Visvesvaraya Technological University: (Electrical Power Generation From Hydro Powerplant)

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”
Belagavi, Karanataka-590018
INTERNSHIP ON
“TUNGABHADRA DAM POWER HOUSE’’
(ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION FROM HYDRO POWERPLANT)
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
NAMES USN
Akhila V K 2LG20EE400
Akshatha 2LG20EE401
Nikhat U 2LG20EE413
Shwetha L S 2LG20EE423
T Shivakumar 2LG20EE427
Unaiza Naaz Kausar 2LG20EE429
Sangamesh N Hiremath 2LG19EE019
Praveen Rathod 2LG19EE011
Pujar Mariyappa 2LG19EE012
Mallikarjun Patil 2LG19EE006
Rajesh Kumar 2LG19EE013
Under the Guidance of
Mr. KARTHIK T
ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
TBHES, TB DAM, TB BOARD
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TALAKAL KOPPAL 583238
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TALAKAL KOPPAL 583238
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING 2022-2023
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the internship report on “TUNGABHADRA DAM POWER HOUSE” (ELECTRICAL
POWER GENERATION FROM HYDRO POWER PLANT) is a bonafied work carried out by Akhila V K (2LG20EE400),
Akshatha (2LG20EE401), Nikhat U (2LG20EE413), Shwetha L S (2LG20EE423), T Shivakumar (2LG20EE427), Unaiza Naaz
Kousar (2LG20EE429), Sangamesh Hiremath (2LG19EE019), Praveen Rathod (2LG19EE011), Pujar Mariyappa
(2LG19EE012), Mallikarjun Patil (2LG19EE006), Rajesh Kumar (2LG19EE013) of Government College of Engineering
TALAKAL in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineeringof the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that
all corrections and suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The Internship report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the University for the Award of Bachelor of
Engineering degree.
Signature of principal
Dr. Virupaxi Bagodi
Principal
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Mr. Karthik T Dr.Rajshekar
Assistant Executive Engineer Professor, Dept of EEE
TBHES, TB DAM, TB BOARD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to convey our hearty thanks to PDIT COLLEGE for giving us the right platform for our
engineering studies and help us complete the Internship work.
We are deeply indebted to our Principal Dr. Virupaxi Bagodi Government College of Engineering Talakal
for giving us the necessary encouragement and guidance.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Rajshekar H.O.D, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engg., Government College of Engineering Talakal for providing us with the motivation, confidence and support
required for completing this Internship work.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Karthik T, AEE (Assistant Executive Engineer), TBHES, TB DAM,
TB Board for their valuable guidance, constant encouragement, support and suggestions for improvement.
We express our deep and sincere gratitude to Department of Electrical and Electronics, Government College
of engineering, Talakal, which provided us an opportunity in fulfilling our most cherished desire of reaching our
goals.
We are also thankful to all the members both teaching and non-teaching staff of EEE dept., GEC TALAKAL
We take this opportunity to extend our full-hearted thanks, gratitude and respect to our parents, all our friends
and well-wishers, for giving us their valuable advice and support at all times and in all possible ways, and without
whom it would not have been possible to successfully complete our internship work.
i
ABSTRACT
This report presents about the knowledge gained during the internship program at Tungabhadra Hydro Power
Plant, Hosapete.
The dam creates the biggest reservoir on the Tungabhadra River with 101 thousand million cubic feet (tmc) of
gross storage capacity at full reservoir level 498m MSL, and a water spread area of 378 square kilometres.
The Tungabhadra Dam is constructed across the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. The
Power project was completed in 1964 and it starts its operations in the same year itself. The power house has four
Turbines and capacity per each turbine is 9 Megawatt. The manufacturer of Turbine Type is Kaplan. The manufacturer
of Turbine of Unit 1 and Unit 2 is by the Switzerland Company called Escher Wyss and the manufacturer of Turbine
of third and fourth units is by the Japan Company, Hitachi.
The Tungabhadra dam is constructed across the Tungabhadra river a tributary of the Krishna river .The dam is
near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka .It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation ,electricity generation ,flood
control etc .This is a joint project erstwhile Hyderabad state and erstwhile Madras presidency when the construction
was started; later it became a joint project of Karnataka and Andrapradesh after its completion in 1953.The dam
creates the biggest reservoir on the Tungabhadra river with 101 thousand million cubic feet(tmc)of gross storage
capacity at full reservoir level (FRL)498 m MSL,and a water spread area of 378square km the dam is 49.5 meters high
above its deepest foundation.
The manufacturer of Generator of first and second units of power plant is by the BBC Swiss, whereas the
generators of third and fourth units are manufactured by Toshiba Japan. There are four units in operation and all the
four units are commissioned. The Unit Size of power plant is 4 units of 9 Megawatt each.
ii
DECLARATION
I am N CHANDRASHEKAR , students Bachelor of Engineering, PDIT COLLEGE - Hosapete, hereby declare
that the Internship work entitled “TUNGABHADRA DAM POWER HOUSE” (ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION FROM HYDRO POWER PLANT) submitted to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, during
the academic year 2022-2023, is a record of an original work done under the guidance of Mr. Karthik T, AEE
(Assistant Executive Engineer), TBHES, TB DAM, TB Board.
This Internship work is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of
Engineering. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the
award of any degree.
Date: N CHANDRASHEKAR
Place: HOSAPETE [ 3PG19EE011 ]
iii
CONTENT
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Declaration iii
Content iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
SL.NO Chapter PG.NO
1 Introduction
1.1 History 1
1.1.1 Technical Details 1
1.2 Dam Construction 2
1.2.1 A timeline of the construction of the dam 3
1.3 Dam Power House 4
1.4 Reservoir 4
1.5 Catchment Area 5
1.6 Control Gate 6
2 Generation Unit
2.1 Major Components of Generation Unit 7
2.1.1 Generator 7
2.1.2 Turbine 9
2.1.3 Butterfly Valve 10
2.1.4 Penstock 12
2.1.5 Governor 13
2.2 Working Principle of Hydro Electric Power Plant 14
2.3 Technical Particulars of Turbine and Generator For 1st and 2nd Stages 15
2.3.1 Salient features of the dam 15
2.3.2 Hydrology of the dam 16
2.3.3 Turbine specification 16
2.3.4 Commissioning Details 17
3 Transmission Unit
3.1 Major Components of Transmission Unit 18
iv
3.1.1 Transformer 18
3.1.1 Instrument Transformer 19
3.1.2 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 21
3.1.3 Isolators 21
3.1.4 Bus bars 22
3.1.5 Insulators 23
3.1.6 Conductors 23
3.1.7 Transmission Line 23
3.1.8 Lightning Arresters 25
3.1.9 Underground Cables 26
3.1.10 Earthing 28
3.2 Single Line Diagram of Power House 28
3.2.1 Transmission and Distribution 29
3.2.2 Sharing of Power 30
3.2.3 Water Drawn for Generation 30
3.2.4 Power Utilization 30
3.2.5 Ballari Substation 30
4 Control and Protection System
4.1 Control and Protection Boards 32
4.1.1 Metal enclosed switchgear 33
4.1.2 Station power supply facilities 33
4.1.3 Auxiliary systems 34
4.2 Protection Systems of TBDPH 34
4.2.1 Overload Relay 34
4.2.2 Over current Relay 36
4.3 Circuit Breakers 36
4.3.1 SF6 Circuit breaker 36
4.3.2 Technical specification for 66KV SF6 circuit breaker 37
4.3.3 General design features of circuit breaker 37
4.3.4 Breaking capacity 37
4.3.5 Restricting voltage 38
4.3.6 Recovery voltage and power factor 38
4.4 Advantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plant 39
4.5 Disadvantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plant 39
4.6 Applications of Hydro=Electric Power Plant 39
5 Conclusion 40
References 41
v
List of Figures
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Tungabhadra Dam 1
1.2 Cross sectional view of TB dam power house 2
1.3 Dam Power 3
1.4 Reservoir of TB dam 5
2.1.1 Generator [9MW] 7
2.1.2(a) Kaplan turbine 9
2.1.2(b) Specifications of turbine 10
2.1.3 Butterfly valve 11
2.1.4 Penstocks 12
2.1.5 Governor used in power house 13
2.2 Working principle of hydro electric power plant 15
3.1.1 Transformer (11KV/66KV) 19
3.1.2(a) Current transformer(66KV) 19
3.1.2(b) Potential transformer 20
3.1.3 Capacitor voltage transformer 21
3.1.4 Isolator 22
3.1.8 Transmission line 24
3.1.9 Lightning arresters 25
3.1.10 Underground power cables 26
3.2 Single line diagram of power house 28
3.2.1 Transmission and distribution 29
4.1 Control room 32
4.1.1 Switch gears 33
vi
4.1.2 Battery room 34
4.2.1 Overload Relay 35
4.3.1 SF6 Circuit breaker 37
vii
List of Tables
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.2.1 Timeline of the construction of the dam 3
2.1.1 Type and rating of generator 8
2.3.1 Salient features of the dam 15
2.3.2 Hydrology of the dam 16
2.3.3 Turbine specifications 16
2.3.4 Commissioning Details 17
viii
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION FROM HYDRO POWERPLANT 2022-2023
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
History
The Tungabhadra dam also known as Pampa Sagar is constructed across the Tungabhadra
River, a tributary of the Krishna River, the dam is in Hosapete, Ballari district of Karnataka it is
a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control etc. It‘s the only
noncement and concrete dam in the country and has withstood the test of time for over 70 years
and may well cross many more decades. The in-charge engineer en-visioned it as being built
with a large contingent of manual lab. The main contractor for the dam was Venkat Reddy, from
Konour village, Andra Pradesh.
Figure 1.1: Tungabhadra Dam
Technical Details
The dam creates the biggest reservoir on the Tungabhadra River with 101 tmcft of gross
storage capacity at full reservoir level (FRL) 498 m MSL, and water spread area of 378 square
kilo metes. The dam is 49.39 meters high above its deepest foundation. 33 crest gates The left
canals emanating from the reservoir supplies water for irrigation entirely in Karnataka state. Two
right bank canals are constructed one at low level and the other at high level serving irrigation in
Karnataka and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Hydropower units are installed on canal
DEPT. OF E&E, PDIT – HOSAPETE Page 1

drops. The reservoir water is used to supply water to downstream barrages Rajolibanda and
Sunkesula located on the Tungabhadra River. The identified water use from the project is 220
tmcft by the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh got 151 tmcft and
79 tmcft water use entitlement respectively.
Dam Construction
Figure 1.2: Cross sectional view of T B dam power house

Excavation in the riverbed was started in 1947 and masonry construction started on 15th
April 1949. With help of a cofferdam constructed earlier, foundation excavation was continued
during flood season also. The river bed portion was tackled during the summer of 1950 (1949–
50). Masonry in the riverbed blocks was started in the year 1951. Thereafter there was vigorous
progress in the construction work. By October 1953 the structures were completed substantially
enabling the storage of water in the reservoir up to +1613.00 ft. Acquisition of lands and villages
and rehabilitation of persons displaced from the water spread area up to 1630 ft contour were
completed by September, 1953 in all respects. About 90 villages and 54,452 people were
affected. The balance of the works namely the spillway, bridge road on the top of the dam,
construction of utility tower, manufacture of crest grates for storing water up to 1633 level were
completed in all respects by the end of June 1958. The cost of dam and appurtenant works was

Rs. 16.96 cores. The water was led down into the canal on the 1st of July 1953 to derive partial
benefits. Power Canal works started in June 1954 and were completed by May 1957.The project
submitted by M. S. TirumaleI yengar in 1942 for Low Level Canal was accepted by Government
of Madras with certain modifications fixing sill level at RL 1550 ft. The Low Level Canal
excavation was completed by 1953 up to Mile 173. The balance portion of canal from Mile 173
to 203 that had to be excavated by the GOAP was completed by the end of March 1957.
A timeline of the construction of the dam

Table 1.2.1: Timeline of the construction of the dam
Foundation excavation Completed by June 1952
Masorry Completed by October 1953
Drilling and Grouting Completed by August 1955
Crest Gates, embedded part Completed by February 1955
Spilway shutters Completed by June 1955
Operation bridges Completed by February 1956
Counterweight erection Completed by January 1957
Hoists Completed by January 1957
Gate House Completed by June 1957
Utility Tower Completed by June 1958
The Tungabhadra Hydro Electric Scheme was undertaken in the composite Madras State
in the post war period under the first five-year plan in the year 1950. The work on the project was
taken up in the year 1951 but no appreciable progress was achieved till the end of the year 1953.
During 1957 two units of 9 MW each at Dam Power House were installed and in 1958 two units
of 9MW each were installed at Hampi Power House. Thus the first stage of the scheme was
completed in 1958 and the second stage under this scheme was taken up in the year 1959. The
plant erection was started in the Dam Power House in Nov.1962 and in the Hampi Power House
in February `1963. Under stage II units 3 and 4 of both, Dam Power House and Hampi Power
House started functioning by June 1964.

Dam Power House

Dam Power House is located at the foot of the dam. The gross head available at dam
powerhouse for generation of power varies from 13m to 26.8m (43ft to 88ft). The four turbines
are connected with four steel penstocks, each of 3.3m (11 ft.) dia, to the reservoir through
butterfly valves. In the first stage, two units each of 9 MW were commissioned on 23rd May 1957
The two units each of 9 MW of second stage were commissioned on 26th February 1964 and 17th
June 1964. The total installed capacity of Dam Power House is 36 MW.
Figure 1.3: Dam power house

The main objective of the project being irrigation, electricity generation is dependent on
the water releases made for irrigation requirements and to canal. Water releases vary from time to
time as pre irrigation demands furnished by the states. During rainy season, especially when the
reservoir is nearing 1633ft overflowing, full generation of 36MW is feasible at the dam power
house drawing water of 5600cusecs 153cucsecs.with maximum differential head of 88 ft.(26.8m).
Reservoir
Reservoir is the prime requirement of hydro electric power plant where the water is
stored for power generation and the stored water is used to run the turbines. Tungabhadra
reservoir has a storage capacity of 101TMC with Catchment area spreading to 28000 square kms.
TB Dam is about 49.5 meters in height and has about 33 crest gates.

Figure 1.4: Reservoir of TB Dam

The Tungabhadra reservoir popularly known as ‗Lake view‘ by all the youngsters
around, has now been attracting tourists because of its serenity and peaceful winds hustling
throughtout, blessing people with happiness and a sense of calmness because of the increased
water levels.
The reservoir has been seeing an inflow of 43,407 cusecs of water. Since last week, an
increased inflow of water in the reservoir is being recorded, said G Nagamohan, the chief
Secretary of the Tungabhadra Dam Governing Council.
Last year this day, 35,138 cusecs of water were recorded. The inflow to the dam has
seen a drastic increase when compared to last year. The farmers depending on the water from the
Tungabhadra reservoir for irrigation purposes have been joyful too. The increase in the tourist
numbers has been fascinating since it is popularizing the ‗littli beach‘ vibes near hosapete. The
water from Tungabhardra has become the life-giving source to many living beings and farmers in
Gangavati, Koppal, Raichur, Ballari and Vijanagara Districts.
Catchment Area
It is the area of the land where rain water is stored behind the dam and it is called the
catchment area of the dam. The catchment area of the Tungabhadra river basin, up to its
confluence with the Krishna in Telangana, is 71,417 sq.km which is 27.6% of the area of the
Krishna Basin (259,077sq.km).

Control Gate
Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock to the turbine. The
amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a control gate. A
barrier that regulates water released from a reservoir to the power generation unit.

CHAPTER 2
GENERATION UNIT
Major Compnents of Generation Unit
 Generator
 Turbine
 Butterfly Valve
 Penstock
 Governor
Generator :
The existing generator in Umami Stage II TBDPH with capacity of 10.6MVA at a
power factor of0.85(lagging) was upgraded to a capacity of 12MVA at power factor of 0.9
(lagging) so that turbine could deliver maximum output of 10.5MW in this R, M & U Works. The
major parts of generator except the existing generator main shaft, rotor rim, stator frame, bearing
brackets, and base block for stator are replaced with the new ones based on the latest design.
Figure 2.1.1: Generator [9mw]

Type and Rating of Generator:

Table 2.1.1: Type and Rating of Generator
Number of installed Four (4)
Type of Generator Vertical shaft, Kaplan turbine driven, alternating
current synchronous generator.
Rated Output 9 MVA
Rated Power Factor 0.9 lagging
Rated Frequency 50 Hz
No. of phases Three (3)
Rated Voltage 11 KV
Rated Speed 214.28 rpm
Direction of Rotation Clockwise viewed from top
Runnaway speed 780 mim-1
Stator winding connection Star (Y)
Excitation system :
Definition: The system which is used for providing the necessary field current to the rotor winding of
the synchronous machine, such type of system is called an excitation system. In other words,
excitation system is defined as the system which is used for the production of the flux by passing
current in the field winding.
The main requirement of an excitation system:
 Reliability under all conditions of service.

 A simplicity of control.
 Ease of maintenance.
 Stability and fast transient response.

Types of Excitation System:
The excitation system is mainly classified into three types. They are
1. DC Excitation System
2. AC Excitation System
 Rotor Excitation System

 Brushless Excitation System
3. Static Excitation System
Turbine :
A Turbine is a device that harness the kinetic energy of some fluid such as water,
steam, air, combustion gases and turns into the rotational motion of the device itself.
KAPLAN TURBINE
Figure 2.1.2(a): Kaplan turbine
The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working
fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is recovered
from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water. The design
combines features of radial and axial turbines. The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around

the turbine‘s wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a
propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps to
decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy. The turbine does not need to be at the lowest
point of water flow as long as the draft tube remains full of water. A higher turbine location,
however, increases the suction that is imparted on the turbine blades by the draft tube. The
resulting pressure drop may lead to cavitation. Variable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine
blades allows efficient operation for a range of flow conditions. Kaplan turbine efficiencies are
typically over 90%, but may be lower in very low head applications. Current are as of research
include CFD driven efficiency improvements and new designs that raise survival rates of fish
passing through. Because the propeller blades are rotated on high-pressure hydraulic oil bearings,
a critical element of Kaplan design is to maintain a positive seal to prevent emission of oil into the
waterway. Discharge of oil into rivers is not desirable because of the waste of resources and
resulting ecological damage. In dam power house vertical Kaplan turbine is used with a speed of
214 RPM.
Figure 2.1.2 (b): Specifications of Turbine

Butterfly valve:
The purpose of a butterfly valve is to regulate or isolate the flow of different type of
fluid, gas or solid material and they have applications across several industries.
What characterizes most of the butterfly valves used on dams and hydroelectric plants is
their significant dimension and subsequently the very high pressure that the valves have to

withstand.These characteristics require a state-of-the-art manufacturing production to ensure the

safe functioning of the valve during its operation.
Figure 2.1.3: Butterfly Valve
The flow control happens through the rotation of a disc that is positioned on the center
of the pipe. The rotation is achieved by the action of a mechanical or electric actuator that rotates
a lever connected to the trunnion which moves the shutter. The rotation of the trunnion entails the
turn of the disc which can be either perpendicular or parallel to the flow.
Applications of Butterfly Valves:

Independently on the applications, the butterfly valve is used to interrupt the flow of a
product. The main applications of these types of valves are in the pharmaceutical, chemical and
food industry or in the water flow control in dams and hydroelectric power plants. In the latter
two applications, butterfly valves are either used with a control function or a protection function.
These valves are used with a control function in the regulation of the water intake at the
bottom of outlet lines on the water side of dams or in gravity lines leading to hydro-power plants.
Alternatively, these valves are used as a safety protection to allow maintenance to other sections

of the site of the dam or the power plant thanks to their on-off effect to the water flow. More
specifically, butterfly valves are frequently exploited as a protection for the penstock, the turbine
and the water discharge line.
Penstock:
A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed
pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. The term is inherited from the
earlier technology of mill ponds and watermills.
A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the turbine.
Potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down through the
penstock due to gravity.
Figure 2.1.4: Penstocks
Penstocks are pipes or long channels that carry water down from the
hydroelectric reservoir to the turbines inside the actual power station. Generally, they are made of
steel and water under high pressure flows through the penstock. They are a vital component of
a hydroelectric facility that allows water to move to the turbine. Grates or filters can be attached
to the ends of penstocks to trap large debris such as branches. This ensures that debris cannot
enter the channel and block it.
The amount of water that is allowed to flow through the penstock can be controlled with
a sluice, which is simply a gate that can be raised and lowered to increase or decrease the amount
of water allowed to flow through. When the sluice is fully open, water flows freely down through
the penstock. However, when it is closed slightly there is a limitation to how much water can
flow, and thus less water enters the penstock.
It is important to be able to control the amount of water that can enter the penstock for a
number of reasons, mainly because it allows people to regulate the amount of water that exits the
penstocks at the other end. During dry seasons, penstocks are generally allowed to be wide open
to allow water through, while they are closed partially during wet seasons to prevent flooding.
Containment ponds are generally built before the entrance to the penstock to hold water that isn't
being let through the penstock. If these were not constructed, the water build-up would put
additional pressure on the sluice. As well, the ability to close off the penstocks ensures that they
can be regularly inspected, serviced, and repaired. The penstocks generally require regular
cleanings to remove debris. During these cleanings, holes, cracks, and other problems can be
discovered and fixed. This helps prevent catastrophic dam failures.
Governor:
A speed limited or controller device used to measure and regulate the speed of the
machine such as engine. Centrifugal governor is used to control the speed of the turbines shaft. It
works on the principle of balancing centrifugal force of the rotating balls. Here in Tb Dam power
house uses a centrifugal pendulum type governor.
Figure 2.1.5: Governor Used in Power House

Working Principle of Hydro Electric Power Plant

Hydroelectric power is developed from Hydroelectric Power Plant or Hydroelectric
Power Station. It develops hydroelectricity to utilize the potential energy of water. In
hydroelectric power plant, water is stored in a dam called hydroelectric dam which is located
upper level from the ground especially any hilly areas. Water head is created by construction the
dam across any river or lake. This type of water head store huge potential energy. The water fall
into water turbine and the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy. This kinetic
energy is converted into mechanical energy at the turbine shaft. A hydroelectric generator or
alternator is coupled with turbine shaft to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The
power P is developed-
Here,
W = Specific weight of water in kg/m3
Q = Rate of flow of water in m3/s
H = Height of fall or head in meters
η = Overall effiency of operation

Hydroelectric power plant is becoming very popular nowadays to full feel rapid
increasing demand of electric power day by day. Every country is trying to develop more Hydro
Electric Power Station to full fill their demand for electricity. In other hand fossils, fuels ( i.e.
coal,oil, and gas) are limited stock in the world and these fuels are expensive. So hydroelectricity
may be a good alternative electrical source. So in a single word we can say, a generating Station
which utilizes the potential energy of high-level water for the generating of electrical energy is
known as hydropower plant or hydroelectric power plant.
It depends on the conversion of hydraulic energy into electrical energy to get this hydro
electricity, hydroelectric power plant needs some arrangements for proper working an efficiency.
The block diagram of hydro electric power plant is shown below.

.
Figure 2.2: Working principle of hydro electric power plant
Hydroelectric power station needs huge amount of water at sufficient head all the time.
So a hydro electric dam is constructed across the river or lake .An artificial storage reservoir
where water is stored, is placed back side of the dam. This reservoir creates sufficient water head.
A pressure tunnel is placed in between the reservoir to valve house and water is coming from
reservoir to penstock via this tunnel. An automatic controlling sluice valve is placed in valve
house and it controls water flow to the power station and the letter cuts off supply of water in case
the penstock bursts. Penstock is a huge steel pipe in which water is taken from valve house to
turbine. A surge tank is also provided just before the valve house for better regulation of water
pressure in the system. Now water turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy and
an alternator which is couple to the water turbine converts this mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
Technical Particulars of Turbines & Generators For 1ST & 2ND

Stages
Salient Features of the dam:
Table 2.3.1: Salient Features of the dam
Location Mallapuram 6KM from Hospet in Ballari
Dist. Karnataka State.
Category Multi-purpose river Valley project

Capacity 4 x9MW=36MW
Designed capacity 36MW.

River Tungabhadra(Tributary of River Krishna)

Dam Tungabhadra
No. of Units 4Nos.
Annual Energy Potential 190
Cost of KW installed Rs. 1174/-
Hydrology of the dam:

Table 2.3.2: Hydrology of the dam
Reservoir Tungabhadra
Catchment Area 10880Sq.Miles
Max. flood discharge 3,30,000Cusecs
Live Storage 101TMCFt.
Gross Storage 132TMCFt.
Dead Storage 1.158TMCFt.
Generation per TMC 2MU
Design Head 88Ft.
Gross head Max./Min 88Ft./38Ft.
Net Head Max./Min. 27Mts. /11.5Mts.
Full Reservoir level(FRL) 1633.00Ft.
Min. Draw Down Level(MDDL) 1582.00Ft.
Tail Race water level 1545.00Ft.
Design Disc. Through Machine 43.9 Cusecs (1550) Ct./Sec
Turbine Specification:
Table 2.3.3: Turbine Specifications
Turbine Stage– I(I&II) Stage–II(III&IV)
a)Type Vertical Kaplan Vertical Kaplan
b)Make Escherwyss Switzerland Hitachi, Japan
c)Net Head 88feet 88feet

d) Rated Output 12500BHP(83Ft.) 12500BHP

e)Max. Output 13800BHP(88Ft.)
f)Normal Speed 214RPM 214RPM
g)Runway speed 590RPM 622RPM
Comissioning Details:
Table 2.3.4: Comissioning Details
Unit-1 26thJanuary1957
Unit-2 23rdmay1957
Unit-3 19thFebruary1964
Unit-4 19thJune1964

CHAPTER 3
TRANSMISSION UNIT
Major Components of Transmission Unit
 Transformer
 Instrument Transformer
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
 Isolators
 Busbars
 Insulators
 Conductors
 Transmission Line
 Lightning Aresters
 Underground Cables
 Earthing
Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating current
circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down)
the voltage. It works on the principle of magnetic induction. The core of the transformer works to
direct the path of the magnetic field between the primary and secondary coils to prevent wasted
energy. Once the magnetic field reaches the secondary coil, it forces the electrons within it to
move, creating an electric current via Electro Motive Force (EMF).
The existing main transformers in Umami Stage II HEPP were replaced by new main
transformer with rating of 3-phase step-up oil immersed with external heat exchangers Suitable
for outdoor services in the climate conditions at site as given in ―Special Conditions of Contract‖,
and ONAF rating, and ONAN rating when the transformer is operated with the power less than 80
% of the rated capacity.

Figure 3.1.1: Transformer (11KV/ 66KV)
Instrument Transformer:
Instruments transformer are of two types
 Current Transformer (C.T)

 Potential Transformer (P.T)
Current Transformer:
Figure 3.1.2(a): Current Transformer (66 KV)

Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system to a lower level to
make it feasible to be measured by small rating Ammeter (i.e. 5A ammeter). A typical connection
diagram of a current transformer. Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar
primary is also used. Primary is connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore, sometimes
it also called series transformer. The secondary is having large no. of turns. Secondary is
connected directly to an ammeter. As the ammeter is having very small resistance. Hence, the
secondary of current transformer operates almost in short circuited condition. One terminal of
secondary is earthed to avoid the large voltage on secondary with respect to earth. Which in turns
reduce the chances of insulation breakdown and also protect the operator against high voltage.
More ever before disconnecting the ammeter, secondary is short circuited through a switch ‗S‘ as
shown in Figureure above to avoid the high voltage build up across the secondary.
Potential Transformer:
Figure 3.1.2(b): Potential Transformer
Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system to a lower level
to make is feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V voltmeter. A typical
connection diagram of a potential transformer. Primary of P.T. is having large no. of turns.
Primary is connected across the line (generally between on line and earth). Hence, sometimes it is
also called the parallel transformer. Secondary of P.T. is having few turns and connected directly
to a voltmeter. As the voltmeter is having large resistance. Hence the secondary of a P.T. operates
almost in open circuited condition. One terminal of secondary of P.T. is earthed to maintain the
secondary voltage with respect to earth.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer:
Figure 3.1.3: Capacitor voltage Transformer
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power

systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or
operating a protective relay
In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and
a voltage transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices or
protective relay.
The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less
sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.[1] The device
has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal,
and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay.
Capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series.
This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C 2. As the
majority of the voltage drop is on C1, this reduces the required insulation level of the voltage
transformer. This makes CVTs more economical than the wound voltage transformers under high
voltage (over 100 kV), as the latter one requires more winding and materials.
Isolators:
In substation we also saw the isolators. It is the extra protection part of the system. It is
often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. It is

accomplished by an isolator. Isolator does not have the arc extinction capacity. It operates under
no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making
capacity. Isolator not even used for breaking load currents. While opening a circuit we have to
open the circuit breaker first, and then we can open the isolator. While closing circuit, the isolator
is closed first, then circuit breakers.
Figure 3.1.4: Isolator

Earthing Switches:
Earthing switches are mounted on the base of line side isolator. Earthing switches are
usually vertically broken switches. Earthin garms (contact arm of earthing switch) usually are
aligned horizontally at off condition during switches on the operation, these earthing arms rotated
move to vertical position and make contact with earth female contacts fitted at the top of the post
insulator stack of the isolator at its outgoing side. The earthing arms are so interlocked with the
main isolator are in open position. Similarly the main isolator contacts can be closed only when
the earthing arms are in open position.
Busbars:
Bus bar is a bar or line where different types of lines such as transmission line,
distribution line etc. operates at the same voltage level. Bus bar is used as the common electrical
bar. The incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are connected to the bus bar. In TBDPH they
used two buses, one bus is for Karnataka and another bus is for Andra Pradesh.

Insulators:
An electrical insulator is a material in which the electron does not flow freely or the
atom of the insulator have tightly bound electrons whose internal electric charge do not flow
freely, very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric filed. This
contracts with other material, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current
more easily.
There are 5 types of insulators used in transmission lines as overhead insulation:
 Pin insulator
 Suspension insulator
 Strain insulator
 Stay insulator
 Shackle insulator
Pin, suspension, and strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While
stay and shackle insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
Conductors:
In the early days conductor used on transmission lines were usually Copper, but
Aluminium conductors have completely replaced Copper because of the much lower cost and
lighter weight of Aluminium conductor compared with a Copper conductor of the same
resistance. The fact that Aluminium conductor has a larger diameter than a Copper conductor of
the same resistance is also an advantage. With a larger diameter the lines of electric flux
originating on the conductor will be farther apart at the conductor surface for the same voltage.
This means a lower voltage gradient at the conductor surface and less tendency to ionise the air
around the conductor. Ionisation produces the undesirable effect called corona.
Transmission Line:
Transmission lines carry electric energy from one point to another in an electric power
system. They can carry alternating current or direct current or a system can be a combination of
both. Also, electric current can be carried by either overhead or underground lines. The main
characteristics that distinguish transmission lines from distribution lines are that they are operated

at relatively high voltages, they transmit large quantities of power and they transmit the power
over large distances.
Figure 3.1.8: Transmission lines
Once the force of a flowing river is turned into electricity at hydropower dams, it still
has a long way to go before reaching your house, business, or school. The energy must flow along
transmission lines, sometimes hundreds of miles from its source.
When electricity first leaves a dam, it is high voltage, meaning it‘s very powerful—too
powerful to run our appliances and electronics. High- voltage transmission is the preferred
method to move electricity across long distances because less electricity is lost in transit. High-
voltage transmission wires, or conductors, are typically strung between tall steel towers—the kind
you see along highways and in the countryside.
When the electricity nears cities and communities, it passes through a substation that
uses transformers to change the electricity into a lower, more usable voltage. From there it travels
on distribution lines, which use thinner, lighter conductors that are typically strung between
wooden poles. These lines carry energy through neighborhoods to the electric outlets that power
your lights and charge your smartphones.
Getting hydropower to homes and businesses takes careful planning, as transmission

lines can only carry the amount of electricity that will be consumed. To keep the right amount of
power flowing, computers calculate how much electricity should be sent when and where, across
the system.
Lightning Arresters:
Figure 3.1.9: Lightning Arrester

The purpose of a surge arrestor is to protect insulation/components from high DV/DT
that peak at instantaneous values that are in excess of the breakdown of the insulation or
component. Lightning is one common cause of voltage surges. Another common cause is
switching in an inductive circuit.
It is possible to capture the occurrence of a voltage surge. Some surge arresters are
equipped with ‗surge counters‘ that capture the fact that the arrester has discharged current. It is
also possible to use other phenomena (sound measurement, light measurement, electric field
measurement, etc) to capture the occurrence of a discharge. Meteorologists routinely capture and
record lightning discharges using both ground-based and satellite-based instruments. It is also
possible to capture and record voltage surges, but here the technology gets complicated. A
common issue is that a voltage surge is inherently a high-frequency phenomenon, and in order to
capture and record (ie, quantify) the event, the measurement system must have a high-frequency
response.
The kind of instruments that are commonly applied for fundamental frequency voltage
measurements don‘t have sufficient frequency response to accurately capture and record high
frequency voltage transients. They may be able to capture the occurrence of the event, but it is not
always possible to accurately quantify the event using those devices.

Underground Cables:
An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with
suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. In MBDPH, we saw these cables for the
grounding, metering and internal connection purpose.
Underground Power Cables
In addition to the overhead lines we come across every day, electrical power can also be
both transmitted and distributed using Underground cables. These underground cables, of course,
come with their own set of advantage and limitations. Aside from better general appearance and
lesser interference with other amenities, the advantages include smaller voltage drops and lesser
probability of fault occurrence. On the other hand, they have higher production and installation
costs, and hence are used wherever overhead lines aren‘t viable due to practical limitations or
risks involved. Hence we employ them in specific places such as urban areas with high population
densities and across water bodies (as submarine cables).
A typical underground cable will consist of a conductor/s covered by a number of
insulating and protective layers necessary for its satisfactory operation. Underground cables
construction is explained below.
Construction of Underground Power Cables:
Figure 3.1.10: Underground Power Cable
Conductor: Usually,1 or 3 conductors (depending upon the application) are used. These conductors are
stranded to reduce skin effect, proximity effect and to keep it flexible. Conductors are made from
electrolytic grade pure copper or aluminum.

Conductor screen: It is a semi-conducting tape or an extruded layer of a semi-conductive compound.

Conductor screening is generally used in MV and HV cables to maintain uniform electric field and
minimize electrostatic stresses.
Insulation: It is provided to withstand the electrostatic stress. Various types (and thickness) of
insulators like VIR (Vulcanized India Rubber), Impregnated paper, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and XLPE
(Cross linked polyethylene) are utilized depending upon the applied voltage.
Insulation screen: A layer of semi-conductive material generally used in MV and HV lines. It serves
the similar purpose as that of conductor screen.
Metallic Sheath: It provides protection to the cable from moisture and other chemicals (acids or alkalis)
present in the environment or soil. It‘s usually made up of Aluminum or Lead. It also provides a path for
fault and leakage currents as the sheath is earthed at one cable end.
Bedding: It is a low grade insulator like Jute or Hessian which protects the metallic sheath from
corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armoring.
Armoring: It provides mechanical protection from various stresses the cable may get exposed to during
its installation and operational life. It‘s usually a steel tape wound around the Bedding layer.
Serving: Another layer of low grade insulator like Jute or Hessian or a thermoplastic compound like
PVC is again provided to protect the steel from atmospheric contaminants and agents.
Types of Underground Cables:

Underground cables are usually classified according to their Voltage ratings. They‘re grouped as
follows:
 Low tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 1000V
 High tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 11kV
 Super tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 33kV
 Extra high tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of
66kV
 Extra super voltage cables which are used for applications with voltage
requirement above 132kV.

Earthing:
Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by providing a path (a
protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also causes the protective device
(either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the electric current to the circuit that has the fault.
The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the
equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground. Every building, equipment, power plant,
substation facility included in electricity require earth grounding, either directly or through
grounding system.
Single Line Diagram of Power House
Figure 3.2: Single line diagram of power house

It is constructed at the foot of the dam. The gross head available at dam power house
varies from 43 to 88. The four turbines are connected with four steel penstocks each 11ft diagram
from reservoir with butterfly valves. The transformer yard of this power house consists of four
10.6 MVA, 11KV/66 KV, step-up transformer each directly connected to generator. There are
four 66kv feeders two Hampi power house, one to munirabad power house and one to Ballari
substation. There are three step-down transformers to 11kv (two 1500KVA and one 1000 KVA)
for distributing power to 11kv project camp. Hospet, munirabad and also to cater power supply to
station auxiliaries of Hampi power house.
Transmission & Distribution:
The transmission and distribution system of TBDPH. A substation receives electrical

power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via
the outgoing transmission lines. Overhead lines are used for transmission and distribution
Figure 3.2.1 Tranmission and Distribution
The administration and technical control of the project comes under the control of
Tungabhadra board which is constitute by government of India. The total installed capacity of the
scheme is 72,000kW which was completed in three stages.

1. A power station on the foot of Tungabhadra dam called dam power house with four units of
9MWS each.
2. A second power station called Hampi Power House at about 14th mile of the irrigation canal
near hampi runs named hampi power house with four units of 9MWS each.
3. A power transmission grid connecting the power house with load centers are in Ballari,
anantapur and Koppal.
Sharing of Power:
The energy is utilized by participating states its Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in ratio
of 80:20, up to 313-73 excess power utilized over and above the quota by the participant state was
charged at the rate of 2.4 paisa per unit without M.D. charges. From 1-4-1973 the excess power
utilized over and above the quota by the participant states should be adjusted by exchange of
power only.
Water Drawn For Generation:
Normally during rainy seasons full generation of 36mw will be maintained at TB dam
power house, when reservoir water level reaches to its maximum of 1663 with head of 88, drawl
will be limited depending upon lake level as per the requirements of irrigation needs. During the
month of May and June the power house will be shut down due low level in the reservoir and this
opportunity will be availed to carry out the maintenance works. During the above period the loads
of Tungabhadra system will be fed from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka grid. The capacity of the
power canal limited to 2500 cusecs and hence maximum generation at HPC will be 20mws. The
average water consumption per unit generated is 1305 c/s. and 1080 cit. At dam and Hampi power
house respectively the details of generation at both the power house for the past eleven years are
furnished.
Power Utilization:
The power house at Tungabhadra dam and Hampi are interconnected with 66KV lines
and further interconnected with Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka grid.
Ballari Substation:
The Tungabhadra board is having a 66KV SS at Ballari to feed loads of Andhra Pradesh
and Karnataka. The substation receive supply from three66KV feeders one no from Tungabhadra

dam power house and two from Hampi power house. There are two 8 MVA 66KV /11KV step
down transformer feeding Karnataka 11KV loads and one 7.5 MVA and one3 MVA,
66KV/33KV step-down transformer for feeding Andhra Pradesh. Power drawn at Hagari is
reimbursed by Karnataka by supporting equal quantum energy plus 1.5% to cover transmission
losses at 220 KV at Lingapur- Gooty. Further the 66KV dam Ballari feeder is tapped at
Torangallu to feed Karnataka electricity board loads at Toranagallu.

CHAPTER 4
CONTROL AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
Control & Protection Boards
The existing generator-transformer boards were replaced with new designed Control and
Protection boards. Control and Protection Boards are composed of two Unit Control Board, one
132kV Switchyard Control Board and Recording Board. The Control and Protection Boards are
integrated type. Unit Control Board has sequence controller, automatic synchronizer and HMI
(Human Machine Interface). Each unit can connect in parallel with power system automatically
by using automatic synchronizer. The Control and protection Boards were manufactured by
Toshiba in Japan. The Control and Protection Boards were transported from Japan with all
accessories including supporting structures, spares, and all other equipment making the Control
and Protection Boards.
Figure 4.1: Control Room

Metal Enclosed Switchgear:

11kV Metal Enclosed Switchgears are composed of 11kV Generator incoming cubicle,
11kVLink cubicle, 11kV VCB cubicle, 11kV Station service transformer cubicle and NGR
cubicle. The existing 11kV Metal Enclosed Switchgears and Service Transformers were replaced
with new ones. New 11kV Metal Enclosed Switchgears and Service Transformers were
manufactured by C&S EFACEC MV INDIA PVT.LTD in India. The 11kV Metal Enclosed
Switchgears were transported inland with all accessories including supporting structures, spares,
and all other equipment making the 11kV system.
Figure 4.1.1: Switch Gears

Station Power Supply Facilities:
Station Power Supply Facilities are composed of Battery, Battery Charger, AC & DC
power supply boards. The existing Station Power Supply Facilities were replaced with new ones
Battery, Battery Charger, DC power supply board were manufactured by Station Power Controls
Ltd. in India. AC power supply boards were manufactured by Larsen & Toubro Limited. The
Station Power Supply Facilities were transported inland with all accessories including supporting
structures, spares, and all other equipment making the Station Power Supply Facilities.

Figure 4.1.2: Battery Room

Auxiliary Systems:
During our intern period we saw different types of auxiliary systems used in MBDPH.
The systems are Lube Oil pumps, Outdoor lighting and receptacles, Control house, Heating and
ventilation, Chiller Air conditioning, Battery charger input and Motor-operated switches etc. For
these auxiliary purposes, MBDPH take power from Grid.
Protective System of TBDPH

Overload Relay:
Overload relays are designed to meet the special protective needs of motor control
circuits. Overload relays allow harmless temporary overloads (such as motor starting) without
disrupting the circuit will trip and open a circuit if current is high enough to cause motor damage
over a period of time can be reset once the overload is removed.
Trip Class Overload relays are rated by a trip class which defines the length of time it
will take for the relay to trip in an overload condition. The most common trip classes are Class 10,
Class 20, and Class 30. A Class 10 overload relay, for example, has to trip the motor off line in 10
seconds or less at 600% of the full load amps (which is usually sufficient time for the motor to
reach full speed). Many industrial loads, particularly high inertia loads, require Class 30. Siemens
offers overload relays in all three trip classes Over load Relay in a following illustration shows a
motor circuit with a Motor Circuit manual starter and an overload relay.

Current flows through the overload relay while the motor is running. Excess current will
cause the overload relay to trip at a predetermined level, opening the circuit between the power
source and the motor. After a predetermined amount of time, the overload relay can be reset.
When the cause of the overload has been identified and corrected, the motor can be restarted.
Figure 4.2.1: Overload Relay

When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with over current and
overload protection of power lines, power transformers, and ac motors implemented with fuses or
low-voltage circuit breakers. You will know the operation and settings of the instantaneous
(ANSI device no. 50), definite time (ANSI device no. 51DT), and inverse definite minimum time
(ANSI device no. 51I) over current relays. You will be able to adjust the settings of an over
current relay to obtain a specific time-current characteristic. You will know applications where it
is common to use over current relays and high-voltage circuit breakers in conjunction to achieve
over current protection of electrical equipment. You will be able to use the internal relay test
system of a numerical protective relay to assess that the relay operates as expected. The
Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: ƒ Introduction ƒ Over current protection
and overload protection using fuses ƒ Over current protection and overload protection using LV
circuit breakers (MCBs and MCCBs) ƒ Over current protection and overload protection using
protective relays and HV circuit breakers ƒ Instantaneous over current relay ƒ Definite-time over
current relay ƒ Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over current relay ƒ Standard time-current
characteristics of IDMT over current relays ƒ Over current protection of a power transformer
using a numerical over current relay ƒ Main features of protection implemented with numerical
over current relays and HV circuit breakers Introduction As mentioned in the introduction of this

manual, ow-voltage (LV) circuit breakers like miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) and molded-
case circuit breakers (MCCBs), protective relays used in conjunction with high-voltage (HV)
circuit breakers, etc. Each of these three means of achieving over current protection and overload
protection are examined in this discussion. However, note that due to the abundance of material,
the present discussion focuses on over current protection implemented with over current relays.
Combined over current and overload protection using protective relays is discussed more
extensively in the next exercise of this manual.
Over Current Relay:
In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current
flows through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the
moving element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than deflecting
force. But when the current through the coil increases, the magnetic effect increases, and after a
certain level of current, the deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the coil, crosses
the restraining force. As a result, the moving element starts moving to change the contact position
in the relay. Although there are different types of over current relays but basic working principle
of over current relay is more or less same for all.
Circuit Breakers
SF6 Circuit Breaker:
SF6 is inert gas the property of this gas the higher pressure and temperature its dielectric
strength will be SF6 has two gas chamber when contract is close the pressure is two chamber have
the same pressure but when the contract is open the none of the chamber get totally close and
other remain open, there is an arrow channel between two chamber and when contract open the
SF6 flow a plane of high pressure region to the low pressure region there will be turbulence of
SF6. At zero current the turbulence of SF6 absorb all the ions and since it is flowing from a
narrow region hence it provide high dielectric strength but there is problem that the pressure of
SF6 is not always remains a in fixed due to leakage in the cylinder of SF6 so there is pressure
gauge as well as alarm attached with it. Whenever pressure decreases the alarm ringing and the
gas is refilled to increase pressure.

Figure 4.3.1: SF6 Circuit Breaker
Technical Specification For 66 kV SF-6 Circuit Breaker:

This section covers the design, manufacture, testing, inspection, supply and delivery
of 66KV Circuit Breakers SPRING operated, along with associated accessories and complete in
all respects specified in the schedule of requirements.
General Design Features of Circuit Breakers:
The circuit breakers shall be capable of rapid and smooth interruption of currents under
all conditions completely suppressing all undesirable phenomena even under the most severe and
persistent short circuit conditions or when interrupting small currents or leading or lagging
reactive currents. The circuit breakers shall be ‗Restrike-Free‘ under all operating conditions. The
details of any device incorporated to limit or control the rate of rise of restriking voltage across,
the circuit breaker contacts shall be stated. The over voltages caused by circuit breaker while
switching inductive or capacitive loads shall not exceed 2.5 times the highest phase to neutral
voltage. The actual make and break times for the circuit breakers throughout the ranges of their
operating duties shall be stated in the offer and guaranteed. The arc quenching chambers shall
have devices to ensure almost uniform distribution of voltage across the interrupters.
Breaking Capacity:
The interrupting capacity of the breaker for kilometric faults (short line faults) shall be
equal to its interrupting capacity [as per Clause4-106 of IS: 13118 (IEC-56)] and shall be stated in

the tender. The details of tests conducted for confirming the capability of the breakers under
kilometric fault conditions shall be furnished in the offer. The circuit breakers shall be designed
for interrupting line charging currents without undue rise in the voltage on supply side and
without any restrike and without showing signs of undue strain. The guaranteed over voltage
which shall not be exceeded while interrupting the line charging currents as specified under the
Clause 2.4.10 of Section-II of this specification shall be stated in the offer. The circuit breakers
shall be capable of interrupting small inductive currents (occurring while switching off unloaded
transformer) without giving rise to undue over voltage and without restrikes. The maximum over
voltage value which will not be exceeded under such conditions shall be stated in the offer, and in
conformity to this, test reports along with oscillate graph shall be furnished in the offer.
Restriking Voltage:
The circuit breakers shall be capable of interrupting the rated power when the restriking
voltage has a frequency of not less than 400 Hz and with a restriking voltage having frequency of
2000 Hz. The circuit breakers shall be capable of interrupting at least 50% of nominal breaking
capacity. The measures adopted for ensuring proper operation at high rate of rise of restriking
voltage and for limiting the actual voltage values across the breaks shall be described in the
tender. The type characteristics and rating of the resistor used, if any, to shunt the breaker contacts
and of the auxiliary switching devices used for interrupting the resistor current shall be clearly
stated.
Recovery Voltage & Power Factor:
The circuit breaker shall be capable of interrupting the rated power with recovery
voltage equal to the rated maximum line to line service voltage at rated frequency and at a power
factor not exceeding 0.15.
The circuit breakers shall also be capable of satisfactory operation even under conditions
of phase opposition that may arise due to faulty synchronizing. The maximum power which the
breaker can satisfactorily interrupt under phase opposition shall be stated in the offer The
operating duty of the circuit breaker shall be as specified under Clause - 2.4.12 of specific
technical requirement for breakers.

Advantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plant

 Water is used for this plant, so fuel cost is zero.
 It is neat and clean.
 Running charges are very small as water is frelly available.
 Low maintenance cost.
 Construction is simple.
 It has a longer life time.
 It doesn‘t need longer starting time. It starts instantly.
 It is the cheapest energy source.
 Water brings with it enormous energy.
 Secondary water flows are suitable for smaller plants.
Disadvantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plant

 High capital cost.
 At the time of installation highly skilled worker is required.
 Require huge amount of water all the time.
 Transmission cost is high.
 Can only be used in mountainous areas.
 A large amount of land needs to be flooded.
 Expensive to build.
 It is expensive.
 There are limited reservoirs.
 It is not always safe.
Applications of Hydro-Electric Power Plant

 Generation of electric power.
 Storage of irrigation water.
 To control the floods in the rivers.
 Storage of drinking water supply.
 Small hydro power plant is used for serving a small community or industrial plant.
 Micro hydro power plant is user to provide power to an isolated home.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
We are fortunate enough to do our internship at Tungabhadra power plant. We gained an
in sight of the process of power generation and the roles and responsibilities an Engineer has to
perform. The staff were well equipped and gave us an insight of the plant work. They were patient
to clear all our doubts.
We gained knowledge of working of circuit breakers, relays, isolators, feeders etc.,
practically which was really helpful for us to relate with the theory we have studied. We also
learned the different types of skills, from learning to communicate, to reading and deciphering
many different types of plans.
Overall, my internship program experience at Tungabhadra power plant was positive.
We are very happy with the knowledge gained in the 30 days as Student interns.. We are happy
and proud that we have completed our Internship program at Tungabhadra power plant.

REFERENCES
[1] References //. TB Board.in.co
[2] References -Renewable 2011 global status report, page 25 hydropower, published 2011
accessed 2016-02-19.
[3] References - Run of the river hydropower goes with flow.
[4]References - Robert a.huggins1 September 2010 energy
storage. [5]Atkins William 2003 hydroelectric power water
science

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Place: HOSAPETE [ 3PG19EE011 ]

3.1 Major Components of Transmission Unit 18

1.2 Cross sectional view of TB dam power house 2

1.3 Dam Power 3

1.4 Reservoir of TB dam 5

2.1.1 Generator [9MW] 7

2.1.2(a) Kaplan turbine 9

2.1.2(b) Specifications of turbine 10

2.1.3 Butterfly valve 11

2.1.5 Governor used in power house 13

2.2 Working principle of hydro electric power plant 15

3.1.1 Transformer (11KV/66KV) 19

3.1.2(a) Current transformer(66KV) 19

3.1.2(b) Potential transformer 20

3.1.3 Capacitor voltage transformer 21

3.1.8 Transmission line 24

3.1.9 Lightning arresters 25

3.1.10 Underground power cables 26

3.2 Single line diagram of power house 28

3.2.1 Transmission and distribution 29

4.1 Control room 32

4.1.1 Switch gears 33

4.2.1 Overload Relay 35

4.3.1 SF6 Circuit breaker 37

2.1.1 Type and rating of generator 8

2.3.1 Salient features of the dam 15

2.3.2 Hydrology of the dam 16

2.3.3 Turbine specifications 16

2.3.4 Commissioning Details 17

Figure 1.1: Tungabhadra Dam

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Figure 1.2: Cross sectional view of T B dam power house

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A timeline of the construction of the dam

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Dam Power House

Figure 1.3: Dam power house

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Figure 1.4: Reservoir of TB Dam

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Figure 2.1.1: Generator [9mw]

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Type and Rating of Generator:

The main requirement of an excitation system:

 Reliability under all conditions of service.

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Types of Excitation System:

 Rotor Excitation System

3. Static Excitation System

Figure 2.1.2(a): Kaplan turbine

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Figure 2.1.2 (b): Specifications of Turbine

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withstand.These characteristics require a state-of-the-art manufacturing production to ensure the

Figure 2.1.3: Butterfly Valve

Applications of Butterfly Valves:

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Figure 2.1.4: Penstocks

Figure 2.1.5: Governor Used in Power House