ME 322L M.E. Lab. 1 Week 42

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental
College of Engineering
Office of the Program Coordinator
LEARNING MODULE
ME 322L:
Mechanical
Engineering Lab. 1
DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COMPILED BY:
ENGR. ARNEL P. VILLANUEVA
2020
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VISION
The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state university
with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with leading universities in
the ASEAN region.
MISSION
The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental studies in
technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using indigenous materials; effect
technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and-medium
scale industries in identified growth center. (Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)
QUALITY POLICY
The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality higher
and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and extension projects;
continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel competence and
effective quality management system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements; and
adhere to its core values.
CORE VALUES
T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the
country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the mandates
of the university
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values………………………... ii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………. iii
Course Description………………………………………………………………….iv
Learning Outcomes………………………………………………………………… iv
General Guidelines/Class Rules……………………………………………………. iv
Grading System…………………………………………………………….. iv
Learning Guide (Week No. 4) …………………………………………….. 1
Topic/s……………………………………………………………………… 1
Expected Competencies……………………………………………. 1
Content/Technical Information…………………………………….. 4
Progress Check…… ……………………………………………….. 13
References………………………………………………………….. 18
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
Understand the principles and process in different industrial institutions. Compare the
different industrial processes.
COURSE OUTCOMES
A student completing the course at a minimum be able to; differentiate different

industrial processes. Understand the functions of each integral part of industries.
Familiarize the basic principles in running an industry.
GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES
1. Ask questions
2. Respect and listen to your classmates
3. Raise your hand to speak
4. Share new ideas
5. Keep your workspace tidy
6. Use equipment properly
7. Help keep the classroom tidy
8. Have a good attitude
9. Use positive language
10. Follow the dress code
11. Contribute to discussions
12. Be respectful of others’ ideas
13. Follow the teacher’s directions the first time they are given
14. Be creative
15. Use technology appropriately
16. Be proud of your work
GRADING SYSTEM
A. Weekly Assessment (70%)

1. Attendance
2. Quizzes
3. Reports
4. Recitation
5. Board work / Seatwork
6. Others
B. Term Examination (30%)
1. Mid-Term Exam
2. End-Term Exam
C. Grading Calculation
Mid-Term Grade: (Weekly Assessment from Wk. 1 to 6)x 0.70 + (MTE x 0.30)
End-Term Grade: (Weekly Assessment from Wk. 8 to13)x 0.70 + (ETE x 0.30)
Grade for the Subject: (Mid-term Grade + End-term Grade) / 2
The Passing Grade for this course is 5.0.
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LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __4__
TOPIC/S
Measurement of Weight and Volume

Measurement of Density
EXPECTED COMPETENCIES
To understand how to calibrate platform scale using sets of weights.

To understand how the sensitiveness of platform scale with its principle.
To understand the behaviour of curve and how to interpret.
To understand how to calibrate a volume of tank.
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Part – 1: Measurement of Weight and Volume
Objectives:
a. Calibrate platform scale.

b. Calibrate volume tank.
Theory and Principles:
Measurement of quantity of materials can be made directly by weight or volume. Weighing is

a primary method of measuring forces and volumetric devices are calculated initially by
weighing. Scales have been constructed to weigh from a millionth of a pound to million pounds
or more.
The platform scales commonly used in the laboratory are composed of compound leverage
system. A series of standard weights hung on one end of the leverage system, serve as to
balance an unknown weight at the other end of the system. Knife-edge fulcrums are ordinary
used to eliminate friction.
Volume tanks for liquid range in size from large cylinder steel tanks holding thousands of
gallons to the calibrated cubic foot bottles. Many types of gauges and devices are used to
indicate the liquid level such as floats, linkages, gauge-glass scales and hook gauges.
Equipment/Apparatus:
Platform scale
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Sets weights
Graduated volume tank
Diagram/Set-up:
Procedure:
A. Calibration of Platform scale

1. Carefully level the scale so that the platform is in a horizontal plane.
2. With no weight on the platform, adjust the balance lever so that the arm shall
come to rest midway between stops. This balance may be secured by adjusting
the weight of the pan poise hook or by means of a special adjustable
counterweight incorporated in the weighing mechanism.
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3. Using standard weights, increase the platform loads by equal increment. The
error may now be determined for a given range of loading. In reading the scale,
the beam should be in the central position between stops.
4. Take the readings of the scale beam when a known standard is placed on each
corner and in the center of the platform. Use the average of these weighing in
computing the error.
B. Determination of scale sensitiveness

1. Determine weight that must be added and subtracted from the platform load in
order to bring the balance arm from the middle position to the upper and lower
stops.
2. Plot the calibrating curve between error of scale as ordinates and weight in kgs
as a read from scale beam as abscissas.
3. Determine the sensitiveness at no load, one-fourth load, one-half load, and
three-fourth load to full capacity.
C. Calibration of volume tank

1. Using a water supply of nearly constant temperature, introduce water into the
tank to be calibrated, in carefully weighted amounts, noting the water
temperature each time. If the tank is filled with linear scale, use small
increments of water quantity. If only full tank volume is to be measured, the
tank should one temperature, if available.
2. Plot curve between weight of water in tank when filled (ordinates) and
temperature of water, using both experimental values and those derived from
the steam tables.
Data Recovery/Summary of Results:
A. Calibration of Platform Scale
*** Beam Readings, kg * **

Platform Corners Center Average Error, Error,
load, kg kg %
1 2 3 4
* Error = Platform load - Average beam reading

** %Error = (Error / Platform) x 100%
*** Standard succeeding Weights of equal increments
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B. Sensitiveness of Platform balance
Platform load, kg Beam reading initial Load increment to upper Load increment to lower
center load stop stop
Zero
One-fourth Capacity
One-half Capacity
Three-fourth Capacity
Full Capacity (200 kg)
C. Calibration curve of scale
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D. Calibration curve of Volume tank
Example:
How to calibrate a vertical cylindrical tank medium water inside tank, density is 1000
kg/m3? Assume temperature of water is constant, from start of filling up to full of a tank.
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3

Vtank = A x H = (π/4 x d2) x H = (π/4)(182) (22) = 5598.32 m3
To calibrate a tank;
Volume of water at 1 cm in height.
V1cm = (π/4 x d2) x H = (π/4)(182) (0.01) = 2.545 m3
Mass of water in kg at 1 cm height.
m = ρwater x V1cm
= (1000 kg/m3) (2.545 m3) = 2545 kg.
You can use the volume or mass values as a guide mark in a tank. As the height of water in a
tank increases, the amount of volume or mass increases.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzLGaJKhHyY
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Part - 2: Measurement of Density
Objectives:
a. Determine the density of liquid samples using hydrometer.

b. Know the various methods of determining the density of solids, liquids, and gases.
Theory and Principles:
Density is defined as the “mass per unit volume” (mass density) or “weight per unit volume”
(weight density or specific weight). The two are related as:
ω = ρg where:
ω - weight density; N/m3, kgf/m3, lb/ft3
ρ - mass density; kgm/m3, slugs/ft3
g - gravitational acceleration; 9.806 m/s2 = 32.17 ft/s2
To standardize the conditions for reporting density measurements, the ASME Power Test
Codes recommend the use of temperature either 39.2 OF (4OC) or, generally, 60OF (15.56OC)
for liquids; and a pressure of 29.291 in. Hg or 760 mm. Hg (at standard gravity and 32 OF) and
a temperature of 68OF (20OC) for gases. Reports should indicate if buoyancy effects have been
considered, for connections.
Specific gravity of a liquid is defined as the ratio of the density of the liquid, to the density of
distilled water at a specified standard temperature, usually 60 OF (15.56OC). The ratio is
apparent specific gravity, as the weights have not been corrected for the buoyancy of the air. If
true density or true specific gravity is desired, all weights must be reduced to equivalent weights
in vacuum. For gases, specific gravity is determined with reference to dry air as standard
substance at standard atmospheric condition of 29.921 in. Hg (760mm Hg) at standard g and
standard temperature of either 68OF or 60OF (15.56OC). Dry air at 60OF and standard
atmosphere, therefore, is considered to have a specific gravity of unity.
Many methods and devices are available for specific gravity or density determinations, for
solids, liquids, and gases. They all conform to ASTM specification as to design, materials, and
dimensions. They are as follows:
1. Hydrostatic Weighing – which is intended for solids, is used for regular and irregular
geometric shape solids. For regular shape, the weight of the solid is simply divided by
its computed volume to determine weight per unit volume, as density, while for
irregular shape; the solid is dropped to a graduated vessel or cylinder containing enough
water. Volume is computed by rise of liquid level inside the cylinder. Its weight divided
by its volume is the density.
2. Pycnometer or Specific Gravity Bottle (Weighing Bottle), - is used for liquids, semi-
solids of low melting point (introduced after melting), powders or granular solids.
Examples are heavy tars, asphalt, soft tar, volatile liquids, etc. The weighing bottle is
consist of straight-walled glass tube 22 mm in diameter, approximately 70 mm long
fitted with a carefully ground glass stopper with 1.5 to 1.7 mm bore hole.
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The procedure (ASTM standards) is, first, weigh carefully dried-pycnometer with on a
sensitive analytical balance. Record this as weight, a. The pycnometer is then filled
with freshly-boiled distilled water at desired temperature (60 OF by ASTM) and the
stopper inserted. With all surplus water removed, weight the pycnometer again and
recordas weight, b. The pycnometer is now filled with sample material at the same
temperature, and the stopper is inserted after all air bubbles have been removed. When
the excess material has been removed, the pycnometer is weighed, giving a weight, c.
Pycnometer Bottle (Weighing Bottle)
3. Hydrometer – used to determine the specific gravity of lubricating oils, calibrated in,
either, specific gravity or OAPI. The two are related as:
O
API = 141.5/(sp. gr. 60/60) - 131.5
Another scale sponsored by Bureau of Standards and specified by API is the Baume’
scale (graduated to a hydrometer), and is related to a specific gravity as:
O
Baume’ = 140/(sp. gr. 60/60) – 130
This indicates that the hydrometer is intended to determine the specific gravities at 60 OF
relative to water at 60OF, where readings are taken at 60OF. For both scales (they differ
slightly in values), the gravity of water is taken as 10 OBe’ or 10OAPI as reference
substance (equal to specific gravity of 1.0), shown as:
O
API = 141.5/(1.0) - 131.5 = 10OAPI
O
Baume’ = 140/(1.0) – 130 = 10OBe’
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For either scale, liquids heavier than water have values less than 10, and greater than
10 for lighter liquids.
If the sample temperature is other than 60 OF, a correction must be applied. For
lubricating oils, add or subtract 0.05OBe’ (or OAPI) for each degree Fahrenheit
according as the observed reading below of above 60OF. For gasoline, kerosene, or light
distillate, the corresponding correction is 0.10 OBe’. A correction chart may also be
used.
To used, a sample of oil sufficient to float the hydrometer is poured into a glass cylinder.
The hydrometer is carefully lowered into oil and pushed below the level at which it will
float, and the point where liquid surface cuts the hydrometer graduation gives direct
reading, either, either, in OAPI or OBe’.
Digital Hydrometer and Tester
4. Westphal Balance – is used for determining specific gravities of large number of fluids.
The plummet is first balance when hanging in the air. It is next immersed in the liquid
whose specific gravity is to be determined and the beam balanced. The difference in
weight measurements is the buoyant force which is equal to liquid density times
volumes of the plummet (weight of liquid displaced by the plummet). Given the
plummet volume, the density is determined. Another technique is immersed the
plummet in the distilled water and liquid of unknown density, succeedingly, balancing
each time. The beam reading (indicated by rider weights) shows specific gravity.
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Materials/Equipment:
Hydrometer
Cylinder, 1-in diameter or larger
Thermometer
Lubricating oils liquid samples
Brine solution
Diagram/Set-up:
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Procedure:
1. Pour a sample of liquid into a glass cylinder sufficient to float the hydrometer, care
being taken to prevent splashing which might cause air bubbles.
2. Carefully lower the hydrometer into the liquid sample and push below the level at which
it will float.
3. When it has come to rest, floating vertically and swinging freely from cylinder walls,
read at the point where liquid surface appear to cut the hydrometer. This is best done
by looking from below the liquid level and then raising the eye until the surface changes
from an ellipse to a straight line cutting the hydrometer scale at the correct reading.
4. Read directly as specific gravity.
Date Recovery/Summary of Results:
Liquid Test Specific O

API O
Baume’ Mass Density, ρ Weight
Samples Temperature, Gravity, Density, ω
T, (OC/OF) (sp. gr.) slugs/ft3 kgm/m3 lb/ft3 N/m3
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PROGRESS CHECK:
Part-1:
1. Why are platform scale and volume tank be calibrated?
2. What causes the errors in their reading?
3. Calibration of Platform Scale
This weighing scale is to be calibrate. Fill-in all blank in the table by data and compute.
Following results of weighing scale experiment:
Load @ 5 kg: Load @ 10 kg:

Corner 1: 4.92 kg Corner 1: 10.10 kg
Center : 5.20 kg Center : 10.05 kg
Load @ 25 kg: Load @ 50 kg:

Center : 25.10 kg Center : 50.00 kg
The Table-A:
*** Beam Readings, kg * **
Platform Corners Center Average Error, Error,
load, kg kg %
1 2 3 4
5
10
25
50
4. Sensitiveness of Platform balance
Load @ zero kg:

Beam reading initial load center: 0.001 kg
Load increment to upper stop: 0.000 kg
Load increment to lower stop: 0.008 kg
Load @ One-fourth capacity (1/4 kg):

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Load @ One-half capacity (1/2 kg):

Load @ Three-fourth capacity (3/4 kg):

Load @ Full capacity (200 kg):

The Table-B:
Platform load, kg Beam reading initial Load increment to upper Load increment to lower
center load stop stop
Zero
One-fourth Capacity
One-half Capacity
Three-fourth Capacity
Full Capacity (200 kg)
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5. Calibration curve of scale
NOTE: Use Table-A in plotting this curve, i.e. Average vs. Error(kg) and Average vs.
Error(%). Scale reading values is equivalent to Average values. Each curve must be labeled
by their names [Average vs. Error(kg) and Average vs. Error(%)].
6. Calibration curve of Volume tank
Calibrate a vertical cylindrical container medium water inside container, density is 1000 kg/m 3.
Assume temperature of water is constant, from start of filling up to full of a container.
Plot a curve between weight of water in a container when filled (ordinates) and for every 1 cm
in height. (Use the following steps as above in calibrating tank.)
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Part-2:
1.
The Table:
Liquid Test Specific O
API O
Baume’ Mass Density, ρ Weight
Samples Temperature, Gravity, Density, ω
T, (OC/OF) (sp. gr.) slugs/ft3 kgm/m3 lb/ft3 N/m3
1. SAE – 20 15.56 / 60
2. SAE – 30 15.56 / 60
3. SAE – 40 15.56 / 60
4. SAE – 50 15.56 / 60
5. Brine Sol’n. 16.00 / 63
The following figures below are different substances, i.e. SAE – 20, SAE – 30, SAE – 40, SAE
– 50 and brine solution. Record the specific gravity reading of a hydrometer on the table.
Calculate the data that is needed on the table to fill-in.
2. A lubricating oil has a specific gravity of 0.90 tested at 15.56 OC (60OF) using a hydrometer.
Determine its density in OAPI, OBe’, mass density, weight density, and specific gravity at 50 OC.
3. Explain the importance of determining the density of materials in engineering applications.
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REFERENCES
1. Mechanical Enginnering Practice, 5th edition

By Charles F. Shoop and George L. Tuve
2. Mechanical Enginnering Laboratory, 2nd edition

By Charles W. Messersmith, Cecil F. Warner, and Robert A. Olsen
3. CHED/TPEAE Evaluation Manual in Engineering and Architectural Education

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i

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENGR. ARNEL P. VILLANUEVA

T - Transparent and participatory governance

A student completing the course at a minimum be able to; differentiate different

GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES

A. Weekly Assessment (70%)

The Passing Grade for this course is 5.0.

Week No.: __4__

Measurement of Weight and Volume

To understand how to calibrate platform scale using sets of weights.

Part – 1: Measurement of Weight and Volume

a. Calibrate platform scale.

Theory and Principles:

Measurement of quantity of materials can be made directly by weight or volume. Weighing is

Graduated volume tank

A. Calibration of Platform scale

B. Determination of scale sensitiveness

C. Calibration of volume tank

Data Recovery/Summary of Results:

A. Calibration of Platform Scale

*** Beam Readings, kg * **

* Error = Platform load - Average beam reading

*** Standard succeeding Weights of equal increments

B. Sensitiveness of Platform balance

C. Calibration curve of scale

D. Calibration curve of Volume tank

ρwater = 1000 kg/m3

Volume of water at 1 cm in height.

V1cm = (π/4 x d2) x H = (π/4)(182) (0.01) = 2.545 m3

Mass of water in kg at 1 cm height.

= (1000 kg/m3) (2.545 m3) = 2545 kg.

Part - 2: Measurement of Density

a. Determine the density of liquid samples using hydrometer.

Theory and Principles:

Pycnometer Bottle (Weighing Bottle)

Digital Hydrometer and Tester

Date Recovery/Summary of Results:

Liquid Test Specific O

1. Why are platform scale and volume tank be calibrated?

2. What causes the errors in their reading?

3. Calibration of Platform Scale

Load @ 5 kg: Load @ 10 kg:

Load @ 25 kg: Load @ 50 kg:

4. Sensitiveness of Platform balance

Load @ zero kg:

Load @ One-fourth capacity (1/4 kg):

Load @ One-half capacity (1/2 kg):

Load @ Three-fourth capacity (3/4 kg):

Load @ Full capacity (200 kg):

5. Calibration curve of scale

6. Calibration curve of Volume tank

3. Explain the importance of determining the density of materials in engineering applications.

1. Mechanical Enginnering Practice, 5th edition

2. Mechanical Enginnering Laboratory, 2nd edition

3. CHED/TPEAE Evaluation Manual in Engineering and Architectural Education

Week No.: 4