shop Talk (0yfa&SmhtawGhtMuHK)

bkwfacsmif;wpfpHkonf bkwfacgif;&Jh fillet ae&muae ysufpD;wwfygonf/ tJh'Dae&mwGif raumif;wJh yHkpH
awGh&ygu bkwfacsmif;wpfpHk topfvJay;&ygrnf/

2.1.3. Tightening Bolts bkwfMuyfNcif;

bkwfewfwpfpHkudk pepfwus Muyfrxm;&if bmrS toHk;r0ifygbl;/ pepfwus Muyfxm;zdkh vdkygonf/
tu,fí vdktyfwmxuf ydkNyD; Muyfxm;ygu bkwfewfysufpD;wwfygonf/ NyefNyD;NzKwfwJhtcgrSm o&uf&pf
t&pfNyKef;wwfygonf/ aocsmMuyfrxm;&if t&pfemNyD; ewfNzKwf&wm cufcJvmygonf/
Fig (2.7) A comparison of a stretched and an unstretched bolt.
2.1.4. Washers 0g&Sm

0g&SmtrsdK;tpm;awG trsm;MuD; &Sdygonf/ Flat washer onf bkwfewfMuyfvdkufygu bkwfewfay:
oufa&mufrSknDrSsap&ef oHk;ygonf/ Soft flat washer, compression washer (Spring washer) py&def0g&Smu
awmh bkwfewfawGudk wif;wif;&if;&if; tNrJMuyfaeap&ef oHk;ygonf/ Copperwasher aMu;eD0g&Smudk tif*sif
bavmufudk 0dkif;yefwyfwJhae&mrsdK;rSm oHk;ygonf/ bkwfewf*&dwf(8)xufMuD;aom ae&mrsdK;wdkif;rSm Fully
Hardened Flat Washer udk oHk;&ygonf/ Lock washer udk bkwfewfawGudk py&def0g&SmuJhodkh tvkyfvkyfyg onf/
2.1.5. Other Common Fasteners

2.1.5.1. Nuts
ewfrsdK;pHkudk atmufuyHkrSm MunfhNyD; tvG,fwul odEdkifygonf/
Fig (2.8) Many different types of nuts are used on automobiles. Each type has a specific purpose.
2.1.5.2. Studs
Stud qdkonfrSm bkwfacsmif;wGif bkwfacgif;rygyJ ESpfzufpvHk;wGif t&pf&pfxm;ygonf/
Fig (2.8A) Stud Bolt

2.1.5.3. Cap Screws

Cap Screw qdkonfrSmbkwfacsmif;uJhodkh tvkyfvkyfEdkifNyD; aNcmufaxmifhbkwfacgif;rygyJ twGif;aNcmuf
axmifhayguf&Sdygonf/ tNzkwftMuyfudk L Key udk toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2.8B) Cap Screw Fig (2.8C) Hex Key L Wrench
2.1.5.4. Setscrews
Setscrew qdkonfrSm bkwfacsmif;wGif bkwfacgif;rygyJ twGif;aNcmuf axmifhayguf&Sdygonf/ tNzkwf
tMuyfudk L Key udk toHk;NyKygonf/
2.1.5.5. Machine Screws
Fig (2.8D) Machine Screw
2.1.5.6. Self-Tapping Screws
Fig (2.8E) Self-Tapping Screw

2.1.6. Thread Lubricants and Sealants
Fig (2-9) A container of threadlocker.
2.1.7. Thread Pitch Gauge

Thread Pitch Gauge udk o&uf&pf&Jh ypfudk NrefNrefqefqefeJh rSefrSefwdkif;wmEdkifygonf/
Fig (2-9A) A Thread Pitch Gauge

2.1.8. Taps and Dies

Tap qdkonfrSm twGif;&pf&pfwJhae&mrSm toHk;NyKNyD; Die qdkonfrSm tNyif&pf&pfwJhae&mrSm toHk;NyKyg
onf/
Fig (2-10) A tap and die set
Fig (2-11) Metal chips are gathered into the flutes

2.1.9. Threaded Inserts

qdkonfrSm twGif;&pfudk NyefNyifvdkh r&EdkifwJhae&mawGrSm vdktyfwJh o&uft&G,ft
Threaded Insert
pm;xufMuD;aomt&G,fudk taygufazmufNyD; tNyif&pfeJh twGif;&pfvkyfxm;aom Insert Thread Rod udk
wyfay; &ygonf/
Fig (2-12) Using a threaded insert to repair damaged threads.
2.1.10. Spark Plug Thread Repair

Spark Plug NzKwfwJhtcgrSm o&uf&pfNyKef;oGm;wwfygonf/ NyefNyifwJhtcg Threaded Insert enf;udk
toHk;NyKygonf/
Shop Talk (0yfa&SmhtawGt

h MuHK)
qvif'g[uf (Cylinder Head) ylae&if Spark Plug rNzKwfygeJh/ ylae&if o&uf&pf tvG,fw ul
NyKef;wwfygonf/

Repairing Damaged Threads with a tap (o&uf&pfNyKef;oGm;wmudk wufudktoHk;NyKNyD; NyKNyifyHk)
P 1-1. Using a thread pitch gauge, determine the thread size of the
fastener that should fit into the damages internal threads.
ysufpD;oGm;aom twGif;&pf&Jh o&ufypfudk o&ufa*heJh wdkif;wmygrnf/
P 1.2. Select the correct size and type of tap for the threads and bore
to be repaired.
toHk;NyKrnfh wuf tap udk rSefuefwJht&G,ftpm; a&G;&ygrnf/
P 1.3. Install the tap into a tap wrench.

wuf tap udk tap wrench rSm wyfqifyg/
P 1.4. Start the tap squarely in the threaded hole using a machinist
square as a guide.
wuf tap udk axmifhrSefusap&ef rufuJepfoHk; puGJ,m; (usifwG,f)
toHk;NyKNyD; pwifvSnfhoGif;&ygrnf/
P 1.5. Rotate the tap closewise into the bore until the tap has run
through the entire length of the threads. While doing this periodically
turn the tap backward to clean the thredas. This prevents breaking the
tap.
wuf (tap)udk vdkcsifwJhae&ma&mufatmif em&DvufwHvnfwJhtwdkif; vSnfh
oGif;yg/ tu,fí Muyfvmygu aNymif;NyefvSnfhxkwfum oefh&Sif;a&;vkyf
Ncif;Nzifh wufrusdK;atmif umuG,fEdkifygonf/

P 1.6. Drive the tap back out the hole by turning it counterclosewse.
wuf (tap)udk em&DvufwHvnfwJhtwdkif;uae aNymif;Nyef vSnfhxkwfyg/
P 1.7. Clean the metal chips left by the tap out of the hole.
wuf (tap)udkNyefxkwfNyD; avrSkwfu oHpav;rsm;udk z,fxkwfypfyg/
P 1.8. Inspect the threads left by the tap to be sure they are
acceptable.
wuf (tap)NzifhvSnfhxm;aomtaygufu twGif;&pfudk ppfaq;yg/
P 1.9. Test the threads by threading the correct fastener into the
threaded hole.
aemufqHk; t&pfxJudk wGJzuftoHk;NyKrJh bkwfacsmif;xnfhNyD; vSnfhum
prf;wyfMunfhyg/
Fig (2-12A) Spark plug thread tap

Spark plug udkwyfwJhtcgrSm vufNzifhvG,fvG,fulul wyfvdkhr&yg/ rSefuefwJh pywfyvyfaqmhuwf
eJhwyfum Torque Wrench eJhMuyfay;&ygrnf/
Fig (2-12B) Torqur Wrench
2.2. MEASURING TOOLS wdkif;wmaomud&d,mrsm;

wcsdKhae&mrsm;wGif wpfvufr&Jh wpfaxmifyHkwpfyHk (0.0001vufr)? wpfrDvDrDwm&Jh wpf&myHkwpfyHk
(0.001rDvDrDwm) txdwdkif;wmay;zdkh vdkygonf/ xdkhaMumifh tvGeftao;pdwfwdkif;wmaom ud&d,mawGudk
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rSefrSefuefuefwdkif;wmwwfzdkh vdktyfygonf/ tckaemufydkif;rSmawmh Digital 'pf*spfw,f
awGay:vmawmh wGufaep&mrvdkyJ tvG,fwul wdkif;wmvmEdkifygonf/
Fig (2-13) Graduations on a typical machinist’s rule
Fig (2-13A) Inch to mm Convension Chart

Fig (2-13B) Digital Vernier Cliper
2.2.1. Vernier Caliper (AmeD,muvpfyg)

AmeD,muvpfygwpfckonf twGif;? tNyif? teufwdkhudk wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ Imperial Unit eJh
Metric Unit ESpfrsdK;pvHk; yg&Sdygonf/ AmeD,mpau;wGif ra&GhEdkifaompau;eJh a&GhEdkifaompau; (Stationary
Scale and Movable Scale) &Sdygonf/
Fig (2-14) A vernier caliper.
How to use a Vernier Caliper (AmeD,muvpfygudk b,fvdktoHk;NyK&ovJ)
P 2.1. Clean the object you are measuring. Wipe it off to make
sure there’s no grease on it, and that there’s nothing in the way
that will interfere with an accurate measurement.
wdkif;wmrnfh ypönf;udk oefh&Sif;a&;vkyfyg/
2.2.1.1. Measuring External Diamater (tNyifudk wdkif;wmNcif;)
P 2.2. Slide open the jaw. Place the large, sliding jaw around the
outside of the object you are measuring. Lightly but firmly close
the jaws around the object. Tighten the locking screw if there is
one.
wdkif;wmrnfh ypönf;udk Fixed Jaw bufrSm uyfxm;NyD; Sliding Jaw
udk wGef;NyD; uyfvdkufyg/

P 2.3. Determine your whole number. The main scale on a Vernier caliper tells you the whole number
plus the first decimal. To determine the whole number, concentrate on the inch divisions on the main
scale. Find the 0 on the Vernier scale and compare it to its placement on the main (fixed) scale.
For instance, if the 0 on the Vernier scale didn’t go past any full inch divisions (so it lies between
0 and 1 on the main scale), your whole number is 0 inches.
txufygyHkwGif tay:zufonf vufrudk wdkif;wmEdkifNyD; atmufzufonf rDvDrDwmudk wdkif;wmygonf/
0.001 vufrxd tenf;qHk;wdkif;wmEdkifNyD; 0.02rDvDrDwmtxdwdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ Fixed Jaw rSm a&;xm;aom
pau;udk main scale or bar scale vdkhac:NyD; Sliding Jaw rSm a&;xm;aom pau;udk Vernier Scale vdkhac:yg
onf/ AmeD,mpau;ay:u 0 udk Munfhyg/
P 2.4. Determine the first decimal place. Use the tenth-of-an-inch divisions on the main scale to
determine this number. Comparing the 0 on the Vernier scale to the main scale, look at how many full
tenth-of-an-inch divisions the Vernier scale 0 has gone passed since the last inch division on the main
scale.
The 0 on the Vernier scale hasn’t gone past any full inch divisions, but it has passed 8 tenth-of-an-
inch divisions (so it lies between 8 and 9 tenths) after the 0-inch mark, so your number so far is 0.8
inches.
txufygyHkwGif 0 onf8 tausmfrSmNyaeNyD; wpfvufrtNynfhudkrausmfoNzifh 0.8vufrudk t&ifodEkdifygonf/

P 2.5. Figure out the rough estimate of your second decimal place. Compare the 0 on the Vernier scale
with the main scale again, and this time count how many hundredth-of-an-inch divisions the 0 has
passed since the last full tenth-of-an-inch division. Then, multiply that by what each division represents
(such as 0.025, 0.02, or 0.05 inches).
qufNyD; 0 onf 8 eJh 9 Mum;wGif&SdNyD; ESpfpdwfausmfoNzifh wpfpdwfwefzdk; 0.025 eJhaNrSmufygu 0.05 vufr&yg
onf/ tckqdk 0.8 + 0.05 = 0.085 vufr&&SdygNyD/
Determine your second decimal and third decimal places. Now you are going to use the Vernier scale
to determine a more precise measurement for the second and third decimal places. Compare the full
Vernier scale (not just the 0) with the main scale, and find the first place where a line on the Vernier
scale matches perfectly with a line on the main scale. Once you’ve found it, use the lines to count where
on the Vernier scale the match occurs.
 For instance, lines 1 to 9 represent 0.001 to 0.009, lines 10 to 19 represent 0.010 to
0.019, etc.
 So, if your lines match at line 12 on the Vernier caliper, you will add 0.012 to your rough
measurement.
qufNyD; AmeD,mpau;ay:u trSwfawGeJh rdef;pau;ay:u trSwfawGqHkawGhwJhae&mudk &Smyg/ NyD;&if
b,fESpdwfvJ a&Munfhyg/ txufygyHkt& 12pdwfrSm qHkygonf/ wpfpdwfwefzdk; 0.001 NzifhaNrSmufygu 0.012
vufr&ygonf/ tm;vHk;aygif;Munfhygu 0.8 + 0.05 + 0.012 = 0.862 vufr&&Sdygonf/
Fig (2-16) To get a final measurement, line up the vernier scale line that is exactly aligned with any line
on the main scale
2.2.2. Dial Caliper ('dkif&,fuvpfyg)
Fig (2-17) A dial vernier caliper

2.2.3. Outside Micrometer (atmufqdkufrdkufc&dkrDwm)
Fig (2-18) Major components of (A) an outside and (B) an inside micrometer
Fig (2-19) Digital micrometer eliminates the need to do math. ('D*spfw,foHk;&ifawmhwGufp&mrvdkawmhyg)
Fig (2-20) Reading a metric micrometer: (A) 10mm plus (B) 0.5mm plus (C) 0.01mm = 10.51mm

Using a Outside Micrometer. (atmufqdkufrdkufc&dkrDwm toHk;NyKyHk)
P 3-1 Micrometer can be used to measure the

diameter of many different objects. By measuring
the diameter of a valve stem in two objects, the
wear of the stem can be determined.
rdkufc&dkrDwmtoHk;NyKNyD; Am;pwif b,favmufpm;oGm;
ovJwdkif;ygr,f/ Ampwifta[mif;eJh topfudkwkdif;
wmNyD; Ncm;em;vdkufygu pm;oGm;wJhwefzdk;&ygonf/
P 3-2 Because the diameter of a valve stem is less

than 1 inch, a 0-to-1-inch outside micrometer is
used.
Am;pwifu wpfvufrxufi,faomaMumifh 0 -1
vufr rdkufc&dkrDwm toHk;NyKygrnf/
P 3-3 Sleeve ay:rSm &SdwJhwpfpdwfwefzdk;onf 0.025

vufr&SdNyD; twdkif;twmodcsif&if tpdwfa&udk 0.025
eJh aNrSmuf&ygonf/
P 3-4 0.500 vufr
P 3-5 0.755 vufr

P 3-6 Am;pwifudk Anvil eJh Spindle Mum;xnfhyg/
P 3-7 wdwdususzwfEdkif&ef Ratchet udk Nznf;Nznf;vSnfhyg/
P 3-8 a&Ghvsm;rSkr&Sdap&ef Lock Lever udk toHk;NyKyg/
P 3-9 Am;pwiftcsif; 0.3112 vufr Nzpfygonf/
P 3-10 Am;pwiftopftcsif;wdkif;NyD; Ncm;em;vdkufygu

pm;oGm;wJhwefzdk;&ygonf/

If you are a machinist, manufacturing, or engine professional, exact measurements are an

everyday must. When it comes to measuring cylindrical or spherical objects, an outside micrometer
would be the best tool to use. A well calibrated micrometer can be difficult to use, but with patience
and practice, this tool can be a part of your skill set.
oifom pufNyifq&mwpfa,muf? ukefxkwfukefvkyfolwpfa,muf? tif*sifeJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
NyKolwpfa,mufNzpfcJh&if aehpOfaewdkif; wdwdususwdkif;wmrSkaeawG rNzpfraevkyfae&rSmyg/ qvif'gyHkawG?
pufvHk;yHkawGwkdif;zdkh MuHKvmcJh&if atmufqdkufrdkufc&dkrDwm[m taumif;qHk;ypönf;wpfck Nzpfygonf/ aumif;
aumif;rGefrGefu,f&Db&dwfvkyfxm;aom rdkufc&dkrDwmwpfck[m poHk;&if cufcJaumif;cufcJaeygvdrfhr,f/
'gayrJh oHk;&if;oHk;&if vG,fulvmygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdkypönf;awG udkifwG,fvkyfEdkifwmuvnf; vkyfief;
usGrf;usifrSkawGxJu tpdwftydkif;wpfckygyJ/
Calibration u,f&Db&dwfvkyfw,fqdkonfrSm wdkif;wmonfhypönf;rsm;udk wdwdususrSefrSefuefuef
wdkif;wmEdkif&ef ppfaq;onfud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfaq;Ncif;? b,favmuftxdwdwdusus wdkif;wmEdkifyg
onfudk qmwDzdudwf xkwfay;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
rdkufc&dkrDwmwpfckrSm yg0ifwJhtpdwftydkif;awG&Jh emrnftac:ta0:awG Nzpfygonf/ yHkrSmyJ Munfh&if

odEdkifygonf/ pvD Sleeve ay:rSm rSwfom;xm;aompau;udk rdef;pau;vdkhac:NyD; Thimble ay:rSm rSwfom;
xm;aompau;udk AmeD,mpau;vdkh ac:ygonf/
rdkufc&dkrDwmwpfckudk b,favmufyrmPwdkif;wmEdkifovJqdkwm&,f? b,favmuftxd twdtus
wdkif;Edkifw,fqdkwmudk z&def;ay:rSm az:Nyxm;ygonf/ tay:uyHkrSmqdk&if 0.01 mm (0.01rDvDrDwmtxd wdkif;
Edkifygonf/) 0-25mm (0 uae 25rDvDrDwmtxdwdkif;Edkifygonf/) 25rDvDrDwmxufMuD;ygu wdkif;wmvdkh
r&yg/
yHkwGifNyxm;onfrSm rdef;pau;udk oknuaepzwfygonf/ okn\nmzuftwdkif; tay:wpfpdwfudk

wpfrDvDrDwm &Sdygonf/ atmufzufutrSwfeJh tay:zuftrSwfonf 0.5rDvDrDwm&Sdygonf/ AmeD,mpau;u
oknonf tv,frsOf;eJh wwef;wnf;usaeoNzifh txufygyHk twdkif;twmonf (7) rDvDrDwm &Sdygonf/
AmeD,mpau;udk tpdwfaygif; 50 pdwfxm;ygonf/ Thimble udk wpfywfNynfhatmif vSnfhvdkufygu 0.5rD
vDrDwm a&Ghygonf/ AmeD,mpau;wpfpdwfwefzdk;onf 0.5 udk wnfNyD; 50 eJh pm;vdkufygu 0.01 rDvDrDwm
&ygonf/ tJh'Dwefzdk;u tenf;qHk;wdkif;wmEdkifwJh yrmPNzpfygonf/

Fig (2-21) yHkwGifNyxm;onfh yrmPudk zwfMunfh&if tpdwfckESpfpdwf&SdaomaMumifh 7rDvDrDwmeJh AmeD,mpau;

(28) pdwf&SdoNzifh 28 x 0.01 = 0.28 &Sdum aygif;vdkuf&if 7 + 0.28 = 7.28 rDvDrDwm Nzpfygonf/
2.2.4. Inside Micrometer

tifqkdufrdkufc&dkrDwmqdkwm olhemrnftwdkif; twGif;zufudk wdkifwmzdkh Nzpfygonf/
Fig (2-22) An Inside Micrometer

tifqkdufrdkufc&dkrDwmudk atmufqdkufrdkufc&dkrDwmzwfwwf&if oHk;vdkh&ygNyD/ txufygyHkwGif 50 rDvD
rDwmuae 600 rDvDrDwmtxd wdkif;Edkifygonf/ Extension Tubes awGudk vdktyfovdk qufoHk;&ygonf/
tifqkdufrdkufc&dkrDwmtoHk;NyKyHk
2.2.4. Depth Micrometer
'ufrdkufc&dkrDwmuvnf; olhemrnftwdkif; teufudk wdkifwmzdkh Nzpfygonf/
Fig (2-23) A Depth Micrometer

h MuHK)
rdkufc&dkrDwmawGrSmvnf; u,f&Db&dwfvkyfxm;rSom wdik f;wmrSkudk twdtus ,HkMunfvdkh &rSmNzpfygonf/
twdkif;twmtwdtusodNyD;om; wpfckckudk wdkif;Munfhppfaq;Ncif;tm;Nzifh rSefrrSef tvG,fwul odEdkifyg
onf/
 toHk;rNyKcifrSm tNrJ oefh&Sif;a&;vkyfyg/
 wdkif;wmwJhrsufESmNyifudk vufNzifh rxdawGhygeJh/
 wdkif;wmonfh yp©nf;rsm;udk Al;awGeJh aocsm odrf;qnf;xm;yg/
 toHk;NyKNyD;&ifvnf; oefh&Sif;ay;yg/ yg0ifwJh ud&d,mawGudk t&rf;rMuyfygeJh/
 NyKwfuswmrsdK; rNzpfatmif *&kwpdkuf udkifwG,ftoHk;NyKyg/

2.2.5. Telescoping Gauge
Fig (2-24) Parts of a telescoping gauge

Telescoping gauge udk snap gauge vdkhvnf; ac:Muygonf/ t&G,ftpm;trsdK;rsdK;xkwfvkyfMuyg
onf/
2.2.6. Small Hole Gauge
Fig (2-25) Insert the ball gauge into the bore to be measured. Then expand it, lock it, and remove it. Now
measure it with an outside micrometer.
Small Hole Gauge udk ball gauge vdkhvnf; ac:Muygonf/ tvGefao;i,faom twGif;ayguf
Bore awGudk wdkif;wmygonf/
2.2.7. Feeler Gauge

Feeler Gauge qdkwm owÅKNym;yg;yg;av;awGeJh vkyfxm;NyD; txltwdtus&Sdygonf/ txl 0.002
vufruae 0.010 vufrtxd rwlnDwJhowÅKNym;yg;yg;av;awGudk pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ zDvma*h
udk ypöwif&if;? uGefeufwD;a&mhponfh Clearance udk wdkif;wmonfhae&mrsm;wGif toHk;NyKMuygonf/
tNcm;pufrSkvkyfief;awGrSmvnf; toHk;NyKMuygonf/
Fig (2-26) Typical feeler gauge set

2.2.8. Straightedge
Straightedge qdkwm nDnmaNzmifhwef;NyD; pufNzifhaocsmckwfpm;tacsmudkifxm;wJh Am;wef;wpfckyJ
Nzpfygonf/ pwdGwftufudk zDvma*heJhtwl rsufESmNyif nDrnDppfaq;wJhtcg toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2-27) Using a feeler gauge and precision straightedge to check for warpage
2.2.9. Dial Indicator

'dkif&,ftif'Dauwmqdkwm 0.001 vufra&Ghvsm;rSktxd wdkifwmEdkifatmif vkyfxm;ygonf/ rDvDrD
wmeJh &Sdygonf/ toHk;NyKaomae&mawGuawmh valve Lift, journal concentricity, flywheel pwJh ae&mawGrSm
toHk;NyKMuygonf/ tNcm;pufrSkvkyfief;awGuawmh armfwmeJh yefhqufoG,fwJh 0ef&dk;udk tvdkif;refhcsdefwJhae&m
awGrSm toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2-28) A dial indicator with a highly adaptive holding fixture

Fig (2-29) This dial indicator setup will measure the amount this axle can move in and out
2.3. HAND TOOLS

um;vkyfief;vkyfwJhtcg vdktyfwJhwdkif;wmrSkud&d,mawG? vdktyfwJhvufoHk;ud&d,mawG? um;wpfpD;vHk;
eJh um;tif*sifudk vdktyfovdk Nrifhwifay;eJhud&d,mawG? NynfhpHkpGm&Sdxm;rSom tvkyfvkyf&wm tqifaNyygvdrfh
rnf/
2.3.1. Wrenches (bkwfeJhewfudk tNzKwftwwfvkyfrnfh *Grsm;)

axGaxGxl;xl;&Sif;Nyp&m rvdkwJhtwGuf yHkrSmyJ Munfhapcsifygonf/
Fig (2-30) A Technians needs many different sets of wrenches.

Fig (2-31) An open-end wrench grips only two sides of a fastener
Fig (2-32) Six-point and twelve-point box-end wrenches are available
2.3.2. Adjustable-End Wrench

*G&Sifvdkac:wJh Adjustable-End Wrench udk tvG,fwultoHk;NyKEdkifayrJh tvG,fwulusGwfxGufoGm;
wwfaomaMumifh toHk;NyK&if *&kwpdkuf toHk;NyK&ygvdrfhrnf/
Fig (2-32A) Adjustable-End Wrench

Fig (2-33) Top- A handy tool containing many different Allen wrenches. Bottom – Tee-handle Allen wrenches
designed for better gripping and easier torque application.
2.3.3. Sockets and Rachets
Fig (2-34) The size of the correct socket is the same size as the bolt head or nut.
Fig (2-35) An assortment of rachets

Fig (2-36) A chromed deep-well socket and an impact socket.
Fig (2-37) A typical set of socket drivers
Fig (2-38) A flexible adapter is used when direct access to the bolt is not possible
Fig (2-38A) Socket adapters
2.3.4. Torque Wrenches

Torque Wrench qdkwm bkwfeJhewfudk wdwdususMuyfwJhae&mrSm toHk;NyKygonf/

Fig (2-39) The common types of troque wrenches

Torque wefzdk;awGuawmh (ft-lb) odkhr[kwf (N-m) eJh az:Nyygonf/
Fig (2-39A) Bolt and nut torque value chart for sample only.

h MuHK)
Torque value udk wdwdususodzdkhvdkygonf/ rSm;EdkifwJh yrmPeJhMuyfvdkufygu bkwfeJhewfysufpD;oGm;
wwfygonf/
Torque Wrench toHk;NyKyHk
 Torque Wrench wpfckrSm (ft-lb) odkhr[kwf (N-m) eJh az:Nyygonf/
 toHk;NyKvdkaom awmhwefzdk;udk t&ifcsdefxm;yg/
 csdefxm;aom (N-m) ausmfoGm;ygu Muyfay;rSmr[kwfyJ *syf*syfNrnfNyD; awmhwefzdk;udk a&mufNyDqdkwm
csufcsif;odEdkifygonf/
2.3.5. Screwdrivers
ausmufvSnfhvdkhac:wJh Screwdrivers udk ao;i,fwJhpulav;awG NzKwfwJhtcg toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2-40) The various screwdriver tips that are available.
Fig (2-41) The blade tip screwdriver is used with slotted head fasteners
Fig (2-42) The tip of a Phillips screwdriver has four prongs that provide a good grip in the fastener.
2.3.6. Impact Screwdriver
Fig (2-43) (A) An impact screwdriver set. (B) An impact screwdriver automatically tries to rotate the
screw when it is struck with a hammer.

2.3.7. Pliers
Fig (2-44) Various types of pliers
Fig (2-45) Snapring and retaining ring pliers
2.3.8. Hammers
Fig (2-46) Various steel-faced hammers. Fig (2-47) Soft-faced hammers

2.3.9. Chisels and Punches
Fig (2-48) Punches are defined by their shape and the diameter of the point.
2.3.10. Removers
wcgw&HrSm bkwfeJhewfNzKwfwJhtcg bkwfacgif;usdK;vdkhaomfvnf;aumif;? ewfaNcmufaxmifhonf
axmifhawG ysufpD;vdkhaomfvnf;aumif; vG,fvG,fululNzKwfryJ Nzpfwwfygonf/ tJhvdkNzpfwJhtcg Remover
awGudk toHk;NyK&ygonf/
2.3.10.1 Stud Remover
Fig (2-49) Stud installation / remove tool
Fig (2-50) Srew extractors

Fig (2-51) Using a screw extractor to remove a broken bolt. usdK;oGm;wJh bkwfacsmif;udk pultdwfx&wfwm
eJh NzKwfaeyHk
2.3.11. Hacksaws ('dkif;vT)

wcsdKh rvdktyfwJht&mawG NzwfzdkhtwGuf 'dkif;vTudk toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2-52) (A) The teeth on the blade in a hacksaw should face forward. (B) A coarse blade should not be
used with sheet metal. (C) A fine blade will work well with sheet metal.
2.3.12. Files (wHpOf;)

rvdktyfwJh owÅKom;awG z,fxkwfzdkhtwGuf wHpOf;udk oHk;ygonf/
Fig (2-53) (A) Files come in a variety of shapes.

2.3.13. Gear and Bearing Pullers
&Syfuae *D,mawG ylvDawG NzKwfwJhtcgrSm b,f,m&ifylvmeJh NzKwf&ygonf/
Fig (2-54) Using a slide hammer-type puller to remove a drive shaft.
Fig (2-55) The jaws on this puller are reversible to allow for inside and outside pulls.
2.3.14. Trouble light
2.3.15. Creeper
Fig (2-56) A creeper allows you to work comfortably and safety under a vehicle.

2.4. SHOP EQUIPMENT

0yfa&SmhwpfckaxmifNyD; tvkyfvkyfawmhr,fqdk&if az:Nyygwdkif;wmonfh ud&d,mawG? vufudkifwl;awG?
tDauGhrefawG0,f,lpkaqmif;zdkh vdktyfygonf/
2.4.1. Bench vises

ypönf;awGudk AdkufrSm nSyfNyD; toHk;NyKygonf/
2.4.2. Bench Grinder (ausmufpuf)
2.4.3. Presses (zdpuf)
Fig (2-57) A floor-mounted hydraulic press

2.4.4. Air-powered Grease Guns (trJqDacgif;)
avtm;oHk;trJqDxdk;wJhpufonf uGefy&ufqmrS avtm;vdkygonf/
2.4.4. Oxyacetylene Torches (atmufqDtpufwvif;Nzwfpuf)
Fig (2-58) Oxyacetylene welding equipment shown with a cutting torch.
2.5. POWER TOOLS

h MuHK)
yg0gwl;awGudkoHk;wJhtcg Safety udk txl;*&kpdkufzdkhvdkygonf/ yg0gqdkonfrSm vSsyfppf? avtm;?
[dkuf'a&mvpftm;awGudk qdkvdkygonf/ vsSyfppfoHk;&if "mwfvdkufrSmaMumuf&ygonf/ avtm;ohk;&if
rsufpDxdrSm pdk;&drf&ygonf/ [dkuf'a&mvpftm;oHk;&if vlaoEdkifwJhtxd tEÅ&m,f&Sdygonf/
b,fyg0gwl;udkyJoHk;oHk; roH;k cif toHk;NyKenf;udk aocsmavhvm&ygrnf/ vdktyfwJh wudk,fa&umuG,fwJh

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) awG 0wfqif&ygrnf/
oifom0yfa&Smhydkif&Sifwpfa,mufqdk&if 0yfa&SmhrSm tvkyfvkyfoltm;vHk;&Jh ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;udk

*&kwpdkuf vkyfay;&ygrnf/
yg0gwl;xkwfvkyfolawGonf olwdkhxkwfvkyfaomypönf;awG b,fvdkudkifwG,farmif;ESif&r,fqdkwm

az:Nyavh&SdNyD; *&kwpdkuf vdkufem&ygrnf/

2.5.1. Impact Wrench (tif;yuf&ifh)
tif;yuf&ifhudk avtm;eJh toHk;NyK&ygonf/ uGefy&ufqmrSavudk tif;yuf&ifhudk avydkufeJhquf
oG,fwyfqifay;&ygonf/
Fig (2-59) A typical air impact wrench
2.5.2. Air Ratchet
Fig (2-60) An air ratchet.
2.5.3. Air Drill
Fig (2-60A) An air drill

2.5.4. Blowgun
Blowgun udk avtm;eJh oefh&Sif;vkyfwJhtcg toHk;NyKygonf/
Fig (2-61) Two types od air nozzles (blowgun)
2.5.5. Hydraulic Floor Jack
Fig (2-62) Whatever you have raised a vehicle with a floor jack, the vehicle should be supported with
jack stands.
Fig (2-62A) Jack Stands

2.5.6. Lift
Lift qdkwm um;udk rwifNyD; um;atmufydkif;awGrSm tvkyfvkyfEdkifzdkh toHk;NyKNcif; Nzpfygonf/
Fig (2-63) An aboveground or surface mount Frame-contct lift.
Fig (2-64) The typical setup for twin post lift

Fig (2-65) The typical setup for a single post lift.
Fig (2-65) Make sure the locking device or safety is fully engaged after the vehicle has been raised to the
desired height.

2.5.7. Portable Crane
Fig (2-66) Portable crane (or) Engine crane
2.5.8. Engine Stands / Benches
Fig (2-67) Engine Stands / Benches

CHAPTER (3)
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE DESIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS
3.1. Introduction to Engines

um;rsm;udk a&Ghvsm;armif;ESif&ef tif*sifyg&Sdygonf/ um;tif*sifrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'DZ,ftif*sifESifh
"mwfqDtif*sifqdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;cGJNcm;EkdifNyD; þtif*sifESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf twGif;rD;avmifaygufuGJaomtif*sif
(Internal Combustion Engine) trsdK;tpm;rsm; NzpfMuygonf/ tif*sifxJudk qDeJhavudk a&maESmapum
rD;avmifaygufuGJapNcif;Nzifh yg0g&&SdapNcif; Nzpfygonf/
um;MuD;awGrSm 'DZ,ftif*sifudkom toHk;NyKMuNyD; wcsdKhum;ao;rsm;wGifvnf; toHk;NyKMuygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifeJh "mwfqDtif*sift"du tcsufawGu twlwlyifNzpfaomfvnf; olwdkh&Jh tvkyfvkyfyHkuawmh
tawmfuJGjym;rSk &Sdygonf/
"mwfqDtif*sifwGif "mwfqDESifhavudk umA&dkufwm(Carburetor)uae a&maESmay;NyD; tif*sifxJ
xnfhum ypfpwif Nzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzdtm;rsm;aecsdefwGif pywfyvyf (Spark Plug) rS rD;xGufapNyD;
rDavmif;aygufuGJum yg0g&&Sdapygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifwGif tif*sifxJudk avwpfrsdK;xJudkomxnfhNyD; ypfpwif Nzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzd
tm;rsm;aecsdefwGif aemfZ,frS 'DZ,fqDtrSkeftrTm;av;rsm;udk Nzef;ay;apNcif;Nzifh rDavmif;aygufuGJum yg0g&&
apygonf/
Figure (3-1) Today’s engines are complex, efficient machines ('Daehacwfum;tif*sifawGonf tvGef&SkyfaxG;
NyD; vkyfEdkifpGrf;ydkaumif;vmygonf/
qvif'gbavmufudk tif*sifbavmufvdkhac:NyD; tif*sif&JhtMuD;qHk;tydkif; Nzpfygonf/ oGef;oH (Cast
Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif a&oGm;&ef
acsmqDrsm;oGm;&ef taygufrsm; azgufxm;ygonf/ ypfpwifa&Ghvsm;oGm;vmtvkyfvkyf&ef qvif'grsm; yg&Sd&
ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif tNcm;pufrSkqdkif&mypönf;rsm;udk wyfqif&ygonf/
Figure (3-2) A cylinder block for an eight-cylinder engine (&SpfvHk;xdk;qvif'gbavmufwpfvHk;)
qvif'g[ufudk qvif'gbavmuftay:rSm wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufESifh qvif'g

[ufwdkhudk Head Gasket Nzifh wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'g[ufwGif Combustion Chamber t"du yg&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJudk t0iftxGuf Inlet Port, Exhaust Port rsm;yg&Sdygonf/ qvif'g[ufudkvnf; oGef;oH (Cast
Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/

ypfpwifxdyfESifh qvif'g[ufMum;wGif rD;avmifaygufuGJygonf/ ypfpwifonf tat;Al;yHkpH&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJwGif wif;wif;&if;&if; xnfhxm;&ygonf/ qvif'gav;vHk;ygaomtif*sifwGif ypfpwifav;vHk;&Sd
NyD; wpfvHk;csif;onf Intake Stroke, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke, Exhaust Stroke awG tvSnfhus
Nzpfaeygonf/ tif;wdwfpwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf atmufzufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet Port zGifhaeNyD; aveJhqDta&m
taESmudk qvif'gtwGif; 0ifapygonf/ uGef;y&uf&Sif;pwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf tay:zufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet
Port ESifh Exhaust Port ydwfaeNyD; aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk zdodyfygonf/ qvif'gtwGif;&Sdaom
aveJhqDta&mtaESmonf zdtm;rsm;NyD; tylcsdefvnf; rsm;vmygonf/ tJh'DtcsdefwGif pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;
vdkufaomtcg rD;avmifaygufuGJum ypfpwifudkwGef;ay;Ncif;Ncifh yg0g&&Sdygonf/ ypfpwifonf tay:zuf udk
Nyefwufaomtcg rD;avmif;NyD;aom rD;cdk;aiGhawGudk Exhaust Port uae tif*siftNyifzufudk xkwfypfyg onf/
þodkhNzifh ypfpwifonf tif*sifxJwGif txufatmuf a&Ghvsm;aeygonf/
Figure (3-3) A Cylinder head for a late-model inline four-cylinder engine ('Daehacwfav; vHk;xdk;um;tif
*sif&Jh qvif'g[ufyHk)
3.1.1. Engine Construction (tif*sifwnfaqmufxm;yHk)

acwfrDum;tif*sifawGonf enf;ynmNrifhrm;pGmNzifhwnfaqmufxm;um yg0gxkwfay;aompuf&Hk
wpf&HkuJhodkh wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ aps;uGuf&Jhawmif;qdkcsuft& t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaomtif*sifawG
'DZdkif;xkwfum xkwfvkyfvmMuygonf/ acwfrDum;tif*sifawGudk ayghyg;ap&ef oGef;oHtpm; tvlrDeD,rf?
ruf*eDqD,rf? Fiber-reinforced plastic awGeJh xkwfvkyfvmMuygonf/
Figure (3-4) A typical late-model engine (acwfrDum;tif*sifwpfckyg)
3.2. Engine Classification (tif*siftwef;tpm;cGJNcm;Ncif;)

tif*sifawGudk t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygtwdkif; cGJNcm;Edkifygonf/
(A) Operational Cycle (um;tif*sifawmfrsm;rsm;udk 4 Stroke Nzifh wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ wcsdKht&rf;a[mif;
wJhtif*sifawGudk 2 Stroke Nzifh wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/)
(B) Number of Cylinders (qvif'gta&twGuf) rsm;aomtm;Nzifh qvif'g 3vHk;? 4vHk;? 5vHk;? 6vHk;? 8vHk;
10vHk;? 12vHk; ponfNzifh wnfaqmufMuygonf/
(C) Cylinder Arrangement (qvif'gwnfaqmufyHk) t"dutm;Nzifh Flat (Opposed), inline, V-type.
Figure (3-5) Six cylinder flat engine (qvif'gaNcmufvHk;xdk; zvuftif*sifbavmufyHk)
Figure (3-6) Inline Engine Block (qvif'gaNcmufvHk;xdk; tifvdkif;tif*sifbavmufyHk)
Figure (3-7) V-6 Engine (qvif'gaNcmufvHk;xdk; AGDppftif*sifyHk)
(D) Valve Train Type (Am;tzGifhtydwfvkyfyHk)

t"dutm;Nzifh Am;tzGifhtydwfESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Overhead camshaft (OHC) eJh Overhead valve (OHV) wdkh
NzpfMuygonf/

Figure (3-8) Overhead camshaft (OHC)
Figure (3-9) Overhead valve (OHV)
(tif*sifxJrSm rD;avmifaygufuGJyHk)
(E) Ignition Type
rD;avmifaygufuGJyHk ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Spark Ignition eJh Compression Ignition wdkh Nzpfygonf/ "mwf
qDtif*sifwGif pywfyvyf&SdNyD; Spark Ignition udk oHk;ygonf/ 'DZ,ftif*sifwGif pywfyvyfryg&SdyJ
Compression Ignition udk oHk;ygonf/
(F) Cooling systems (tif*sifudk

tat;ay;pepf)
avtat;ay;pepfeJh t&nftat;ay;pepfqdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;&Sdaomfvnf; t&nftat;ay;pepfudk toHk;NyK
Muygonf/
(G) Fuel type (toHk;NyKaom qDtrsdK;tpm;)

um;tif*sifwGif toHk;NyKaom qDtrsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm "mwfqD? obm0"mwfaiGh? rDoaem? 'DZ,fqD?
y&dkydef;wdkh NzpfMuygonf/
3.2.1. Four-Stroke Gasoline Engine (zdk;pwkyf"mwfqDtif*sif)

um;ao;av;awGudk "mwfqDtif*sifwyfwm rsm;ygonf/ "mwfqDtif*sifwGif qDeJhavudk a&maESmum
tif*sifxJ xnfhay;um pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;NyD; rD;avmifaygufuGJum yg0g&&Sdygonf/ Combustion
Chamber qdkonfrSm ypfpwifxdyfeJh qvif'g[wftMum;ae&mav; Nzpfygonf/ ypfpwifqdkonfrSm qvif'g
xJwGif txufatmufa&Ghaeaomt&m Nzpfygonf/
ypfpwifuae Reciprocating Motion &NyD; Rotary Motion &atmif aNymif;vJay;&ygrnf/ xdkodkh
aNymif;vJap&ef Crankshaft udk toHk;NyKygonf/
Figure (3-10) The linear (reciprocating) motion of the piston is converted to rotary motion by the
crankshaft (txufatmufa&Ghaeaomta&Ghuae vnfywfaeaomta&Ghudk aNymif;vJ&ef u&dkif;&Syfudk toHk;NyKyg
onf)
qvif'gwpfvHk;wGif tenf;qHk;Am;ESpfvHk; &Sdygonf/ Inlet Valve tifvufAm;udk qvif'gxJudk aveJh
qDta&mtaESmudk xnfhay;&ef toHk;NyKygonf/ Exhaust Valve tdwfaZmAm;udk qvif'gxJu rD;avmifNyD;aom
tMuGif;tusefawGudk xkwfNypf&ef toHk;NyKygonf/
Figure (3-11) A cutaway of an engine showing the intake passengers (blue) and valve and exhaust
passage (red) and valve (tNyma&mifonf tif;vufAm;eJh aveJhqDt0ifvrf;NzpfNyD; teDa&mifonf
tdwfaZmAm;eJh tdwfaZmaiGhawG xGufoGm;aomvrf; Nzpfygonf)
tif;vufAm;eJh tdwfaZmAm;awGonf yHkrSeftm;Nzifh py&deftm;aMumifh tydwftaetxm;rSmyJ &Sdaeyg

onf/ Am;rsm;udktzGifhtydwfvkyf&ef urf&Syf Camshaft uae tvkyfvkyfygonf/ urf&Syfonf u&dkif;&kyfeJh
csdwfqufxm;NyD; tcsdefudkuftvkyfvkyf&ygonf/ Cam qdkwm urf&Syfay:wGif&Sdaom Lobe vkuav;&Sdygonf/
Figure (3-12) The height and width of a cam lobe determine when and fow how long a valve will be
open. (urf&Syfay:vkuav;u py&deftm;udk ausmfvGefNyD; wGef;vdkufygu Am;yGifhoGm;NyD; vkuaevGwfoGm;ygu
py&deftm;aMumifh Am;NyefydwfoGm;ygonf/)
Am;tzGifhtydwfvkyfwmawG? pywfyvyfu rD;cwfwmawG? ypfpwifa&Ghvsm;rSkawGonf tm;vHk;tcdsef

udkufNzpfae&ygrnf/
3.2.1.1. Four-Stroke Cycle

Stroke qdkwm qvif'gxJrSm tay:uaeatmuftxd (odkh) atmufuaetay:txdoGm;wJhtuGm;t
a0;Nzpfygonf/ u&dkif;&SyfuvnfaeNyD; ypfpwifu tay:atmufa&Ghaeygonf/ zdk;pwkyfNynfhzdkh u&dkif;&Syfu ESpf
ywfvnf&ygonf/ wpfywfvnf&if 360 'D*&Dvnf&awmh ESpfywfudk 720 'D*&Dvnf&ygonf/ pwkyfwpfckt
wGuf 180 'D*&Dvnf&ygonf/
3.2.1.2. Flywheel
zdk;pwkyftif*sifrSm pwkyfwpfckrSmyJ yg0g&wmqdkawmh usefpwkyfoHk;cktwGuf vnfEdkif&ef yg0gvdkyg
ao;onf/ tJh'Dyg0gudk zvdkif;0SD;vfxJrSm tifem*sDodkavmifxm;&ygonf/ zvdkif;0SD;vfvnfaomaMumifh
usefpwkyfawG quftvkyfvkyfEdkifygonf/ Manual *D,maAmufeJhtvkyfvkyfwJhtif*sifawGrSm zvdkif;0SD;vfonf
MuD;wmudk toHk;NyK&NyD; atmfwdk*D,maAmufeJhtvkyfvkyfwJhtif*sifwGif Flexplate eJh Torque Convertor udk
toHk;NyKNyD; awmhuGefAmwmxJu t&nfawGu zvdkif;0SD;vftNzpf tvkyfvkyfygonf/
Figure (3-13) A typical flywheel
3.2.1.3. Intake Stroke

yxrqHk;pwkyfonf tif;wdwfpwkyfNzpfygonf/ tif;wdwfpwkyfwGif ypfpwiftay: (top dead center)
uae atmufzufudka&GhaeNyD; tJh'DtcsdefrSm tif;vufAm;yGifhaeNyD; aveJhqDta&mtaESm 0ifa&mufvmyg onf/
ypfpwifatmufzufa&GhoGm;aomaMumifh qvif'gxJrSm zdtm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ Nyifyavxku zdtm;ydk
rsm;aomaMumifh aveJhqDta&mtaESmawG 0ifa&mufvmygonf/ wcsdKhtif*sifawGrSm wmAdkcsm*sm(turbocharger)
(Supercharger) awGwyfqifxm;NyD; tif;wdwfpwkyfwGif qvif'gxJ 0ifa&mufrSkNrefapNyD; tif*sifyg0g
ydkaumif;apygonf/ tif;wdwfAm;ydwfwJhtxd aveJhqDta&mtaESm (air-fuel mixture) awG 0ifa&mufaeyg
onf/ ypfpwif (bottom dead center) a&mufwJhtcg tif;vufAm;ydwfoGm;ygonf/
Figure (3-14) Intake Stroke

3.2.1.4. Compression Stroke
uGefy&uf&Sif;pwkyfonf ypfpwif (bottom dead center) uae tay:zufudkpwifa&Ghuwnf;u
pwifygNyD/ tif;wdwfAm;onf ydwfaeNyDNzpfNyD; qvif'gxJrSm ydwfrdaeNyDNzpfwJh aveJhqDta&mtaESm (air-fuel
mixture) udk ypfpwifutxufzufa&Ghum zdodyfoGm;ygonf/ zdvdkufaomaMumifh zdtm;rsm;um tylcsdefvnf;
Nrifhwufvmygonf/ ypfpwif (top dead center) Nyefa&mufaomtcg rD;avmifaygufuGJzdkh tqifoifh
NzpfaeygNyD/
Figure (3-15) Compression Stroke
3.2.1.5. Power Stroke

yg0gpwkyfonf pywfyvyfu rD;cwfNyD; rD;avmifaygufuGJum pwifvdkufygonf/ Nyif;xefaomtm;
udk ypfpwifay:oufa&mufNyD; ypfpwifatmufzufudk a&GhoGm;NyD; yg0g&&Sdygonf/
Figure (3-16) Power Stroke
3.2.1.6. Exhaust Stroke

ypfpwifonf (bottom dead center) a&mufwmeJh tdwfaZmpwkyfpwifygNyD/ qvif'gxJwGif rD;
avmifaygufuGJwmaMumifh rD;cdk;awG usefaecJhygonf/ tJh'DrD;cdk;awGudk ypfpwifuaewGef;xkwfay;NyD; tdwfaZm
Am;onfyGifhaeum tNyifzufudk tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;uaexGufoGm;ygonf/ 'DrSmyJ zdk;pwkyfNynfhum yg0gwpfMudrf &&Sd
vdkufygonf/
Fugure (3-17) Exhaust Stroke
3.2.1.7. Firing Order (qvif'gxJrSm

rD;avmifaygufuGJonfh tpDtpOf)
b,fqvif'gNyD;&if b,fqvif'gu rD;avmifaygufuGJ&r,fqdkwmudk tif*sifxkwfvkyfolawGu pOf;
pm;xkwfvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ Oyrm qvif'gav;vHk;xdk;tif*sifwGif Firing Order 1-3-4-2 xkwfxm;ygu
qvif'geHygwf (1) rD;avmifaygufuGJNyD;ygu qvif'geHygwf (3) rD;avmifaygufuGJygrnf/ tNcm;qvif'g
awGuvnf; rD;avmifaygufuGJwJh yg0gpwkyfr[kwfayrJh tNcm;pwkyfwckckawmh Nzpfaeygonf/
Figure (3-18) Examples of cylinder numbering and firing orders

3.2.1.8. Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine
Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine udk um;tif*sifawGrSm roHk;oavmufNzpfaeygNyD/ u&dkif;&Syfwpfywf
vnf&if yg0gwMudrf &ygonf/
Figure (3-19) A two-stroke cycle
3.2.1.9. Engine Rotation

tif*sifawGtm;vHk;eD;onf em&DvufwHeJhaNymif;Nyef CounterClosewise vnfatmif wnfaqmufxm;
ygonf/ MunfhwJhbufuGmoGm;ygu vnfywfyHkuGmoGm;EdkifoNzifh flywheel udk tif*sifzufurMunfhyJ
tNyifzuf Munfhygu tif*sifonf CounterClosewise vnfaMumif; odEdkifygonf/
3.2.1.10. Combustion (rD;avmifusGrf;Ncif;)

tif*sifawGrSm rD;avmifaygufuGJNcif;pepfraumif;Ncif;rSm taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh NzpfEdkifaomfvnf;
Ignition System rD;cwfay;wJhpepfaMumifh tNzpfrsm;ygonf/ rD;avmifaygufuGJNcif;rNzpfygu tif*sifvnf
ywfrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;/ qvif'gawGtm;vHk;xJu wpfvHk;ESpfvHk; rD;avmifaygufuGJNcif;rNzpfygu
tif*sifvnfayrJh tm;aumif;rSm r[kwfygbl;/ aemufxyfNzpfEdkifwmu aveJhqDa&maESmwm raumif;wmeJh tdwf
aZmaiGhawGaMumifh NzpfEdkifygonf/
yHkrSefaumif;rGefwJh rD;avmifaygufuGJNcif;pepfuawmh pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;r,f? zdodyfxm;wJh
aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk rD;avmifr,f? tcsdefeJh waNy;nDqufvufavmifusGrf;oGm;NyD; Combustion NyD;atmif
vkyfaqmifoGm;ygonf/
1. Spark occurs 2. Combustion begins 3. Continues rapidly 4. And is completed

Figure (3-20) Normal combustion.
(tif*sifwGifyg&Sdaom qvif'gtpDtpOf)
3.2.1.11. Engine Configurations
tif*sifrsm;wGif qvif'gawGudk Inline, V-type, slant, opposed awG &SdayrJh tifvdkif;eJh AGDyHkpHawGudk
trsm;qHk; wnfaqmufMuygonf/

(I) Inline Engine
tifvdkif;yHkpHonf qvif'grsm;udk wvdkif;xJrSmyJ tpDt&Dwnfaqmufxm;um qvif'g
tm;vHk;twGuf u&dkif;&Syfwpfacsmif;? qvif'g[wfwpfck&Sdygonf/ qvif'gtm;vHk;udk qvif'gbavmuf
wpfckwnf;rSmyJ twlwGJNyD; wnfaqmufum upright position &Sdaeygonf/
tifvdkif;yHkpHtif*sifawGrSm tm;omcsuf tm;enf;csufawG &Sdygonf/ tm;omcsufu qvif'gawG
tpDt&Dwnfaqmufxm;aomaMumifh xkwfvkyfNcif;? NyKNyifNcif;awG vkyf&wm vG,fulygonf/ tm;enf;csuf
uawmh tif*sif&JhtNrifhaMumifh um;udkvnf; tNrifhwnfaqmuf&aomaMumifh Aerodynamic avtm;udk wGef;NyD;
oGm;&aomtm; ydkukefygonf/ tif*sifedrfhygu avudk wGef;oGm;&aomtm; enf;ay;vdkh &ygonf/
Figure (3-21) The cylinder block for an inline engine.
(II) V-type Engine

AGDwdkuftif*sifuawmh qvif'gawGudk V yHk wnfaqmufxm;NyD; 60 'D*&Duae 90 'D*&Dtxd wnf
aqmufum u&dkif;&Syfwpfacsmif;? qvif'g[wfESpfck&Sdygonf/ qvif'gawGudk ESpfwef;wnfaqmufxm;Ncif;
Nzpfygonf/ qvif'g&JhtNrifhudk apmif;NyD; wnfaqmufxm;wJhtwGuf tif*sif&JhtNrifhudk eSdrfhNyD; wnfaqmufEdkif
aomaMumifh Aerodynamic avtm;udk wGef;NyD; oGm;&aomtm; ydkenf;ygonf/
Figure (3-22) A V-type engine.

(III) Opposed Cylinder Engine
'Dtif*sifuawmh qvif'gawGudk rsufESmcsif;qdkifwnfaqmufxm;NyD; 180 'D*&Dwnfaqmufum
u&dkif;&Syfwpfacsmif;? qvif'g[wfESpfck&Sdygonf/
Figure (3-23) A horizontal opppsed cylinder engine, commonly called a boxer engine

CHAPTER (4)
DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT AND SPECIAL TOOLS
4.1. Introduction (rdwfquf)

acwfrDum;rsm;xkwfvkyf&mwGif uGefysLwmuGefxdk;pepfrsm;? enf;ynmNrifhawG toHk;NyKvmaomaMumifh
tJh'Dum;awG NyKNyif&mwGifvnf; txl;NyKvkyfxm;aom (Special Tools) awGESifh NyKNyif&ygonf/ 'DpmtkyfwGif
tJh'D (Special Tools) awGtaMumif; t"du az:Nyay;ygrnf/
4.2. Engine Repair Tools (um;tif*sifNyifaom

ud&d,mrsm;)
um;Nyif&mwGiftoHk;NyKaom ud&d,mrsm;taMumif;udk az:Ny&mwGif toHk;rsm;aom ud&d,mawGt
aMumif;udkom OD;pm;ay;a&;oGm;ygrnf/
Figure (4.1) Proper engine rebuilding requires many different tools
4.2.1. Compression Testers (um;tif*siftwGif;zdtm;udk

wdkif;wmaomud&d,mrsm;)
um;tif*siftwGif; (qvif'gtwGif;)ü avESifhqDta&mtaESmudk ypöwifu zdodyfay;Ncif;aMumifh
tif*siftwGif; zdtm;Nzpfay:ap&ygonf/ Combustion chamber rD;avmifcef; ,dkpdrfhaeygu vHkavmufwJhzdtm;
r&yJ tif*sifyg0guapygonf/

Compression Testers eJh qvif'gxJrSm Nzpfay:aewJh zdtm;udk wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ Compression
Tester wGif Pound per square inch (psi) ESifh Metric kilopascals (kpa) qdkNyD; ,lepfESpfrsdK;yg&Sdygonf/
wdkif;wmEdkifaom yrmPawGuawmh 0 to 300 psi ESifh 0 to 2,100 kpa &Sdygonf/ wdkif;wmaomud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Push-in gauge ESifh Screw-in gauge wdkh Nzpfygonf/
Figure (4.2) A Push-in compression gauge
Push-in compression gauge trsdK;tpm;wGif taNzmifhESifh 45 'D*&DtauG; ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ "mwfqD

tif*sifwGif pywfyvyfudkNzkwfNyD; Push-in compression gauge udk wyfum tif*sifu&dkif;&kyfudk vSnfhum
ypöwifNzifh zdodyfum uGefy&uf&Sif;udk wdkif;wm&ygonf/ gauge udk wyfqif&mwGif vHkatmifwyfrSom wduswJh
zdtm;udk wdkif;wmEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
Screw-in compression gauge trsdK;tpm;wGif MudK;&Snfwpfckygum wpfzufwGif t&pf&Sdygonf/
Figure (4.3) A Screw-in compression gauge

Screw-in compression gauge trsdK;tpm;udkvnf; pywfyvyfudkNzkwfNyD; wyfum tif*sifu&dkif;&kyfudk
vSnfhum ypöwifNzifh zdodyfum uGefy&uf&Sif;udk wdkif;wm&ygonf/
4.2.2. Cylinder Leakage Test (um;tif*sifqvif'gtwGif;zdtm;udk wdkif;wmaomud&d,m)

Compression Test eJh ppfaq;MunfhvQif vHk;avmufaomzdtm;r&&Sdaom qvif'gudk Cylinder
Leakage Test eJh xyfppfaq;&ygrnf/ Cylinder Leakage Test u b,favmuf&mcdkifESkef; zdtm;usaew,f?
,dkpdrfhaew,fqdkwm Nyoay;ygonf/

Figure (4.4) A Cylinder leakage tester
4.2.3. Oil Pressure Gauge

Oil Pressure Gauge Nzifh tif*siftwGif; Lubrication system aumif;aumif;rGefrGef tvkyfvkyf
rvkyfudk ppfaq;Edkifygonf/
4.2.4. Stethoscope
tif*siftwGif;wGif yHkrSef toH[kwfr[kwfudk em;MuyfeJhaxmufNyD; em;axmifEdkifygonf/
Figure (4.5) A Stethoscope
4.2.5. Transaxle Removal and Installation Equipment

tif*sifwpfvHk;udk um;uaeNzKwfcsifwJhtcg toHk;NyKwJhu&def;rsdK;udk qdkdvdkygonf/
Figure (4.6) A Floor Crane

4.2.6. Ridge Reamer
wcgw&H ypöwif&if;usdK;NyD; qvif'gtwGif;MuyfaewJhtcgrsdK;rSm ypöwifudk Ridge Reamer eJh
Nyefxkwf&ygonf/
Figure (4.7) A ridge reamer
4.2.7. Ring Compressor

Ring Compressor onf ypöwifukd qvif'gtxJwyfqif&mwGif toHk;NyKygonf/
Figure (4.8) A piston ring compressor with a steel band and ratcheting pilers.
4.2.8. Ring Expander

ypöwif&if;udk ypöwifuae tNzKwftwyfvkyf&mwGif Ring Expander toHk;NyKygonf/
Figure (4.9) A piston ring expander.

4.2.9. Ring Groove Cleaner
'Dud&d,muawmh r&SdrNzpfawmh r[kwfygbl;/ ypöwif&if;xnfhrnfhaNrmif;udk &if;rxnfhcif oefh&Sif;a&;
vkyfay;&ygrnf/
Figure (4.10) A Piston Ring Groove Cleaner
4.2.10. Dial Bore Indicator

qvif'gtwGif; ypöwifwdkufpm;rSkaMumifh qvif'gb,fvdktaNctae&SdaevJ wdkif;wmNcif; Nzpfyg
onf/ Inside Micrometer wdkh Telescoping Gauge wdkEh Sifh wdkif;wmEdkifaomfvnf; Dial Bore Indicator ESifh
trsm;pkwdkif;wmMuygonf/
Figure (4.11) A Dial Bore Indicator
4.2.11. Cylinder Hone and Deglazer

qvif'gtwGif;u *sD;awG NcpfxkwfwJh ud&d,mav;NzpfNyD; oifhawmfwJh vnfywfESkef;eJh vnfhum
oefh&Sif;ay;&ygonf/

Figure (4.11) A Cylinder Hone and Deglazer
4.2.12. Cam Bearing Driver Set

tif*sifwpfvHk;vHk; NyKNyifNyD; topfNyefvHk;wJhtcg Camshaft txdkifu b,f&m&ifawGudk NzKwfNyD;
topfNyefwyfwJhae&mrSm Cam Bearing Driver Set udk toHk;NyK&NyD; Bearing Puller uJhodkh tvkyfvkyfygonf/
Figure (4.12) A Cam Bearing Driver Set
4.2.13. V-Blocks
Shaft wpfacsmif;&Jh aNzmifhwef;rSk? tNypftemtqm &Sdr&Sdudk V-Block ESpfckay:wifNyD; vSnfhMunfhum
ppfaq;Edkifygonf/
Figure (4.13) A set of V-Block

4.2.14. Valve and valve seat resurfacing equipment
tif*sifwpfvHk;u Inlet valve eJh Exhaust valve
awG NzKwfNyD; tif*sifNyefvHk;wJhtcg Am;awGudk Nyefo
ay;oifhygonf/ odkhrSom Am;awGonf Am;txdkifay:rSm aocsmxdkifum vHkatmifydwfay;Edkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
Figure (4.14) A valve grinding machine
4.2.15. Valve Guide Repair Tools

Am;*dkufudk b,favmufwdkufpm;oGm;NyDvJod&atmif rdkufc&dkrDwmESifh t&ifwdkif;Munfhum t&rf;acsmif
aer,fqdk&if NyKNyifay;&ygrnf/
Figure (4.15) A valve guide

4.2.16. Valve Spring Compressor
qvif'g[ufuae Am;awGNzKwfcsif&if Am;tzGifhtydwfvkyfay;aewJh py&defawGudk Valve Spring
Compressor eSifhzdum
NzKwf&ygonf/
Figure (4.16) A typical Spring Compressor for OHC
Figure (4.17) A C-clamp valve spring compressor
4.2.17. Valve Spring Tester

tif*sifwpfvHk;u Inlet valve eJh Exhaust valve awG NzKwfNyD; tif*sifNyefvHk;wJhtcg py&defawGudk
vdktyfwJhtm;&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;ay;oifhygonf/

Figure (4.18) A Typical Digital Valve Spring Tester
4.2.18. Torque Angle Gauge

qvif'g[ufu bkwfawGudk NyefMuyfwJhtcg tif*sifxkwfvkyfwJholu b,favmuftm;eJh Muyf&r,f
qdkwm nTefNyxm;NyD; tJh'Dtm;a&mufatmif Torque Wrench ud toHk;NyKNyD; Muyfay;&ygonf/
Figure (4.19) A torque angle gauge attached to the drive lug of a torque wrench
4.2.19. Torque Wrench toHk;NyKyHk

Torque wrench qdkonfrSm Bolt & nut awGudk Muyf&mwGif wduswJhwif;tm;eJhMuyfEdkifzdkh toHk;NyKNcif;
Nzpfyg onf/ pufrSkypönf;rsm;wGif b,fae&mrSm Torque value b,favmufeJhMuyf&r,fqdkwm 'DZdkifem (odkh)
xkwfvkyfolawG u owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ owfrSwfxm;wJh Torque value eJhMuyfrSom tJh'Dpufudk
a&&SnftoHk;NyKEdkifrSm Nzpfygonf/

'DvDbmav;u nmzuf&pfrvm;? b,fzuf&pfrvm; aNymif;vJ

ay;zdkh Nzpfygonf/
Torque value
Torque qdkonfrSm wif;tm;? oufa&muftm; Nzpfygonf/ wdkif;wmonfh,lepfESpfrsdK;&SdNyD; N.m & Ft-

lb wdkh Nzpfygonf/ N = Newton tm;&Jh,lepf? m = meter tvsm;&Jh,lepfNzpfNyD; metric unit (or) SI Unit
Nzpfygonf/ Lb = pound tm;&Jh,lepf? ft = feet tvsm;&Jh,lepfNzpfNyD; FPS Unit Nzpfygonf/
Torque wrench wdkif;udk vdkovdk toHk;NyKvdkhr&ygbl;/ olhvkyfay;EdkifwJh Range twGif;yJ

toHk;NyKvdkh&yg onf/ Oyrm/ / 50-300 Ft-lb Torque wrench qdk&if trsm;qHk; 300 Ft-lb txdyJ
toHk;NyKvdkh&rSm Nzpfygonf/ olhxufrsm;ygu olhxufMuD;wJh Torque wrench udk toHk;NyK&rSm Nzpfygonf/
Unit of torque value qdkwm udk,fhrSmu Ft-lb Scale Torque wrench &Sdw,f/ Drawing xJrSmu N.m
Nzpfae w,fqdk&if atmufygqufoG,fcsufuae aNymif;wGufEdkifygonf/ Oyrm/ / 300 Ft-lb qdk&if 300 x
1.355 = 406.5 N-m udk &ygonf/ twdtus Unit Convertor softwate eJhqdk 406.745 N-m udk &ygonf/

bmaMumifh Torque wrench udk toHk;NyK&vJqdkawmh Adjust vkyfxm;wJh Torque value ausmfoGm;&if
tm; ra&mufyJ *spf*spfqdkNyD; qufMuyfvdkh r&awmhygbl;/
4.2.20. Vernier Caliper
Fixed Scale (Main


= =

4.2.21.

Outside Micrometer (Imperial)
Outside Micrometer (Metric)





=

- = x 0.025 = 0.075 ,
- 2" Outside Micrometer
= =

Digital Outside Micrometer
4.2.22. Dial Indicator toHk;NyKyHk

Dial Indicator udk Shaft Alignment csdefaomtvkyf? wGifcHkpufpm;Ncif;tvkyf ponfhvkyfief;awGrSm
toHk;NyK aom ud&d,mav;Nzpfygonf/
Indicator
tedrfhtNrifhvkyf&ef
Plunger
oHvdkuf"mwf on /off cvkwfESifhoHvdkufwHk;
(i) Dial Indicator Basic
Plunger
Figure – Dial indicator basic operation

txufygyHkwGif Dial indicator tvkyfyHkudk Nyxm;ygonf/ tv,fyHkonf ”0” setting NzpfNyD; Plunger
ESifh wdkif;wmaomypönf;a0;oGm;ygu Needle av;onf em&DvufwHESifhaNymif;NyefvnfNyD; Plunger ESifh
wdkif;wmaom ypönf;eD;oGm;ygu Needle av;onf em&DvufwHtwdkif;vnfygonf/ yxrqHk;yHkwGif “0” uae
em&DvufwHESifh aNymif;NyefvnfNyD; “70” txda&mufoNzifh -70 &Sdygonf/ nmzufqHk;yHkwGif “0” uae
em&DvufwHtwdkif;vnfNyD; “75” txda&mufoNzifh +75 &Sdygonf/
Dial Indicator udktoHk;NyKNyD; tvGefao;i,fwJh uGm[csufudk &SmEdkifNyD; tao;qHk; wpfpdwfwefzdk;

0.001 mm to 0.01mm (metric) or 0.00005in to 0.001in txd&Sdygonf/ yHkpHrsdK;pHkxkwfvkyfxm;NyD;
rdrdtvkyfeJhudkifnDwmudk a&G;cs,ftoHk;NyK&ygonf/
txufyg Dial Indicator wGif wpfpdwf&Jhwefzdk; 0.001in &SdNyD; ¤if;udk 1 Mil vdkac:um
wpfywfwdwdvnfyg u 100 Mil &Sdygonf/ wpfywfvnfwefzdk;taeeJh Linear tuGmta0;u 0.01in
&Sdygonf/ wpfpdwfwefzdk;taeeJh Linear tuGmta0;u 0.001in &Sdygonf/ Range qdkonfrSm trsm;qHk;
toHk;NyKEdkifwJh yrmPNzpfygonf/ txufyg Dial Indicator wGif Range = 0.200” &Sdum olxufydkNyD;
vdktyfygu olxuf Range rsm;wJh Dial Indicator udk toHk;NyK&ygrnf/ Range = 0.200” &SdNcif;u Needle onf
tywfa&ESpfq,fvnfEdkifygonf/
(ii) Dial Indicator toHk;NyKNyD; Alignment csdefNcif;
Coupling wpfpHkudk tvdkifrefhcsdefMunfhyghr,f/ Coupling wpfckzufrSm Dial Indicator wyfNyD;

tNcm;wpfckudk plunger xdNyD; t0ga&mif&Syfudk vSnfhNyD; Dial Indicator udk Munfhyg/

tay:uaeatmufvSnfhoGm;wJhtcg plunger xdNyD; twGif;0ifoGm;oNzifh vdar®mfa&mif&Syfu edrfhaeaMumif;
awGh&Sd&ygonf/
txufygyHkwGif vdar®mfa&mif&Syf&Jh edrfhaeyHkudk MunfhEdkifNyD; edrfhaewJh yrmPu +30 &Syd gonf/ Linear
tuGmta0;odcsif&if wpfpdwfwefzdk;ESifh 30 udk aNrSmufvdkufyg/
(iii) Dial Indicator udk wGifcHkwGif toHk;NyKyHk
(iv) Dial Indicator ESifh &Syfwpfacsmif;&Jh vHk;0ef;rSkudk wdkif;wmppfaq;Ncif;

4.3. Engine Performance Tools
4.3.1. Scan Tools
puefwl;qdkonfrSm aocsm'DZdkif;xkwfxm;wJh Microprocessor wpfrsdK;NzpfNyD; um;uGefysKwmeJh csdwf
quf toHk;NyKEdkifygonf/ puefwl;awGudk puefem Scanner vdkhvnf; tvG,fwul ac:Muygonf/ puefwl;udk
um;&Jh Diagnostic Connector uwqifh csdwfqufum Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) udk t&if&Sm&ygonf/
Trouble Codes awGudk y&ifwmuae y&ifhatmuf (Print out) xkwfEdkifygonf/
Figure (4.20) A Genysis scan tool
puefwl;awGudk um;uGefysLwmeJhcsdwfqufwJhtcg um;ay:rSmrlwnfNyD; csdwfqufEdkifatmif

Connector udk yHkpHrwlwmawG xkwfvkyfxm;um NyifrJhum;trsdK;tpm;ay:rlwnfNyD; a&G;cs,ftoHk;NyKEdkifygonf/
Figure (4.21) Various scan tool connectors for OBD-II systems

4.3.2. Introduction to OBD II
OBD II taMumif;aocsmodzdkhu acwfrDum;awGrSm b,fvdkwnfaqmufxm;ovJ t&ifodzdkh vdktyf
ygonf/
4.3.2.1. OBD II Scanner csdwfqufyHk
um;&Jh Steering em;w0dkufrSm Scanner csdwfqufzdkh 16 Pin Diagnostic connector &SdNyD; csdwfquf
vdkuf&HkygyJ/ csdwfqufNyD;&if um;aomhudk wpfcsufyJ vSnfhyg/ yg0g&zdkhNzpfNyD; um;tif*sifudk pufESdk;zdkh rvdktyfyg
bl;/

txufygNyxm;wJhtwdkif; Scanner csdwfqufNyD; Nypfcsuf&SmwJhtcgrSm P0455 NypfcsufwpfckyJ &Sdyg

onf/ P0455 Nypfcsuf[m um;&Jhb,ftydkif;rSmNzpfovJqdkwm atmufrSm pmNyxm;ygonf/ Nypfcsufu
Evaporative Emission System Leak Detected (Large leak) NzpfNyD; b,fvdkNyif&rvJqdkwm Munfhvdkufawmh
qDwkifuDtzHk;uae qDtaiGhNyefNyD; tNyifxGufaeNcif; NzpfNyD; qDwdkifuDtzHk;NzKwfNyD; Nyefwyf&HkygyJ/ tu,fí
tNcm; eHygwf P0217 Nypfcsufqdk&if Nypfcsufu Engine Overtemp Condition NzpfNyD; um;udk aocsmNyefNyif&rJh
taNctaeNzpfaeygNyD/ Engine cooling system, engine lubrication system awG Nyefppfum vdktyfwm NyefNyif
&ygrnf/ NyifNyD;&ifvnf; Scanner csdwfqufNyD; aemufwMudrfNyefppf&ygrnf/ eHygwf P0217 aysmufoGm;&if Nypf
csufNyifNyD;oGm;ygNyD/
'Davmufqdk bmaMumifh Scanner csdwfqufNyD; Nypfcsuf&SmazG&w,f? b,fvdkNyefNyif&w,fqdkwm
tMurf;rsOf;avmufawmh odavmufygNyD/

16 Pin Diagnostic connector
code eHygwfawGudk um;xkwfvkyfolwdkif;u wlnDwJheHygwftwdkif; owfrSwfxkwfvkyf&ef SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers u owfrSwfay;NyD; rnfonfhum;rSmrqdk xGufay:vmaomNypfcsufeHygwf
eJh um;rSmNzpfaeaomNypfcsufawGu twlwlyif Nzpfygonf/ tMurf;rsOf;rSwfom;&eftwGuf atmufygtwdkif;
rSwfom;Edkifygonf/ a&ShqHk;pmvHk;u
P = Powertrain
B = Body
C = Chassis
U = Network communication
'kwd,pmvHk;u 0 = SAE, 1 = Manufacturer
wwd,pmvHk;u 1 ~ 8 &SdNyD; 1 = Air / Fuel control, 2 = Fuel system (injectors) ponfNzifh txufygyHkwGif
Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; owfrSwfygonf/ eHygwftm;vHk;udk SAE u owfrSwfxm;wJheHygwfawGudk atmufygZ
,m;wGif tao;pdwf Nyxm;ygonf/














taMumif;
4.3.2.2. OBD II Scanner
OBD II Scanner awG NrefrmEdkifiHrSm aps;b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdkwmawmh aocsmrodygbl;/ taumif;
qHk; Scanner Top Ten taMumif; az:Nyvdkufygw,f/
No. (1) Autel MaxiScan MS300 OBD II Scanner
Autel MaxiScan MS300 OBD II Scanner udk bmaMumifh taumif;qHk;NzpfovJqdkawmh oHk;&wm vG,f
ul&dk;&Sif;Ncif;? tMurf;cHNcif; (Ekraebl;aygh- roHk;wwfao;wJholawGoHk;vnf; tqifaNyw,faygh)? ,HkMunfpdwf
cs&Ncif; (pufuxGufvmwJh NypfcsufeHygwfawGu wu,fysufaewmyJ pufuaNymw,faygh) ponfgaumif;rGef
wJhtcsufawGaMumifh taumif;qHk; Scanner vdkh owfrSwfygonf/
aps;ESkef;uawmh atmufygtwdkif; Nzpfygonf/ rSwfcsuf/ /vwfwavmtcsdeftwGufom aps;ESkef;rSef
uefygonf/ tcsdefMumwJheJhtrQ aps;ESkef;aNymif;vJEdkifygonf/

No. (2) INNOVA 3100 OBD II Scanner
No. (5) Autel MaxiScan MS300 OBD II Scanner

No. (7) iSaddle WIFI Wireless OBD II Scanner
'D No. (7) iSaddle WIFI Wireless OBD II Scanner uawmh NrefrmEdkifiHrSm vloHk;rsm;wJh ELM327 yHkpH
Nzpfygonf/ 16 Pin DLC rSm 'D0g,mvJhpuefemav;wyfyg/ rdrd[efzkef;rSmvnf; Torque Lite uJhodkh Free
Application udk install vkyfNyD; csdwfquftoHk;NyKyg/ [efzkef;rSm r[kwfvnf; Tablet wdkh Ipad wdkhudk toHk;NyK&if
vnf; &ygonf/

4.3.2.3. WIFI Wireless OBD II Scanner csdwfquftoHk;NyKyHk
16 Pin DLC rSm 'D0g,mvJhpuefemav;wyfyg/
Tablet (or) phone (or) Ipad rSm Install vkyfxm;wJh application av;udk zGifhyg/ ay:vmwJhtwdkif;
csdwfqufyg/ Location awG? GPS awG aNzNyD; csdwfqufvdkufyg/
um;tif*sifudk pufESdk;zdkh vdkygonf/ Parking brake qGJxm;yg/ *D,mudk z&D;xm;NyD; um;pufESdk;vkduf
yg/
um;tif*sifvnfaewJhESkef; Revolution per min (rpm) udk NyNcif; Nzpfygonf/

txufygyHkwGif Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; application rSm ygwJh Function awGudkMunfhEdkifNyD; um;&Jhusef;rm

a&;taNctaetm;udk awGhNrifEdkifygonf/
Fault codesudk ESdyfvdkufygu um;udk puefzwfum ysufaewm&Sd&if code eHygwfawGNyay;NyD; b,fvdk

Nyif&rvJqdkwmudkyg &Sif;Nyygvdrfhr,f/ 'gavmufqdk&if WIFI Wireless OBD II Scanner csdwfquftoHk;NyKyHk
tMurf;rsOf;avmuf em;vnfygvdrfhr,f/

OBD II Scanner csdwfqufvdkufaom 16 Pin Diagnostic connector onf txufygyHkwGif Nyxm;
onfhtwdkif; Module &Spfckudk pkpnf;xm;NyD; um;wpfpD;vHk;&Jh owif;tcsuftvufawG pkpnf;xm;wJhae&m
Nzpfygonf/
4.3. Electronic Control Module (ECU)

ECU qdkonfrSm tvG,fwul um;uGefysLwmvdkhac:wJhtydkif;Nzpfygonf/ um;av;awGomru ,EÅ&m;
MuD;awG&Jh tif*sifawGrSmvnf; ECU awGeJh xdef;csKyfvmwm awGh&ygonf/ b,fum;rSm ECU awG? OBD II awG
ygrygawmh tMurf;rsOf;awmif aNym&cufygw,f/ um;xkwfvkyfolawG? tif*sifxkwfvkyfolawG? um;armf',f
awG ponfwdkhay: rlwnfaeygw,f/ wckaNymEdkifwmu aps;MuD;wJh armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm ECU awG? OBD II
awGyg&SdNyD; aps;csdKwJh (atmufum;)awGrSmawmh vGefcJhwJhESpf ESpfq,favmufuxkwfvkyfcJhwmqdkawmh ECU awG?
OBD II awGygrSm r[kwfygbl;/ um;enf;ynmawGuvnf; wNznf;Nznf;wdk;wufvmwmyg/ Turbocharger
avmufwyfxm;wmudk um;rSm Turbo pma&;um enf;ynmopfygvdkh aMumfNima&mif;Muygonf/ aemufawmh EFI
(Elecronic Fuel Injection) system, GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) system wdkh ponfNzifh wdk;wufvmyg
onf/ um;xkwfvkyfawGonf aps;uGufrSm a&mif;tm;aumif;atmif okhxufig enf;ynmtNydkiftqdkif Nydkifqdkif
xkwfvkyf&mrS enf;ynmawG NrifhonfxufNrifhvmygonf/ urÇmhum;xkwfvkyfrSkudk *syef? *smrPD? tar&duef
paomEdkifiHawGu OD;aqmifxkwfvkyfaeygonf/
Toyota u VVT-I (Variable Valve Timing-intelligent) u xkwfvkyfNyD; Honda u i-VTEC (Intelligent
– Variable valve timing control and electronic lift) system awG xkwfvkyfum vuf&Sdenf;ynm tNrifhqHk;awG
Nzpfygonf/ enf;ynmawGonf &yfwefhaerSmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ NrifhonfxufNrifhvmtHk;rSmyg/
ECU udk PCM (Powertrain Control Module) vdkhvnf;ac:MuNyD; twlwlyif Nzpfygonf/ ECU qdkwm
Microprocessor wpfckNzpfNyD; Sensors awGqDu Input &,lNcif;? xnfhoGif;xm;wJh program twdkif;wGufcsuf
Ncif;? wGufcsufNyD; result twdkif; Output awGqD Command ay;NyD; vkyfaqmifapNcif;? owif;tcsuftvuf
awGudk vdktyfygu um;armif;olqD ydkhay;Ncif;? olhtxJrSm odkavSmifxm;Ncif; ponfhtvkyfawG vkyfygonf/
udk zGifhMunfhvdkuf&ifawmh txufygyHkvdk qm;upfNym;awG? 'dkiftkyfawG? uy,fpDwmawG pwJh tD

ECU
vufxa&mepfypönf;awGyJ awGh&rSm Nzpfygonf/

ECU qDudk qefqmawGu owif;tcsuftvufawG ydkhay;ygonf/ CPU (Central Processing Unit)

uae odkavSmifxm;wJhowif;tcsuftvufawGESifh ESdkif;,SOfNcif;? wGufcsufNcif;awGvkyfNyD; Output (Actuators,
Motors, Lamps) awGqD vkyf&rJhtvkyfudk trdefhay;cdkif;apum vkyfaqmifapygonf/ uGefysKwmuvkyfaqmifo
Nzifh rSefuefNcif;? wdusNcif;? xyfumxyfumvkyfaqmifEdkifNcif;? cufcJ&SkyfaxG;rSkawGvkyfEdkifNcif; ponfhtm;om
csufawG trsm;MuD; &Sdygonf/
4.4. Body Control Module (BCM)

BCM qdkonfrSm um;rSmvdktyfaom vQyfppfypönf;awG xdef;csKyfaom Module Nzpfygonf/
Figure - A cruise control circuit with vacuum and electrical circuits.
4.5. Sensors (qefqmrsm;)

um;wpfpD;wGif qefqmpkpkaygif;wpf&mausmfavmuf yg&Sdygonf/ ta&;MuD;wJhqefqmawGudk tao;
pdwfa&;ay;vdkufygw,f/ qefqmqdkonfrSm um;rSm? um;tif*sifrSm ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wyfqifxm;NyD;
oufqdkif&m Module awGeJh qufoG,fxm;ygonf/
4.5.1. ABS Speed Sensor

ABSqdkonfrSm Anti-lock Braking System &JhtwdkaumufNzpfNyD; tJh'pepftvkyfvkyfatmif ABS Speed
Sensor vdkygonf/ ¤if;qefqmudk bD;em;rSmwyfqifaomaMumifh Wheel Speed Sensors vkdhvnf;ac:ygonf/
Figure - ABS Speed Sensor (or) wheel sensor wyfqifyHk

Figure - ABS Speed Sensor
Figure - ABS Speed Sensor Waveform

ABS Speed Sensor wyfqifxm;yHk
ABS Speed Sensor tvkyfvkyfyHk taNcchoabmw&m;
Figure - ABS Speed Sensor

ABS Speed Sensor txJwGif ohvdkuf"mwfoGif;xm;NyD; bD;rSmwyfxm;aom Toothed wheel udk tm
&HkcHum Waveform xGufum ECU qDudk owif;rNywfydkhaeygonf/ um;bD;&JhtNrefESkefudkvnf; qefqmu
odygonf/ um;armif;olu b&dwftkyfvdkufygu qefqmu csufcsif;odum owif;tcsuftvufudk
Waveform &yfoGm;Ncif;Nzifh odygonf/ 'Davmufqdk ABS Speed Sensor tvkyfvkyfyHk em;vnfavmufygNyD/
4.6. PicoScope oscilloscope kits

qefqmawGudk pufrSktDvufxa&mepfaomfvnf;aumif;? vQyfppfoHvdkufaomfvnf;aumif; enf;ynm
awGNzifh NyKvkyfxm;NyD; qefqmawGuae ECU qDudk owif;ydkhwJhtcg AdkhtedrfhtNrifhESifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
Waveform taeeJhaomfvnf;aumif; ay;ydkh&oNzifh qefqmaumif; raumif;udk PicoScope oscilloscope udk
toHk;NyKNyD; ppfaq;prf;oyf&ygonf/ OBD II &Jht"du ta&;MuD;qHk;vnf; qefqmawGaumif;aezdkh Nzpfygonf/
PicoScope oscilloscope udk toHk;NyKNyD; acwfay:um;awG&Jh vQyfppfqdkif&m qm;upfawG? tpdwftydkif;
awG? tDvufxa&mepfqdkif&m qm;upfawG? tpdwftydkif;awGudk uGefysLwmESifh xyfqifhcsdwfqufum wdkif;wm
Ncif;? ppfaq;Ncif;awG vkyfEdkifygonf/ t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygpepfawG wdkif;wmppfaq;ygonf/
 Ignition (primary and secondary)
 Injectors and fuel pumps

 Starter and charging circuits
 Batteries, alternators and starter motors
 Lambda, airflow, ABS and MAP sensors
 Electronic throttle control
 CAN bus, LIN bus and FlexRay

CHAPTER (5)
WORKING SAFETY IN THE SHOP
5.1. Introduction to Safety

Safety vdkhqdkvdkuf&if
tydktvkyfvdkh xifMuygonf/ ta&;MuD;wJhtydkif;awGa&;csifawmh 'Dtcef;csefcJh
csifygonf/ odkhayrJh Safety u
ta&;NuD;awmh rNzpfrae a&;ay;ygonf/ rNzpfrae zwfMuapcsifygonf/ um;
awGeJhtvkyfvkyf&mwGif tEÅ&m,frsm;vSygonf/ odoifhodxdkufaom tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;udkodNyD; vdkufemusifh
oHk;zdkh vdktyfvSygonf/
5.2. Personal Safety

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) onf Safety wGif aemufqHk;umuG,frSkNzpfygonf/
5.2.1. Eye Protection (rsufvHk;udk umuG,fNcif;)

rsufvHk;udk umuG,fa&;onf tvGefta&;MuD;ygonf/ um;atmuf0ifNyD;tvkyfvkyf&ifwGif rsufvHk;xJ
udk tnpftaMu;awG0ifzdkh ydkNyD;NzpfEdkifNyD; rsufvHk;udk umuG,fxm;zdkh vdktyfygonf/ rsufvHk;umuG,f&ef oHk;rsdK;
&Sdygonf/ (1) Safety Glass (2) Safety Goggle (3) Face Shield wdkh Nzpfygonf/
Face Shield
Safety Goggle Safety Glass
Figure (5.1) Eye Protection Equipment
5.2.2. Clothing (t0wftpm;)

rsm;aomtm;Nzifh um;Nyif&mwGif pufqDawGayNcif;? npfnrf;aomae&mwGif vkyfudkif&Ncif;aMumifh
oefhNyefhaomt0wftpm;r0wfyJ taycHt0wftpm;rsdkK;awG0wfwm awGh&ygonf/ trSefwu,frSm usef;rma&;
ESifhnDnGwfap&ef oefh&Sif;aomt0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfoifhygonf/ t0wftpm;udk pepfwus0wfqif&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ um;NyifwJhtvkyfonf wu,fhpufrSkvkyfief;wpfckNzpfNyD; prwfususvkyf&ygrnf/ vnfywfaeaom
puftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh vkyfudkif&mwGif tuFsDvufu Mu,foD;NyKwfxGufNyD; tuFsDpawG 0ifroGm;atmif *&kpdkuf
zdkh vdktyfygonf/ rdrdt0wftpm;awG npfywfrSkenf;atmif tvkyfvkyfaomae&mudk tNrJoefhaeatmif tNrJ oefh
&Sif;a&;vkyfae&ygrnf/ pufqDawG zdwfpifygu csufcsif; oefh&Sif;ay;&ygrnf/ tuFsDrSm pufqDawG? acsmqDawG
ayoGm;ygu tuFsDtopf csufcsif;vJ&ygrnf/ tuFsDudk vuf&Snf 0wfoifhygonf/ vufwdktuFsDonf vufawG
udk pufqDESifh tNcm;t&mawG wdkuf&dkufxdawGhapygonf/ ykqdk;xuf abmifbD&Snf 0wfoifhygonf/

5.2.3. Hair and Jewelry (qHyifESifhvuf0wfvufpm;rsm;)
qHyif&SnfaeNcif;? qGJMudK;wGJavmif;usaeNcif; ponfhwdkhonfvnf; pufMum;xJnSyfoGm;ygu tEÅ&m,f
&Sdygonf/ um;Nyif&mwGif rnfonfhvuf0wfvufpm;rS 0wfrxm;ygESifh/
5.2.4. Shoes (zdeyf)

NzpfEdkif&ifawmh Safety shoe 0wf&ifawmh taumif;qHkygyJ/
Figure (5.2) Safety shoe
5.2.5. Gloves (vuftdwf)

vuftdwfu ta&;MuD;ygonf/ vufudk umuG,fzdkh vdktyfNyD; tvkyftrsm;pkudk vufNzifh vkyfudkif
&ygonf/ txl;oNzifh ausmufpufpm;Ncif;? *a[aqmfNcif;? "mwkt&nfrsm;Nzifh tvkyfvkyfNcif; ponfhtvkyf
awGvkyf&if oifhawmfwJhvuftdwfawG rNzpfrae 0wf&ygrnf/
Figure (5.3) Chemical Hand Glove ESifh Face Shield 0wfNyD; tvkyfvkyfaeyHk
5.2.6. Disease Prevention (a&m*gumuG,fNcif;)
rusef;rm&if tvkyfroGm;yJ aq;cef;Nyum q&m0efnTefMum;wJhtwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufyg/ tvkyf
vkyfaeolonf b,ftcsdefu bm&SLrdvdkh? bmpm;rdvdkh a&m*gwckck&aeNyDvm; rodEdkifyg/ aehpOf pufawGeJh tvkyf
vkyfae&aomaMumifh raumif;aomtehhHawG&SLae&Ncif;? cE¨mudk,ftaetxm;rSm,Gif;rSkaMumifh cg;emNcif;? udk,f
vufrtDromNzpfNcif; ponfh usef;rma&;csGwf,Gif;rSkawG &SdEdkifygonf/ rawmfwqxdkufcdkufrSkawG Nzpfygu csuf
csif;taMumif;Mum;NyD; ukorSk vkyf&ygrnf/ aoG;xGufaeaomae&mudk tvG,fwul&aom t0wfav;Nzifh pnf;
um tvkyfqufvkyfygu rvdkvm;tyfaomtnpftaMu;awG0ifNyD; ydkqdk;oGm;Edkifygonf/
5.2.7. Ear Prevention (em;umuG,fNcif;)

tvGefqlnHaompufawGeJh tvkyfvkyf&ygu em;udk ESpfxyfumuG,fzdkh vdktyfygonf/ em;udk umuG,f
&ef Earplug ESifh Earmuff ESpfrsdK;&SdNyD; qlnHrSkay:rlwnfNyD; toHk;NyK&ygonf/ avtm;oHk;pufrsm; (Pneumatic
Tools) toHk;NyKNyD; tvkyfvkyfNcif;? um;tif*sifudk pufprf;&mwGif um;u qlnHvGef;Ncif;aMumifh em;udk
umuG,fzdkh vdktyfygonf/ em;udk oifhawmoavmuf rumuG,fygu em;uef;wJhtxd Nzpfapygonf/
Earplugs
Earmuff
Figure (5.4) Earplug ESifh Earmuff ESpfrsdK;yHk
5.2.8. Respiratory Prevention (touf&SLvrf;aMumif;udk umuG,fNcif;)

"mwkypönf;awGESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif xGufvmaomteHhudk &SLrd&if touf&SLvrf;Mumif;udk xdcdkufap
ygonf/ xdkodkh"mwkypönf;awGESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif Respiratory maks udk 0wfqif&ygrnf/ *a[aqmf&mwGif
rNzpfrae Respiratory maks udk 0wfqifoifhNyD; *a[aqmf&mrS xGufvmaom"mwfaiGhawGonf touf&SLvrf;
aMumif;udk xdcdkufapygonf/
Figure (5.5) 3M 9925 (3M9925) FFP2 Welding Fume Disposable Respirator / Mask 0wfqifxm;yHk

5.2.9. Lifting and Carrying (ypönf;awGudk rNcif;? o,fNcif;)
um;awGESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif av;vHaom ypönf;awGudk rNcif;? o,fNcif;onf rNzpfrae &SdaerSm
NzpfNyD; rSefuefaomenf;Nzifh r wwfzdkh vdktyfygonf/ xdkodkh r &mwGif toHk;rsm;qHk;ESifh ynm&SifawG cGifhNyKxm;
aomenf;udk az:Nyvdkufygonf/
Figure (5.6) aNcaxmufudk tm;NyKNyD; r yg/ cg;&dk;udk tm;rNyKygESifh/
ypönf;awGudk rNcif;
(1) aNcaxmufudk rrnfhypönf;em;wGif ae&m,lyg/
(2) aemufausmudk aNzmifhwef;pGmxm;yg/
(3) vufudk aNzmifhwef;pGmxm;NyD; rrnfhypönf;udk aumuf,lyg/
(4) r&mwGif aNcaxmuftm;udkomoHk;yg/ cg;udk toHk;rNyKygESifh/
av;vHaom ypönf;udk r&mwGif wpfa,muftm;ESifh rEdkif&if ESpfa,mufoHk;yg/ NzpfEdkif&if vufoHk;
axmfvDawGudk toHk;NyKyg/ rdrdum;0yfa&SmhwGif av;vHaom ypönf;udk wGef;o,fEdkifatmif uGefu&pfcif;xm;yg
u ydkNyD; tqifaNyapygonf/
Figure (5.7) Hydraulic Pallet Truck
Figure (5.8) Aluminum Treadplate Platform Truck

5.2.10. Professional Behavior
taNccHvdkufemoifhaom aumif;rGefwJhtNyKtrlawGudk pkpnf;ay;vdkufygonf/
 0yfa&SmhxJrSm b,fawmhrS aq;vdyfraomufygeJh/
 pufNyiftvkyform;awG wpfa,mufeJhwpfa,muf paemufNyD; aNy;vTm;aqmhpum;wmrsdK; rvkyfapygeJh/
 t&rf;ylwJht&mawGudk xdawGhrSkr&Sdap&ef umuG,f&ygrnf/ Oyrm/ /Radiator, exhaust manifold, tailpipe,
catalystic converter, and muffler.
 Radiator wGif vQyfppfyefumtoHk;NyKaomum;udk tvkyfvkyfygu &kwfw&ufxvnfwwfaomaMumifh
vQyfppfMudK;udk NzKwfxm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ NyD;&ifawmh vQyfppfMudK;awG aocsmNyefwyfzdkh rarhygESifh/
 [dkuf'a&mvpfzdpufrsdK;ESifh tvkyfvkyfygu tEå&m,fuif;pGm vkyfenf;awGudk vdkufemaqmif&Gufyg/
 vufoHk;ypönf;awGudk pepfwus toHk;NyKNyD; roHk;ygu pepfwus Nyefodrf;yg/
Figure (5.9) OEM 220pcs tools tool trolley

 um;0yfa&Smhudk tNrJoefh&Sif;pGm xm;yg/
Figure (5.10) Smart car workshop

5.3. Tool and Equipment Safety
um;awGeSifhtvkyfvkyf&mwGif rNzpfrae Tool and Equipment awGudk toHk;NyK&mwGif Tool and
Equipment Safety udk odxm;zdkh vdktyfygonf/
5.3.1. Hand Tool Safety

Hand Tool Safety qdkonfrSm vufoHk;ud&d,mawG toHk;NyKNyD; vkyfudkif&mwGif tEå&m,fawG uif;&Sif;
apzdkh Nzpfygonf/ vdkufem&rnfhtcsufawG az:Nyvdkufygonf/
 vufoHk;ud&d,mawGrSm trJqDawG ayusefraeygaeESifh/ qDay;ae&if toHk;NyKwJhtcg acsmfEdkifNyD;
vufacsmif;awG? vufawG emusifxdcskufapygonf/
 vufoHk;ud&d,mawGudk toHk;rNyKcif ppfaq;&ygrnf/
 rSefuefwJhtvkyftwGuf rSefuefwJhvufoHk;ud&d,mawGudkom toHk;NyKyg/ Oyrm/ /wloHk;&rnfhae&m wlyJ
oHk;yg/ pyefemESifh r&dkufygeJh/
 vufoHk;ypönf;awGudk t&nftaoG;aumif;aumif;rGefrGefudkom toHk;NyKyg/
 usdK;yJhaewJhvufoHk;ypönf;awGudk toHk;rNyKygeSifh/
 *GudktoHk;NyK&if udk,fbufudk qGJMuyfwmrsdK; vkyfyg/ vSrf;wGef;wmrsdK; rvkyfygESifh/
 t&G,ftpm;udkufwJh*Gudkom toHk;NyKyg/
 NzpfEdkiforQ Box end or socket wrench udkom toHk;NyKyg/ tJh'Dwl;awGu ewf&Jh aNcmufaNrSmifhvHk;udk
aocsmvSnfhwmqdkawmh ypönf;a&m? vltwGufyg aumif;rGefygonf/
 *G&Sifudk NzpfEkdif&if toHk;rNyKygESifh/
 Impact wrench ESifhtvkyfvkyf&if Impact soket udkom toHk;NyKyg/
 Soket u uGJaewm? tufaewm&Sd&if toHk;rNyKygESifh/
 *Gudk wltaeeJh toHk;rNyKygESifh/
 ewfudk yv,mESifh avsmhzdkh rMudK;pm;ygESifh/ rSefuefwJh *Gudkom toHk;NyKyg/
5.3.2. Power Tool Safety

Power Tool qdkonfrSm vQyfppftm;? zdodyfavtm;? [dkuf'a&mvpftm;awG toHk;NyKwJh ypönf;awG
Nzpfygonf/
Figure (5.11) Electric Grinder vQyfppftm;oHk; ausmufpuf
Figure (5.12) Impact Wrench avtm;oHk; tif;yuf&ifh

yg0gwl;awGtoHk;NyKwJhtcg txl;*&kpdkufzdkh vdktyfygonf/ txl;oNzifh ausmufpufaMumifh vlaowJh
txd Nzpfygonf/ xdcdkufrSk Nyif;xefvSygonf/
Figure (5.13) ausmufpufaMumifh vlaowJhtxd NzpfyHk
Figure (5.14) ausmufpufaMumifh Nyif;xefwJh xdcdkufrSkNzpfyHk

rSwfcsuf/ /'DvdkyHkawG 'DpmtkyfrSm rxnfhcsifygbl;/ 'gayrJh Safety udk tav;teufxm;apcsifvdkh xnfhoGif;az:
NyvdkufNcif; Nzpfygonf/

5.3.2.1. Electrical Powers vQyfppftm;
"mwfvdkufaoqHk;w,fqdkwm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; odxm;NyD; Nzpfygonf/ vQyfppfypönf;awGESifh
tvkyfvkyf&mwGif "mwfrvdkufatmif toHk;NyKwwfzdkh vdktyfygonf/ vQyfppfMudK;oG,fwef;&mwGif a&cGufa&tdkif
av;awGESifh rxdawGhzdkh vdktyfygonf/ MudK;awGudk ESpfrDwmtNrifhuae oG,fwef;oifhygonf/
Figure (5.15) "mwfvdkufaomaMumifh Nyif;xefwJhxdcdkufrSkNzpfyHk
Figure (5.16) ausmufpufwGif rSefav;um;xm;NyD; trSkefawG vlqDrvm&ef Nzpfygonf/
5.3.2.2. Compressed Air Tools avtm;oHk; yg0gwl;rsm;

Compressed Air Tools udk Pneumatic Tools [kvnf;ac:NyD; avtm;&&ef avrSkwfpuf Air
Compressor uae &,lygonf/ avtm;onf 7 Bar avmuf&SdNyD; Nyif;vSygonf/ avtm;oHk;ypönf;aMumifh
em;av;Ncif;? em;uef;Ncif;NzpfapEdkifygonf/ aoaocsmcsm tohk;NyKzdkh vdktyfygonf/
5.3.3. Lift Safety

um;wpfpD;vHk;udk r wif&mwGif r &rnfhae&muae r zdkh vdktyfvSygonf/ um;NyKwfusygu vlao
wJhtxdNzpfEdkifNyD; um;ysufpD;ygu avsmf&rnfhyrmPrsm;vSygonf/ tu,fí 0yfa&Smhemrnfysufygu pD;yGm;a&;
xdcdkufwJhtxd NzpfoGm;Edkifygonf/
Figure (5.17) um;wpfpD;vHk; um;vpfay:rS NyKwfusyHk

um;xkwfvkyfolawGu um;udk b,fae&muae r &rvJqdkwm Service Manual rSm aocsmaz:Nyavh
&Sdygonf/
Figure (5.18) Typical lifting points: Service Manual rSm aocsmaz:Nyavh &Sdygonf/
Figure (5.19) Hyundai Matrix 2002 Service Manual wGif az:Nyxm;aom um;udk r &efae&m/
5.3.4. Jack and Jack Stand Safety
um;udk [dkuf'a&mvpftm;Nzifh r wifEdkifaomfvnf; [dkuf'a&mvpftm;ysufpD;cJh&if um;u &kwfw
&uf NyefNyKwfusvmrSm Nzpfygonf/ [dkuf'a&mvpfudk ,HkMunfvdkh r&yg/ um;atmufrSm *sufaxmuf&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ *sufaxmufwJhtcgrSmvnf; rSefuefwJhae&maxmufzdkh vdktyfygonf/ Jack Stand awGrSmvnf; b,fES
wefcHEdkifw,fqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f/ um;eJh*sufudkvnf; rSefuefpGm a&G;cs,ftoHk;NyKyg/
Figure (5.20) Jack Stand axmufxm;yHk
Figure (5.21) Typical hydraulic jack
Figure (5.22) um;udk *sufeJhrNyD; atmufrSm *sufpwef;axmufzdkh vdkygonf/

5.3.5. Chain Hoist and Crane Safety
Chain Hoist qdkonfrSm um;ypönf;awG rzdkhtwGuftoHk;NyKaom csdef;bavmufNzpfygonf/
Figure (5.23) um;uae av;vHwJht&mawG rzdkh Chain Hoist udk toHk;NyKwmrsdK; &Sdygonf/
Figure (5.24) um;uae um;tif*sifNzKwfcszdkh Floor crane udk toHk;NyKygonf/
Floor craneudk toHk;NyK&mwGif b,favmuftNrifh? b,favmuftuGmta0;rSm b,fESwefrEdkifw,f

qdkwm u&def;xkwfvkyfolawGu Floor crane specification ay;ygonf/ tJh'Dtwdkif; r&efvdktyfNyD; ausmfNyD; r
ygu u&def;a&m? tif*sifyg vJoGm;Edkifygonf/

5.4. Fire Safety
um;0yfa&SmhwGif pufqDawGESifhtvkyfvkyf&wmqdkawmh rD;avmifzdkh taNctae &Sdygonf/ Fire
extinguisher awG 0yfa&Smhae&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm csdwfxm;&ygrnf/
Figure (5.25) rD;owfaq;Al;toHk;NyKNyD; rD;owfyHk
0yfa&SmhwGif tvkyfvkyfoltm;vHk; rD;owfaq;Al;udk toHk;NyKwwf&ef oifMum;ay;xm;oifhygonf/

wcgw&HrSm MuD;rm;wJhqHk;&SHk;rSkawG rNzpfatmif rD;owfaq;Al;u umuG,fay;oGm;wmrsdK; awGhzl;ygonf/
rD;owfaq;Al;toHk;NyKNyD; rD;owfyHk
(1) Pull the pin rD;owfaq;Al;u yifav;udk qGJxkwfvdkufyg/
(2) Aim nozzle at base of fire rD;owfaq;Al;u ydkufuav;udk rD;avmifaewJhae&mtaNcudk &G,fvdkufyg/
(3) Squeeze the handle vufudkifav;udk nSpfvdkufyg/
(4) Sweep nozzle side to side rD;owfaq;Al;u ydkufuav;udk b,fnma&GhNyD; rD;owfyg/

CHAPTER (6)
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND BASIC SERVICES
6.1. Preventive Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance qdkonfrSm rdrdum;onf aumif;aeaomfvnf; rysufpD;oifhwm rysufpD;&
atmif MudKwifNyKNyifxdef;odrf;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ þodkhxdef;odrf;Ncif;Nzifh rdrdum;twGufomru vludkyg
,mOftEÅ&m,fuae umuG,fapmifha&SmufNcif; Nzpfygonf/
6.2. Repair Orders (RO)

Repair Orders udk Work Orders / Service Orders vdkhvnf; ac:MuNyD; um;0yfa&SmhwGif um;vmNyifyg
u toifhNyKvkyfxm;wJh Form rSm Nznfh&ygonf/ tJh'DazmifrSm um;ydkif&Sif&Jh tcsuftvufawG? um;&Jhtcsuft
vufawG? um;ydkif&Sif&Jhawmif;qdkcsufawG? um;Nyif&if b,favmufukefr,f? bmtydkypönf;awG vJzdkhvdkw,f? Nyif
csdef b,favmufMumr,fqdkwmawG NynfhNynfhpHkpHk Nznfh&ygonf/
Figure (6.1) Repair Order wpfck NynfhpHkatmif Nznfhxm;yHk

Repair Order wpfckudk NynfhpHkatmifNznfhNyD; um;Nyifp&dwf b,favmufukefusrnf? b,ftcsdef Nyifvdkh
NyD;r,fqdkwmudk um;ydkif&Sif (odkh) um;Nyifzdkh vmtyfoludk Repair Order ay:rSm vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;&ygrnf/
6.3. Vehicle Identification

um;wpfpD;udk rNyifcifrSm um;eJhywfoufwJh tcsuftvufawG odxm;zdkh vdkygonf/ um;xkwfvkyf
olwdkif;u Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) udk um;armif;olae&mtxufem;rSm aocsmuyfay;xm;yg
onf/ tJh'D VIN od&if um;taMumif; trsm;MuD; od&ygNyD/
Figure (6.2) Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
6.3.1. Vehicle Identification Number zwfenf;

(A) VIN wGif a&ShqHk;pmvHk;onf xkwfvkyfwJhEdkifiHNzpfygonf/ Oyrm atmufygZ,m;wGif Munfhyg/
Figure (6.3) Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) &Jh a&ShqHk;pmvHk; t"dyÜg,f

(B) VIN wGif 'kwd,pmvHk;onf xkwfvkyfwJhukrÜPD Nzpfygonf/ Oyrm/ /
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) assigns the WMI (world manufacturer identifier) to countries
and manufacturers. The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes.
WMI Manufacturer
AAV (South Africa) Volkswagen
AFA (South Africa) Ford
CL9 (Tunisia) Wallyscar
JA (Japan) Isuzu
JC1 (Japan) Fiat Automobiles/Mazda
JF (Japan) Fuji Heavy Industries
JHL (Japan) Honda
JHM (Japan) Honda
JMB (Japan) Mitsubishi
JMZ (Japan) Mazda
JN (Japan) Nissan
JS (Japan) Suzuki
JT (Japan) Toyota
JY (Japan) Yamaha
KL (South Korea) Daewoo/GM Korea
KMH (South Korea) Hyundai
KN (South Korea) Kia
KPT (South Korea) SsangYong
NMT (Turkey) Toyota
SAJ (United Kingdom) Jaguar
SAL (United Kingdom) Land Rover
SAR (United Kingdom) Rover
SAT (United Kingdom) Triumph
SB1 (United Kingdom) Toyota
SCC (United Kingdom) Lotus Cars
SCE (United Kingdom) DeLorean
SHH (United Kingdom) Honda
SHS (United Kingdom) Honda
SJN (United Kingdom) Nissan
TCC (Switzerland) Micro Compact Car AG (SMART 1998-1999)
TMA (Czech Republic) Hyundai
TMB (Czech Republic) Škoda
TRU (Hungary) Audi
TSM (Hungary) Suzuki
U5Y (Slovakia) Kia
UU (Romania) Dacia
VA0 (Austria) ÖAF
VF1 (France) Renault
VF2 (France) Renault
VF3 (France) Peugeot
VF4 (France) Talbot
VF5 (France) Iveco Unic SA
VF6 (France) Renault Trucks/Volvo
VF7 (France) Citroën
VF8 (France) Matra/Talbot/Simca
VF9 (France) Bugatti
VFE (France) IvecoBus
VNK (France) Toyota
VSS (Spain) SEAT
VV9 (Spain) Tauro Sport Auto
WAU (Germany) Audi
WAP (Germany) Alpina

WBA (Germany) BMW
WBS (Germany) BMW M
WMI Manufacturer
WDB (Germany) Mercedes-Benz
WDC, WDD, WMX (Germany) DaimlerChrysler AG/Daimler AG
WEB (Germany) EvoBus
WF0 (Germany) Ford of Europe
WJM (Germany) Iveco
WJR (Germany) Irmscher
WKK (Germany) Kässbohrer
WMA (Germany) MAN
WME (Germany) Smart
WMW (Germany) Mini
WP0 (Germany) Porsche car
WP1 (Germany) Porsche SUV
WUA (Germany) Quattro
WVG (Germany) Volkswagen
WVW (Germany) Volkswagen
WV1 (Germany) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
WV2 (Germany) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
W0L (Germany) Opel/Vauxhall
W0SV (Germany) Opel Special Vehicles
YK1 (Finland) Saab
YS3 (Sweden) Saab
YTN (Sweden) Saab NEVS
YV1 (Sweden) Volvo Cars
ZA9 (Italy) Bugatti
ZAM (Italy) Maserati
ZAR (Italy) Alfa Romeo
ZCF (Italy) Iveco
ZFA (Italy) Fiat Automobiles
ZFF (Italy) Ferrari
ZGA (Italy) IvecoBus
ZHW (Italy) Lamborghini
ZLA (Italy) Lancia
1B (United States) Dodge
1C (United States) Chrysler
1F (United States) Ford
1G (United States) General Motors
1G3 (United States) Oldsmobile
1G9 (United States) Google
1GC (United States) Chevrolet
1GM (United States) Pontiac
1HG (United States) Honda
1J (United States) Jeep
1L (United States) Lincoln
1M (United States) Mercury
1N (United States) Nissan
1VW (United States) Volkswagen
1YV (United States) Mazda
2F (Canada) Ford
2G (Canada) General Motors
2G1 (Canada) Chevrolet
2G2 (Canada) Pontiac
2HG (Canada) Honda
2HH (Canada) Acura
2HJ (Canada) Honda

2HK (Canada) Honda
2HM (Canada) Hyundai
2M (Canada) Mercury
2T (Canada) Toyota
WMI Manufacturer
3F (Mexico) Ford
3G (Mexico) General Motors
3HG (Mexico) Honda
3HM (Mexico) Honda
3N (Mexico) Nissan
3VW (Mexico) Volkswagen
4F (United States) Mazda
4J (United States) Mercedes-Benz
4M (United States) Mercury
4S3 (United States) Subaru
4S4 (United States) Subaru
4S6 (United States) Honda
4T (United States) Toyota
4US (United States) BMW
5FN (United States) Honda
5J6 (United States) Honda
5L (United States) Lincoln
5T (United States) Toyota
5X (United States) Hyundai/Kia
5YJ (United States) Tesla
55 (United States) Mercedes-Benz
6F (Australia) Ford
6G (Australia) General Motors
6G1 (Australia) Chevrolet
6G2 (Australia) Pontiac
6H (Australia) Holden
6MM (Australia) Mitsubishi
6T1 (Australia) Toyota
8AP (Argentina) Fiat
8AT (Argentina) Iveco
9BD (Brazil) Fiat Automóveis
9BW (Brazil) Volkswagen
93H (Brazil) Honda
93W (Brazil) Fiat Professional
93Z (Brazil) Iveco
9BH (Brazil) Hyundai
(C) VIN wGif wwd,pmvHk;onf armfawmf,mOftrsdK;tpm; Nzpfygonf/

(D) VIN wGif pwkw¬pmvHk;uae tXrpmvHk;txdudk the body style, vehicle model, and engine type
awG az:Nyygonf/
(E) VIN wGif e0rpmvHk;onf xkwfvkyfonfhckESpfudk az:Nyygonf/

Figure (6.4) Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) &Jh e0raNrmufpmvHk;\ t"dyÜg,f
Figure (6.6) Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) erlem
Oyrm/ /txufyg Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) &Jh t"dyÜg,fudk zwfMunfhygrnf/

eHygwfu – 1HGCM82633A004352 zwfMunfhygrnf/
1 = USA tar&duefEkdifiHu xkwfvkyfygonf/

H = Honda ukrÜPD Nzpfygonf/
G = Type Nzpfygonf/
3 = 2003 xkwf Nzpfygonf/
1.4. Basic Services

um;udk rNzpfrae xdef;odrf;NyKNyif&rnfhtaNccHtcsufrsm;rSm
1) tif*sif0dkifESifh tif*sif0dkifqDppf (Oil Filter) vJvS,fay;Ncif;?
2) Fuel Filters qDppfudk oefh&Sif;ay;Ncif;? vdktyfygu topfvJay;Ncif;?
3) Cooling System tif*siftat;ay;pepf xdef;odrf;NyKNyifay;Ncif;?
4) Drive belts ppfaq;Ncif;ESifh vdktyfygu topfvJay;Ncif;?
5) Air Filters avppfudk oefh&Sif;ay;Ncif;? vdktyfygu topfvJay;Ncif;?
6) Fuel tank, fuel pump ppfaq;Ncif;?
7) b,fx&Dppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu a&xyfNznfhNcif;?
8) Starter & Alternator ppfaq;Ncif;?
9) Transmission Fluid Level ppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu xyfNznfhNcif;?

10) Power Steering Fluid Level ppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu xyfNznfhNcif;?
11) Brake Fluid Level b&dwfqDppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu xyfNznfhNcif;?
12) Windshield wipers ppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu NyKNyifay;Ncif;?
13) wm,mrsm;udk ppfaq;Ncif;? vdktyfygu NyKNyifay;Ncif;?
14) cs,fqD;udk qDxdk;Ncif;?
6.4.1. tif*sif0dkifvJvS,fay;Ncif;?
6.4.1.1.tif*siftwGif;ü tif*sif0dkif tvkyfvkyfyHk
Figure (6.6) tif*sif0dkifAl;
tif*sif0dkifzpfvfwm
tif*sif0dkif
tif*sif0dkifyefh
Figure (6.7) Lubrication System
Lubrication System qdkonfrSm tif*siftwGif; pufud&d,mawG acsmacsmarGharGhvnfywfEdkifzdkh? tnpf

taMu;awGudk z,f&Sm;ay;zdkh? tif*siftwGif; tyludk o,faqmifum tat;"mwf&&Sdapzdkh? combustion chamber
twGif; rD;avmifrSkaumif;ap&ef seal tNzpf vkyfaqmifay;&ef wnfaqmufxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ ¤if;pepfwGif
tif*sif0dkifyefh? tif*sif0dkifzpfvfwm? oil pan? tif*sif0dkif? ponfNzifh yg&Sdygonf/
tif*sif0dkifudk tif*siftwGif;xnfhvdkufaomtcg oil pan xJrSm &Sdaeygonf/ tif*sifpwifEdk;aomtcg
tif*sif0dkifyefhvnfNyD; tif*sif0dkifawGudk tif*siftwGif; olhvrf;aMumif;twdkif; ydkhay;ygonf/ tif*siftwGif;
tnpftaMu;rSeforSsudk o,faqmifum oil pan xJudk Nyefa&mufygonf/ oil pan onf tif*sif&Jh atmufqHk;rSm
wyfqifxm;NyD; NyifyavaMumifh oil pan xJu tif*sif0dkifawGudk Nyefvnfat;vmygonf/ þodkhNzifh
tif*sifxJu tyludk pGefhxkwfay;ygonf/
tif*sif0dkifyefhudk camshaft u armif;ESifay;ygonf/ Floating oil intake and screen onf
tif*sif0dkifyefh&Jht0ifydkuf NzpfygNyD; trSkeftrTm;awG r0ifap&ef ppfay;ygonf/
Oil filter uawmh tif*sif0dkifyefhtxGufrSm wyfqifxm;NyD; tif*sif0dkifxJrSm &Sdaeaom tvGefao;i,f
aom trSkeftrTm;awGudk ppfay;aom qDppfNzpfygonf/ tif*sif0dkiftopfvJ&if Oil filter udkvnf; topfvJ ay;
oifhygonf/
6.4.1.2. tif*sif0dkif&Jh *kPfowÅdrsm;

tif*sif0dkif&Jh ap;yspfrSk (viscosity) udk tif*sifvnfywfaom tylcsdefay:rlwnfNyD; xkwfvkyfxm;Ncif;
Nzpfygonf/ tif*sifxJrSm b,ftylcsdefrSmNzpfNzpf rSefuefaom ap;yspfrSkeJh pufrSkypönf;awGtMum; vnfywfum
tif*sif0dkif&Jh vkyfief;aqmifwmawG vkyfaqmifEdkif&rnf Nzpfygonf/
6.4.1.3. tif*sif0dkifxkwfvkyfxm;yHk
tif*sif0dkifudk a&eHuae xkwfvkyfxm;NyD; vdktyfwJh*kPfowÅdawG&&Sdzdkh tNcm;"mwkypönf;awG a&mpyf
xm;ygonf/ American Petroleum Institute (API) uae tif*sif0dkifawGudk trsdK;tpm; cGJNcm;xm;ygonf/
Current = vuf&SdoHk;pGJaeaom
Obsolete = xkwfvkyfNcif;
r&Sdawmhyg/
Figure (6.8) API Service classification for passenger car engine oil
(API) uae tif*sif0dkifawGudk trsdK;tpm; cGJNcm;&mwGif tdrfpD;um;awGeJh um;ao;awGtwGuf S-Class
ESifh um;MuD;rsm;twGuf C-Class qdkNyD; cGJNcm;xm;ygonf/ SJ, SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS and CJ-4
ponfNzifh owfrSwfygonf/
6.4.1.4. tif*sif0dkifudk Grade owfrSwfNcif;

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) uae tif*sif0dkif&Jh ap;NypfrSkay:rlwnfNyD; *&dwfeHygwf
awG owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ usJ&mae NypfoGm;aomeHygwfrsm;rSm 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 60. *&dwf
eHygwf 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 aemufuaw W yg&SdNyD; t"dyÜg,fu "winter" aqmif;&moD (odkh) at;aomtcsdefrSm
tif*sifESdk;&ef Nzpfygonf/ *&dwfeHygwf 20 uawmh W yg&SdNyD; rygyJ xkwfwmvnf; &Sdygonf/
Single-grade
Single-grade tif*sif0dkif&Jh ap;NypfrSkay:rlwnfNyD; *&dwfeHygwfawGuawmh (11)rsdK;&SdNyD; 0W, 5W,
10W, 15W, 20W, 25W, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wdkh NzpfMuygonf/
Multi-grade
Multi-grade tif*sif0dkifudk tif*sifpwifcsdefrSm at;aeNyD; tif*sifylvmaomtcg tJh'Dtyltwdkif;
tvkyfvkyfay;Edkifaom tif*sif0dkifrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ Oyrm/ / 10W-30 tif*sif0dkifqdk&if 10W u tif*sifpwif
csdefrSm at;aeaomtcsdeftwGufNzpfNyD; 30 uawmh tylcsdef 100 °C (212 °F) avmufudk tvkyfvkyf Edkifatmif
Nzpfygonf/
tif*sif0dkifAl;wpfAl;rSm uyfxm;aom eHygwfudkMunhfNyD; b,ftif*sif0dkiftrsdK;tpm;vJ csufcsif;odEdkifyg
onf/
Figure (6.9) API and SAE Service classification for engine oil
aps;uGufwGif tif*sif0dkiftrsdK;tpm; (4) rsdK; awGhEdkifygonf/

1. Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil onf a&eHudk taNccHNyD; xkwfvkyfxm;aom tif*sif0dkiftrsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; vltrsm;
oHk;pGJaom tif*sif0dkifNzpfygonf/
Figure (6.10) Mineral engine oil

2. Fully Synthetic Oil
Synthetic Oil onf "mwkaA'ppfppfNzpfom xkwfvkyfxm;NyD; tif*sif0dkifxJrSm taumif;qHk;
Nzpfygonf/ aps;vnf; ydkMuD;ygonf/
Figure (6.11) Fully Synthetic engine oil
3. Semi-synthetic oil
Semi-synthetic oil onf Fully Synthetic Oil ESifh Mineral Oil wdkhudk a&mpyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
Figure (6.12) Semi-Synthetic engine oil

4. High Mileage Oil

High Mileage Oil udk tif*sifttdt
k a[mif;awGrSm toHk;NyKzdkh aocsmxkwfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
Figure (6.13) High Mileage engine oil

tif*sif0dkifudk tif*sifxJrSm owfrSwfxm;wJh yrmP&Sdr&Sdudk ppfaq;&ygrnf/ um;ydkif&Sifrsm;?
um;armif;olrsm; rNzpfrae vkyf&ygrnf/ tif*sif0dkifavmufrS rppf&if um;tif*sifonf MumMumcHrnf
r[kwfyg/
Figure (6.14) Engine oil dipstick tif*sif0dkifudk

ppfaq;aom wkwfwH
tif*sif0dkifudk ppfaq;aom wkwfwHNzifh ppfaq;aomtcg tif*sif0dkifb,favmuf&Sdao;w,f?
b,favmufawmif npfnrf;aeNyDqdkwm odEdkifygonf/
tif*sif0dkifvJvS,fNcif;

tqifh(1) um;udk t&ifqHk; Car Lift Nzifh

aNrSmufwifvdkufyg/ um;u &yfxm;wm Mumygu
tif*sif0dkif rvJcif rSm pufudk cPESdk;NyD;
Nyef&yfvdkufyg/ tif*sif0dkifudk t&nfusJoGm;atmif
vkyfNcif;NzpfNyD; NrefNrefazmufxkwfEdkif atmifNzpfyg
onf/
tif*sif0dkifvJzdkh 'gav;awG vdkygw,f/

(1) tif*sif0dkifzpfwmNzKwfzdkh Rag
4
(2) Drain Plug udk NzKwfzdkh Wrench
(3) rsufpDudk umuG,fzdkh Safety Glass
1
(4) uawmheJh t0wfp
2
3
Drain Plug atmufrSm qDa[mif;udk cHzdkh Drain Plug NzKwfyg/

uawmheJh qDyHk;xm;yg/

Oil filter ta[mif;udk NzKwfyg/
oefh&Sif;a&;vkyfyg
Oil filter topf&Jh twGif;&pfudk qDenf;enf;okwfyg/
/

Oil Filter topfudk wyfyg/ Drain Plug udk oefh&Sif;a&;vkyfyg/
Drain Plug NyefwyfNyD; Oil Filter wyfNyD;&if

Drain Plug Nyefwyfyg/
um;udk um;vpfuae Nyefcsyg/
Oil Filler Cap udk zGifhyg/
tif*sif0dkiftopfudk xnfhyg/ um;xkwfvkyfolawG nTefMum;wJh yrmPxnfhNyD;&if dipstick

av;eJh wdkif;Munfhyg/

Oil Filler Cap udkNyefwyfyg/ dipstick

av;udkvnf; Nyefwyfvdkufyg/ tif*sifudk
pufESdk;Munfhyg/ tif*sif0dkif ,dkpdrfhrSk &Sd r&Sd
ppfaq;yg/ tif*sifylvmwJhtxdarmif;NyD;
pufNyef&yfyg/ dipstick av;u NyefqGJ,lNyD;
xyfppfyg/
6.4.2. Cooling System tif*siftat;ay;pepf xdef;odrf;NyKNyifay;Ncif;
Figure (6.15) Cooling System
Cooling System qdkonfrSm tif*sifonf tylNzifh tvkyfvkyf&aomaMumifh tat;ay;&efvdktyfyg

onf/ wpfvHk;xdk;qdkifu,ftif*sifawGudkawmh air cooling avNzifhtat;ay;Ncif;udk toHk;NyKNyD; um;tif*sifawG
udkawmh a&Nzifhtat;ay;Ncif; water cooling udk toHk;NyKygonf/ um;tif*sifrSmawmh system wpfckraumif;
&if aumif;aumif; tvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhygbl;/
Cooling System udkvnf; ppfaq;ay;&ygrnf/ a&ydkufawGu a&awG,dkhpdrfhaeovm;? a&wdkifuDu
a&,dkaevm; ppfaq;&ygrnf/ vdktyfygu topfvJvS,fay;&ygonf/ Coolant udkvnf; ppfaq;ay;&ygrnf/
enf;aeygu xyfNznfhay;&ygrnf/

Figure (6.16)) The level of coolant in the cooling system should be checked at the coolant recovery tank.
um;&yfNyD;NyD;csif; a&wdkifuDtzHk;udk csufcsif;rzGifhygeJh/ txJua&awGonf a&qlrSwfxuf ydkNyD;

ylaeNyD; wGef;ueftm; a&aEG;aiGhawG &Sdaeygonf/ ylaewkef;zGifhvdkufygu vuftyl
avmifwwfygonf/ tif*sifat;aomtcgrSom a&wdkifuDtzHk; (Radiator cap or Pressure
cap) udk zGifhyg/
Coolant
um;a&wdkifuDxJrSm Coolant bmaMumifhxnfhoHk;ovJqdkawmh tif*sifxJrSm vnfywfaeaom a&&Jh
*kPfowådawG wdk;vmapzdkh Nzpfygonf/ a&oD;oefhyJ xnfhoHk;r,fqdk&if trsm;odwJhtwdkif; a&&Jh*kPfowådawGu
212°F (100°C) rSm a&qlr,f 32°F (0°C) ) rSm a&cJr,f/ Coolant udk 67% eSifh a& 33% a&moHk;r,fqdk&if 235°F
(113°C) rSm a&qlr,f -92°F (-69°C) ) rSm a&cJr,f/
'Dcsyft& Coolant udk 100% xnfhoHk;
r,fqdk&if 229°F rSm a&qlr,f/
Figure (6.17) The relationship of the percentage of antifreeze in the coolant to the coolant’s freezing
and boiling points.
rsm;aomtm;Nzifh a&eSifh Coolant u 50% pD xnfhoHk;ygu taumif;qHk;NzpfaMumif; awGh&Sd&ygonf/

Coolant trsdK;tpm;av;rsdK;&Sdygonf/

(1) Ethylene glycol Coolant
vltoHk;trsm;qHk;NzpfNyD; ta&mifu tpdrf;a&mif &Sdygonf/
Figure (6.18) Ethylene glycol Coolant
(2) Propylene glycol Coolant
Figure (6.19) Propylene glycol Coolant
(3) Phosphate-free Coolant

Phosphate-free Coolant qdkonfrSm Ethylene glycol Coolant ESifhtrsdK;tpm;wlNyD; Phosphate
ryg0ifygbl;/
(4) Organic acid technology (OAT)
Figure (6.20) Organic acid technology (OAT) Coolant

Figure (6.21) 'Dvdka&a&mp&m rvdkwJh Coolant rsdK;vnf; aps;uGufrSm &dSygonf/

Coolant Condition
a&wdkifuDxJrSm Coolant b,favmuf&mcdkifESkef;&SdvJqdkwmudk coolant hydrometer ESifh wdkif;wmEdkifyg
onf/
Figure (6.22) A coolant hydrometer

Figure (6.23) Coolant xnfhxm;wJh a&wdkifuDu tckvdk tpdrf;a&mifa&awG awGh&rSm Nzpfygonf/
Figure (6.24)) To p p in g o f f t h e co o lin g syst em w itFigure

h a (6.25) Et h ylen e g lyco l is t h e m o st
50/50 m ixt u r e o f an t if r eeze an d w at er . co m m o n ly
u sed an t if r eeze/co o lan t an d is g r een in co lo r .
OAT co o lan t is o r an g e an d is o f t en r ef er r ed t o
b y a b r an d n am e “DEX-COOL.”

Refractometer
Figure (6.26) A Refractometer

Refractometer qdkonfrSm Coolant taNctaeudk wdkif;wmwJh ud&d,mav; Nzpfygonf/ b,fx&D&Jh
electrolyte &Jh Specific Gravity udkvnf; wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/
Figure (6.27) Measuring antifreeze and battery electrolyte levels with a refractometer.
Drive Belts
qdkonfrSm shaft wpfacsmif;uae wpfacsmif;udk tm;ydkh&ef toHk;NyKygonf/
Drive Belt Belt MudK;awG
aumif;raumif; ppfaq;zdkh vdktyfNyD; raumif;ygu topfvJay;zdkh vdktyfygonf/

Figure (6.28) A serpentine drive belt.
Figure (6.29) Drive belt MudK;awG ysufpD;yHk

Belt MudK;awGudk ppfaq;Ncif;
Belt MudK;awG&Jh oufwrf;u rsm;aomtm;Nzifh av;ESpfavmufyJ cHEdkif&nf &Sdygonf/ taMumif;trsdK;
rsdK;aMumifh av;ESpfavmufrcHwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdygonf/ Belt MudK;awGudk yHkrSefppfaq;zdkh vdktyfygonf/ ysufpD;aewJh
vu©PmawGh&if topfvJay;&ygrnf/
Belt Tension MudK;wif;tm;udk ppfaq;Ncif;

Belt MudK;awGonf rwif;vGef;? ravsmhvGef;taetxm;Nzifhom tm;awGudk o,fydkh&mwGif tqiftaNy
qHk; Nzpfygonf/ MudK;wif;tm;udk ppfaq;&ef ylvDESpfcktMum; t&SnfqHk;ae&mu MudK;udk qGJMunhfyg/ vufr0uf
avmufa&GhoGm;ygu Belt MudK;udk NyefvnfcsdefnSdhzdkh vdktyfygonf/ tif*sifxkwfxkyfolawGu MudK;wiftm; b,f
avmufxm;&r,fqdkwm twdtus az:Nyxm;ygu Belt Tension Gauge Nzifh wdkif;wmcsdefnSd&ygonf/
Figure (6.30) Belt Tension Gauge Nzifh wdkif;wmaeyHk
Figure (6.31) Belt Tension Gauge

Figure (6.32) Belt drive detail
aemufydkif;tif*sifrsm;wGif Ribbed V-belt awG toHk;NyKvmNyD; Automatic tensioning pulley awG

toHk;NyKvmwmaMumifh Belt Tension NyefvnfcsdefnSdhzdkh rvdktyfawmhyg/
Belt Replacement
Belt MudK;raumif;&if
topfvJ&ygrnf/ tu,fí MudK;wpfacsmif;xufydkygu wpfacsmif;vJ&if MudK;
tm;vHk; vJay;&ygrnf/ topfvJwJhMudK;onf MudK;ta[mif;ESifhwlzdkh ta&;MuD;ygonf/
Figure (6.33) Belt MudK;ta[mif;ESifhtopfudk aocsmppfaq;&ygrnf/
Drive belt MudK;ppfaq;Ncif;? NzKwfNcif;? topfNyefwyfNcif;ESifh csdefnSdhNcif;
MudK;&JhtwGif;tNyifESpfzufvHk;udk ppfaq;yg/ b,fae&mrSm ysufpD;aeovJ &SmMunfhyg/

b,fae&mrSm yGef;yJhaeovJ &SmMunfhyg/ Belt MudK;topfvJzdkh Generator ylvDNzpfNzpf? tensioner

NzpfNzpf avsmhay;&ygrnf/
Belt MudK;topfvJzdkh Generator ylvDNzpfNzpf? MudK;wif;tm;avsmhoGm;&if MudK;udk NzKwfvdkufyg/

tensioner NzpfNzpf avsmhay;yg/
Belt MudK;ta[mif;ESifhtopfudk aocsmppfaq;yg/ tif*sif&Jh b,ftpdwftydkif;awGudk Belt MudK;csdwf

qufrvJ Munfhyg/

Belt MudK;topfcsdwf&mwGif
b,fylvDNyD; b,fylvDudk avsmhxm;wJh Generator ylvD (odkh) tensioner udk
csdwfrvJqdkwm tif*sifxkwfvkyfolnTefMum;csuft Nyefwif;NyD; MudK;wif;tm;oufa&mufvmatmif
wdkif; wyfqifyg/ wGef;wifyg/
Belt Deflection udk Span t&SnfqHk;ae&mrSm Belt Generator ylvD (odkh) tensioner udk Muyfay;yg/
Tension Gauge Nzifh wdkif;wmyg/ vdktyfygu
Generator ylvD (odkh) tensioner udk Adjust vkyfyg/
tif*sifudk pufESdk;MunfhNyD; Belt MudK; tvkyfvkyfyHkudk ppfaq;Munfhyg/
Battery bufx&D
um;wpfpD;wGif bufx&Donf vQyfppfpGrf;tif&&Sdzdkh t"dupGrf;tift&if;tNrpfNzpfNyD; bufx&Dudk yHkrSef
ppfaq;ay;zdkh vdktyfygonf/

Figure (6.34) A really dirty battery.
Transmission Fluid atmfwdk*D,m0dkif

Transmission Fluid udk Autoum;awGrSm xnfhay;zdkh vdktyfygonf/ qD&Jhta&mifonf teDa&mif
Nzpfygonf/ um;xkwfvkyfolnTef;qdkaom atmfwdk*D,m0dkiftrsdK;tpm;udk aocsmxnfhzdkh vdktyfygonf/ rSm;,Gif;
xndhrdygu yHkrSefr[kwfomtoHrsm;xGufum tNcm;Nyóemrsm; Nzpfay:apygonf/
Figure (6.35) A Transmission Fluid Can
Transmission Fluid ppfaq;yHk
Transmission Fluid udk ppfaq;&ef tif*sifylae&rSmNzpfNyD; um;u Level nDaezdkh vdkygonf/ Parking
b&dwfudk qGJxm;NyD; tif*sifudk vDAmreif;yJ pufudk ESdk;xm;yg/ tif*sif&JhaemufzufrSm&SdwJh dipstick udk qGJxkwf
vdkufyg/ qD Level edrfhae&ifawmh qDxyfNznfhay;yg/

Transmission Fluid (atmfwdk*D,m0dkif)udk rSm;,Gif;rxnfhrdap&ef t&rf;ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
Power-Steering Fluid
Power-Steering Fluid Al;av;udk Power-Steering Pump em;rSm &Sdygonf/ tzHk;udkzGifhNyD; Fluid Level
udk ppfaq;yg/ tif*sifylaewJhtcg (puf&yfNyD;cgp) wdkif;wmygu Level twdtus &ygonf/

Automotive Technology

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Automotive Technology

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Automotive Technology

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 1

Chapter (1) Automotive Systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………4

Chapter (2) Hand Tools and Shop Equipment………………………………………………………………………………13

Chapter (3) Automotive Engine Designs and Diagosis…………………………………………………………………. 54

Chapter (4) Diagnostic Equipment and Special Tools………………………………………………………………….. 65

Chapter (5) Working Safety in the Shop………………………………………………………………………………………112

Chapter (6) Preventive Maintanence and Basic Services……………………………………………………………..124

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 2

Automotive Technology pmtkyfudk JACK ERJAVEC a&;om;aom Automotive Technology A

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 3

1.1. THE BASIC ENGINE

Figure (1-1) qvif'gav;vHk;um;tif*sifyHk

1.1.1. Cylinder Block (qvif'gvavmuf)

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 4

Figure (1-2) qvif'g&SpfvHk;ygaom tif*sifbavmufyHk

1.1.2. Cylinder Head (qvif'g[uf)

Figure (1-3) qvif'gbavmuf? qvif'g[ufyHk

1.1.3. Piston (ypfpwif)

Figure (1-4) ypfpwifyHk

1.1.4. Connecting Rods and Crankshaft

1.1.5. Valve Train

Figure (1-6) tNyma&mifonf tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;NzpfNyD; teDa&mifonf tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;Nzpfygonf/

1.2. ENGINE SYSTEMS

1.2.1. Lubrication System

Figure (1-7) Oil flow in a typical engine’s lubrication system

1.2.2. Cooling System

Figure (1-8) A typical engine cooling system

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 7

Figure (1-9) The intake system for a V-10 Engine

1.2.4. Emission Control System

1.2.4.1. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System

1.2.4.2. Evaporative Emission Control System

1.2.4.3. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System

1.2.4.4. Catalytic Converter

1.2.4.5. Air Injection System

1.3. Exhaust System

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 8

Figure (1-10) A typical exhaust system on a late-model car

1.4. Electricl and Electronic Systems

1.4.1. Ignition System

1.4.1.1. Crankshaft Position Sensor

1.4.2. Starting and Charging System

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 9

Figure (1-12) A typical starting system

pufESdk;vdkufwJhtwGuf b,fx&Duyg0gu usoGm;ygNyD/ b,fx&Dutm;udk Ignition System twGuf

Figure (1-13) The major components of a late-model AC generator

1.4.3. Electronic Engine Controls (ECM)

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 10

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 11

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 12

2.1. MEASURING SYSTEMS wdkif;wmenf;pepfrsm;

Description Imperial Unit (tify&D&,fpepf) Metric Unit (rpfx&pfpepf)

txufyg,lepfESpfrsdK;wGif rpfx&pfpepfudk ydkNyD;toHk;rsm;vmMuygonf/ ¤if;pepfonf q,fvDpdwf

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 13

Fig (2.2) Common automotive threaded fasteners

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 14

Fig (2.4) Basic terminology for bolt identification

Table (2.1) Standard Bolt Head Sizes

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 15

Fig (2.5) Bolt grade markings

bkwfacsmif;&Jh *&dwfudk tvG,fwulodapEdkif&ef bkwfacgif;wGif eHygwfyg&Sdygonf/ tJh'DeHygwfrSm

Table (2-1) Standard Nut Strength Markings