Foreign Policy

the mechanism national governments used to guide their diplomatic interactions and relationships with
other countries.

Manuel Roxas

1. a treaty of general relations signed on July 4, 1946 in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It
relinquished U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines and recognized the independence of the
Republic of the Philippines.

Bell Trade Act

also known as the Philippine Trade Act, was an act passed by the United States Congress specifying
policy governing trade between the Philippines and the United States following independence of the
Philippines from the United States.

The United States Congress offered $800 million for post World War II rebuilding funds if the Bell Trade
Act was ratified by the Philippine Congress. The specifics of the act required the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines be amended. The Philippine Congress approved the measure on July 2, two days before
independence from the United States of America, and on September 18, 1946 approved a plebiscite to
amend the Constitution of the Philippines.

 Preferential tariffs on US products imported into the Philippines;

 A 2:1 fixed exchange rate between the Philippine peso and the United States dollar;
 No restrictions on currency transfers from the Philippines to the United States;
 Parity Amendment - "Parity rights" granting U.S. citizens and corporations rights to Philippine
natural resources equal to (in parity with) those of Philippine citizens, contrary to Article XIII in
the 1935 Philippine Constitution, necessitating a constitutional amendment.

Turtle and Mangsee Islands

On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the United Kingdom that it wished to
take over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands. Pursuant to a supplemental
international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947.

Elpidio Quirino

was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the sixth president of the Philippines from 1948 to
1953.

After the death of incumbent President Manuel Roxas in April 1948, he succeeded to the presidency.

Quirino-Foster Agreement
The United States Economic Mission to the Philippines (The Bell Mission) during the summer of 1950
surveyed Philippine economic conditions at the request of President Quirino and made specific
recommendations for cooperative measures to improve the situation.

The Report made several proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States should give
the Philippines 250,000,000 dollars over a period of five years, but the Philippines, in return, ought to
reform its tax structure, enact a minimum wage law for agricultural and industrial labor, initiate social
and land reforms, as well as a sound planning for economic development

Ramon Magsaysay

was a Filipino statesman who served as the seventh president of the Philippines, from December 30,
1953, until his death in an aircraft disaster on March 17, 1957. During his term, he made Malacañang
literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

 was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact.
 Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.
 In addition to joint military training, SEATO member states worked on improving mutual social
and economic issues.
 SEATO also provided research funding and grants in agriculture and medical fields.
 SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general
use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left long
standing effects in Southeast Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members
lost interest and withdrew.

Laurel- Langley Agreement

 was a trade agreement signed in 1955 between the United States and its former colony the
Philippines. It expired in 1974. It was an amendment to the Bell Trade Act, which gave full parity
rights to American citizens and businesses.
 It abolished the United States authority to control the exchange rate of the peso, made parity
privileges reciprocal, extended the sugar quota, and extended the time period for the reduction
of other quotas and for the progressive application of tariffs on Philippine goods exported to the
United States.

Bandung Conference

Billed as an all Oriental meet and threatening to become a propaganda springboard for Communism, a
Conference was held in Bandung (Java) in April 1955, upon invitation extended by the Prime Ministers of
India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia
Reparations agreement

Under the agreement, $550-million worth of Japanese goods and services will be delivered to the
Philippines, as Japan’s reparation and settlement of claims for damages caused by World War II.

Carlos P. Garcia

 Garcia's Administration focused on economic independence from foreign interest

 The United States has provided economic assistance to the Philippines under the Mutual
Security Program since 1951
 Basic Economic Situation: The Philippine economy remains predominantly agricultural
 Current Economic Situation: Double threat of dangerously low international reserves and
growing inflationary pressures

Austerity Program

 program to restore the financial position of the nation

Filipino First Policy "PILIPINO MUNA"

Diosdado P. Macapagal

 dispatched an economic mission to Washington

 Abolished import controls and devalued the peso by Central Bank order

Ferdinand Marcos Sr.

 Under Marcos, the Philippines became the first country in Asia and second in the world after
Turkey to be at the receiving end of the World Bank’s structural adjustment loans (SAL).
 Marcos aggressively facilitated foreign plunder of Philippine resources
 Real wages were cut between 1970 and 1975 and didn’t increase until after 1986
 Marcos institutionalized cheap labor export
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)-enforced fiscal austerity ensured foreign debt repayments.
The peso devalued and prices hiked

Masagana 99

 Aimed to increase rice production among Filipino farmers We became the top exporters of rice
to our neighboring countries in Asia.

Regional Cooperation in Asia

 Marcos is active in ASA, Asian and Pacific Council, Asian Development Bank (headquarters will
be in Manila).
  The most important initiatives on economic relations that he participated in at the beginning of
his presidency were centered on bilateral issues with the US.
 He supported regional multilateralism.
 Overseas telephone system linking Manila with Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong.
 Forging Closer Diplomatic Ties with Muslim Countries in the Middle East
 Gearing Towards the Third World: Philippine Diplomatic Relations with Less Developed
Countries Philippines-Japan Friendship Highway
 Agreement on Technical Cooperation concerning Tourism between the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines and the Government of Spain (Signed on 04 May 1971).

Open -Door Policy

 It was an open door policy mainly on trade and cultural relations.

 Imelda Marcos went on foreign trips to open trade relationships, exchange culture, and get
financial assistance.

Corazon Aquino

 The advantage for the Aquino government was that, for the first time in many years, external
events worked in its favor. Philippine terms of trade rose by 16 percent in 1986, the largest
increase since the 1973 commodity price boom.
 In the sugar industry, the Aquino government abolished the Philippine Sugar Marketing
Authority (PHILSUMA) and its control over domestic and export sales.
 In the coconut sector, it removed the export levy and the prohibitions on direct exports of copra
and new investments in milling
 Trade liberalization was among the policy proposals contained in the yellow book and was a
priority of both the IMF and the World Bank in negotiations with the Philippines in 1986.
 Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international
community as well as disestablishing Marcos-era crony capitalist monopolies, emphasizing the
free market and responsible economy.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

2001-2010 1st female president in the Philippines April 05, 1947, San Juan Philippines House Deputy
Speaker (2016-2017, 2022) Masters degree and doctorate in economics

Economy During Macapagal-Arroyo

 Philippine Economy
 Annual Economic Growth in the Philippines is 4.5
 World’s 32nd largest economy by nominal (CDP 2001)
 12th largest economy in Asia
 3rd in ASEAN
 3rd in Southeast Asia
Foreign Policy

Macapagal-Arroyos foreign policy has oriented towards business, diplomatic, and military relationship
with the US. In 1980's and 1990's, Filipino-American ties came under heavy criticism as nationalists
condemned the presence of US military base.

GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM: US DESIGNATED PHILLIPPINES AS NATO ALLY

 President Bush implements a comprehensive and visionary foreign policy against international
terrorism.
 When the US called for global support to combat terrorism, the Philippines immediately
responded by granting US over-flight rights for its military aircraft. (Sept. 11, 2001)

ASEAN SUMMIT

"I want to reiterate my thanks to the ASEAN leaders who have been helping the success of the Philippine
model for dealing with the flashpoint area of Mindanao. We’ve been able to meld together confidence
building measures grounded on strong interfaith dialogue and cultural awareness, investments in
economic and basic infrastructure development and mutual security arrangements to keep the peace in
Mindanao."

PHILIPPINES-JAPAN ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (PJEPA)

 PJEPA or the Philippine-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement was the first bilateral free trade
agreement of the Philippines.
 The agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland by then Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and
former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi (9 September 2006)
 Trade in goods and services investments, movement of natural persons, intellectual property,
competition, improvement of business government.

PJEPA EFFECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

 Balance of Trade gradually improved in favor of the Philippines.

 USD 32.2 billion from USD 7.51 billion trade balance (20012008).
 19% from USD 115.99 billion to USD 137.96 billion.
 It results Japan as becoming the Philippines largest expert market.
 Bilateral trade and investment aimed to increase trade investment opportunities within the two.

BILATERAL AGREEMENTS OF MACAPAGAL-ARROYO'S ADMINISTRATION (2001-2010)

Philippines and Spain Treaties Republic Act 9187 (February 3, 2003)

 Mutual Legal Assistance (March 4, 2004)

 Extradition (March 2, 2004)
 Transfer of Sentence Person (May 18, 2007)
  Remunerated Employment for the Dependents of Diplomatic, Consular Missions (March 24,
2009)

Philippine and Malaysia

 Defense Minister Datuk Seri Najib state visit in Manila (June 28, 2001)
 State visit to Malaysia of President Macapagal-Arroyo (August 7-9, 2001)
 Secretary Gordon attends bilateral meeting in Kuala Lumpu (September 7-10, 2001)

BENIGNO AQUINO III

 February 8, 1960-June 24, 2021

 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016.
 In his nine years at the Lower House, Noynoy focused on the fiscalizing role of a legislator

ECONOMY DURING BENIGNO AQUINO III

"Entrepreneurs, investors, and the business community will remember the late president Benigno
Aquino III as the chief executive who steered the Philippine economy through six years of consistently
high economic growth, finally allowing the country to shed its label as “the sick man of Asia.” During his
presidency, gross domestic product (GDP) expanded by an average of 6.2 percent a year — the fastest
pace since the 1970s.

FOREIGN POLICY

Promoting Strategic Plan with Japan

 June 2-5, 2015 state visit in Japan, he announces the strong relationship with the 2 countries
 it entered the Strengthened Strategic Partnership
 Both countries shared the common goals of promoting the economic growth of the region
 Japan being the Philippines top trading partner and investment source

Promotion and Attainment of Economic Society

 this diplomacy was to achieve twin goal poverty and job creation
 DFA implements the Country-Team approach abroad to promote Philippine goods and services
 Economic diplomacy will be effective only in the capacity to create good investment and to
attract foreign investors in our country

Liberalized Cabotage Law

 Maritime cabotage laws govern the transportation of goods and people between two ports in
the United States
DUTERTE

 Duterte’s foreign policy preference and politics have been analysed extensively
 There are basically two main themes in Duterte’s foreign policy: 1) closer relationship with
China, and 2) assertion of an independent foreign policy.
 “separation of foreign policy from the US …”

ECONOMY DURING DUTERTES ADMINISTRATION

 Duterte’s government pursued ambitious policies in its thrust to propel the country towards the
long-coveted upper middle- income status, generate jobs especially for marginalized sectors,
and distribute income
 However, the Philippines hit a proverbial wall and fell rock bottom in the penultimate year of
Duterte’s presidency during the pandemic
 Overall, in terms of statistics, the Duterte administration did well. Prior to the pandemic, our
GDP growth rate was at 6.1%. We were among the highest in terms of growth rate in Southeast
Asia.

INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY: DUTERTE'S FOREIGN POLICY PIVOT

 By lashing the United States and drawing closer to China, the Philippines president has
undermined his own goals
 For all his radical shifts in Philippine foreign policy in the name of independence, Duterte has led
the country away from the clutches of the US into the arms of China.
 "separation of foreign policy from the US"

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

 a linkage between the states and the International Economy

 it mainly probmatilizes the domestic political economy of foreign of foreign economic policy

OVERSEAS PHILIPPINES ASSISTANCE

 one of the channels by which other countries harnessed partnership with the Philippines (2018-
2019)
 US, EU, Japan and UN remain to be the top sources of ODA and remained commited in providing
economic and technical assistance in Philippines
 Philippine export growth had been stable, despite the S-China trade tension, the dollar
increased rapidly in 2019
MILITARY DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES (1946-2022)

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Diplomacy- It is the established method of influencing the decisions and behavior of foreign
governments and peoples through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or
violence.
2. Treaty- An international agreement that receives the advice and consent of the Senate and is
ratified by the President.
3. Bilateral Agreement- Also called a clearing trade or side deal, refers to an agreement between
parties or states that aims to keep trade deficits to a minimum. It varies depending on the type
of agreement, scope, and the countries that are involved in the agreement.
4. Military Alliance- It is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national
security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a
crisis that has not been identified in advance.
5. Military Base- means a federally owned or operated military installation or facility that is
presently functioning or was closed as a result of the United States Department of Defense base
realignment process.
6. Military Bases Agreement- was the greatest single cause of friction in relations between the
United States and the Philippines.
7. Treaty of Manila- It is a treaty of general relations
8. American Ambassador Paul V. McNutt - He served as high commissioner of the Philippines from
1937 to 1939.
9. U.S. - Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty -an accord that stipulates that the Philippines and the
US would support each other if either of them were to be attacked by an external party.
10. Visiting Forces Agreement - is an agreement between a country and a foreign nation having
military forces visiting in that country.
11. Subic Bay, Philippines - location of one of the U.S. Naval Bases in the Philippines
12. MAPHILINDO - is a proposed, nonpolitical confederation of the three Southeast Asian countries
in the Malay Archipelago.
13. Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence - the drafting body of the 1943 Philippine
Constitution during the Japanese Occupation
14. . EDCA - is an agreement between the Philippines and the United States which is envisioned to
advance the implementation of the PH-US Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT).
15. President Manuel Roxas - a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president of the
Philippines
16. AFP - the military forces of the Philippines. It consists of three main service branches; the Army,
the Air Force, and the Navy.
 THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE IN 1946

1.1 U.S. Recognition of Philippine Independence

1.2 The Treaty of Manila

U.S. RECOGNITION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

 Who? President Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Philippine Independence

 When? July 4, 1946
 Where? City of Washington

Withdrawal of American sovereignty

 The President of the United States shall withdraw and surrender all right of possession,
supervision, jurisdiction, control, or sovereignty.
 It includes all military and other reservations of the Government of the United States in the
Philippines.

Naval reservations and fueling stations

The President of the United States is authorized and empowered to enter into negotiations with the
government of the Philippine Islands

Why?

Property for diplomatic purposes

1) Whenever the President of the United States shall find that any properties in the Philippines,
owned by the Philippine Government or by private persons, would be suitable for diplomatic or
consular establishments of the United States.
2) Title to the lands and buildings pertaining to the official residences of the United States High
Commissioner to the Philippine Islands in the cities of Manila and Baguio
3) Administrative supervision and control over any properties acquired or designated by the
President of the United States, and over the official residences in the Philippines of the High
Commissioner.

THE TREATY OF MANILA

 The treaty was signed by High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt of U.S. and Philippine President
Manuel Roxas
 It was signed on July 4, 1946
 It was signed in Manila, the capital of the Philippines
 It relinquished U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines and recognized the independence of the
Republic of the Philippines
  It is a treaty of general relations The treaty contains several key provision: Recognition of
sovereignty Military base retention Diplomatic representation Temporary judicial influence
Continuing US obligations of the Treaty of Paris (1898)

The highlight of the program was McNutt’s reading of President Truman’s Proclamation of
Independence.

Truman, as president of the United States, then withdrew all “rights of possession, supervision,
jurisdiction, control or sovereignty” exercised by the United States over the territory and people of the
Philippines, and recognized the independence of the Philippines.

McNutt ended with his own words:

“A new nation is born. Long live the Republic of the Philippines. May God bless and prosper the
Philippine People, keep them safe and free.”

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS IN 1946

 The future direction of the Philippines under President Roxas was thus chater, and to highlight
this orientation he and McNutt signed an agreement for the establishment of diplomatic
relations and an interim trade agreement.
 Roxas now signed as president of the Republic of the Philippines and McNutt as First US
Ambassador.
 The current embassy was constructed in 1940 on land reclaimed from Manila Bay. It was
appropriated by the Japanese military and used as the Japanese embassy during their
occupation of the Philippines during World War II.
 After the war, the building was repaired, as it had taken serious damage during the American
reclamation of the city, and was it temporarily used as the Philippines location of the Japanese
War Crimes Tribunal. Manila was reinstated as an embassy in 1946.

American Ambassador Paul V. McNutt

 Paul V. McNutt,Paul V. McNutt was born on July 19, 1891, in Franklin, Indiana. An American
diplomat, who occupied a unique place in the history of Philippine-American relations.
 His assignments came at a time when Filipino nationalists and American leaders were in need of
greater understanding.
 McNutt served in the Philippines upon three separate occasions: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
appointed him as the United States High Commissioner to the island archipelago (1937-1939);
President Harry S. Truman reappointed him to the same position (19451946); and immediately
prior to the formal declaration of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, McNutt was
appointed as the first United States Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines

Introduction to the Military Bases Agreement

  In late January 1947, Roxas delivered a speech in Manila about the views on the bases and
negotiations
 He referred specifically to the recently announced U.S. intent to withdraw its forces from the
Philippines, but indicated that American people and leaders "recognized the basic commitment
to underwrite the security of the Philippines in accordance with our (Philippines) wishes".
 Roxas stated that he was motivated to request American military assistance because of his
determination that the Philippines must not be left undefended in a troubled international
environment and the bases is used for defensive purposes not for aggression.
 The MBA would not only provide for the security of the Philippines, but would also contribute to
the Peace of the Pacific areas.
 Reasons why these agreements happened; (1) Philippines was in a bad condition (2) Senator
Tydings "reservoir of good will and respect" (3) American perspective, the Philippines was not
viewed as being of great strategic importance at that time.

INCEPTION OF DIFFERENT TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, 1947-1953

Manuel L. Roxas

was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president of the Philippines, who served from
1946 until his death due to heart attacks in 1948. He briefly served as the third and last president of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first president of
the independent Third Philippine Republic after the United States ceded its sovereignty over the
Philippines.

MILITARY BASES AGREEMENT

A 1947 Military Bases Agreement gave the United States a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine
military and naval bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights. In August 1951, a mutual
defense treaty (MDT) was signed between representatives of the Philippines and the United States.

Roxas delivered a speech in Manila in which he presented his views on the bases and the negotiations.
He reported that the American negotiators had been flexible and willing to consider Philippine opinions
on crucial issues such as the location of the bases.

Roxas stated he was motivated to request American Military assistance because of his determination
that the Philippines must not be left undefended in a troubled international environment, and the bases
were to be used for defensive purposes; not for aggression.

Military Assistant Agreement

The Military Assistance Agreement also was signed in March 1947. This treaty established a Joint United
States Military Advisory Group to advise and train the Philippine armed forces and authorized the
transfer of aid and matériel--worth some US$169 million by 1957.
The ratification advise was approved by the US Senate on March 20, 1952. The President of the United
States ratified the treaty on April 15, 1952. The Philippine Senate on the other hand, ratified the treaty
on May 12, 1952.

This mutual defense treaty entered into force on August 27, 1952.

US NAVAL BASE-Subic Bay, Olongapo Zambales

Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair, supply, and rest and recreation facility of the Spanish
Navy and subsequently the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines. The base was 262
square miles, about the size of Singapore.[1] The Navy Exchange had the largest volume of sales of any
exchange in the world, and the Naval Supply Depot handled the largest volume of fuel oil of any navy
facility in the world.[2] The naval base was the largest overseas military installation of the United States
Armed Forces, after Clark Air Base in Angeles City was closed in 1991.[3] Following its closure in 1992, it
was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone by the Philippine government.

On September 16, 1991, in a vote of 12-11, the Philippine Senate rejected a negotiated treaty that
would allow an extension of the stay of the U.S. bases in the country. The 11 senators who voted in
favor of the new treaty were 5 short of the two-thirds majority needed for ratification.

Some of those who were in favor of extending US presence came from areas devastated by the eruption
of Mt Pinatubo in June 1991. The eruption had also triggered the abandonment of Clark Air Base, after
volcanic ash covered it and rendered it inoperable.

On December 21, 1992, the Military Bases Agreement signed in 1947 was terminated, with the last of
the US bases turned over to the Philippine government and transformed into economic zones.

11 Senators who are favor in extension of US Bases

Ernesto 'Boy' Angara Edgardo Angara Alberto Romulo Heherson Sonny Alvarez Neptali Gonzales Jose
Joey Lina Jr. Vicente Paterno Santanina Rasul Mamintal Tamano Leticia Ramos Shahani. Johnny Henry
Osmena

INCEPTION OF DIFFERENT TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, 1954-1963

Philippine foreign policy continues to be one of active and close alignment with the democratic world,
particularly the United States. In recent years closer relations with some other Southeast Asian states
such as Vietnam, Thailand and Pakistan, as well as Philippine participation in SEATO.

SEATO September 8, 1954

The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the expansion of communism
in the Asian region.
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense
in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in
September 1954 in Manila, the Philippines.

SEATO Meeting in Manila(September 8, 1954)

The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region.
Although called the “Southeast Asia Treaty Organization,” only two Southeast Asian countries became
members. The Philippines joined in part because of its close ties with the United States and in part out
of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own government.

The treaty defined its purposes as defensive only and included provisions for self-help and mutual aid in
preventing and countering subversive activities from without and cooperation in promoting economic
and social progress. SEATO had no standing forces but relied on the mobile striking power of its member
states, which engaged in combined military exercises.

The formation of SEATO was a response to the demand that the Southeast Asian area be protected
against communist expansionism, especially as manifested through military aggression in Korea and
Indochina and through subversion backed by organized armed forces in Malaysia and the Philippines

Reparation Agreement

The active coordination of the Magsaysay administration with the Japanese government led to the
Reparation Agreement. This was an agreement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese
government to pay $800 million as reparation for war damages in the Philippines.

Japanese Peace Treaty July 23, 1956

The Japanese Peace Treaty was ratified and a reparations arrangement with the Philippines was
ultimately achieved in 1956. Although diplomatic ties have been established, the remaining hatred
toward the Japanese as a result of the war and the persistent fear of Japanese economic dominance in
the Philippines have kept tensions low. The Philippines does not maintain diplomatic ties with the Sino-
Soviet bloc, no cultural exchanges have been allowed, and trade with the bloc is minimal.

Diosdado Macapagal's Foreign Policy

Macapagal's foreign policy went in a strange direction. On the one hand, he said he would never
recognize Communist China, no matter what the US or other countries decided. On the other hand, in
May 1962, he said that the United States' help for neutralists in Laos was "a kind of sophistry that can
only weaken the defense of the free world."

In June 1962 Macapagal registered a claim of Philippine sovereignty over British North Borneo (Sabah)

In July he proposed the establishment of a greater Malayan confederation which would supersede the
Britishsponsored plan for the Federation of Malaysia.
Macapagal initiated the Manila Accord of July 31, 1963, signed by himself, President Sukarno of
Indonesia, and Abdul Rahman of Malaya; on August 6 the three chiefs of state issued the Manila
Declaration toward the establishment of Maphilindo

MAPHILINDO

Macapagal's foreign policy aimed to forge better ties with neighboring Asian nations. In July 1963, he
hosted a summit between the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia in Manila. MAPHILINDO was
proposed; the local press hailed it as the culmination of Rizal's ambition of uniting the Malay peoples.
MAPHILINDO was portrayed as a regional association that would handle matters of shared interest with
a spirit of compromise. In light of the ongoing conflict between Indonesia and newly constituted
Malaysia, as well as the Philippines' claim to Sabah, the territory in northern Borneo that had become a
Malaysian state in 1963, MAPHILINDO was immediately canceled.

SABBAH CLAIM

WHERE IS SABAH?

 Sabah is one of Malaysia’s 13 states, located on Borneo, an island which is shared among
Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. Banggi Island, in Sabah’s north, is less than 80km from the
Philippines’ southern Balabac Island.
 The state has about 3.9 million people and was a founding member of the Federation of
Malaysia in 1963.
 Sabah has a wealth of natural resources, including an estimated 1.5 billion barrels of oil and 11
trillion cubic feet of gas reserves. It is also home to some of the world’s best scuba diving sites in
the Celebes Sea.
 Sabah faces persistent security challenges, including attacks from Philippine-based militant
groups like Abu Sayyaf. Though kidnapping incidents have declined in the past few years, the US
earlier this year listed the area as an increased risk for kidnapping and hostage-taking by
criminal and terrorist groups

Background of the dispute

 In the 17th and 18th centuries, parts of Sabah’s east were ruled by the Sulu sultanate – a
Muslim state which ruled several islands spread across parts of Mindanao, Palawan and Borneo.
 The sultanate in 1878 signed an agreement handing the territory over to the North Borneo
Chartered Company (NBCC), a British colonial company tasked to exploit the resources in North
Borneo.
 The Philippines has long claimed that this agreement constituted a lease, rather than a full
cession, of the territory to the NBCC.

How has the dispute impacted ties between Malaysia and the Philippines?
  Claims over the state have been a point of contention between the Southeast Asian neighbours
for more than 60 years, and analysts say the issue has often been brought up by Philippines
politicians to drum up popular support.
 In 2013, about 200 militants from Tawi-Tawi in southern Philippines arrived in Lahad Datu,
southeast Sabah, to stake historical claims on the territory on the basis of being descendants
from the Sulu sultanate.
 The ensuing clash between the militants and Malaysian security forces, which resulted in the
deaths of 60 people, prompted Malaysia to ramp up its security measures in the region. Analysts
say that lingering disagreement prevents the formalisation of a maritime boundary between the
two nations in the Sulu Sea, which has been raised at the International Court of Justice.
 The United States also pledged its best efforts to provide the Philippines with US$900 million in
economic and military aid over the next five years (1984-88), up from US$500 million over the
previous five years.
 On September 16, 1991, in a vote of 12-11, the Philippine Senate rejected a negotiated treaty
that would allow an extension of the stay of the U.S. bases in the country. The 11 senators who
voted in favor of the new treaty were 5 short of the two-thirds majority needed for ratification.
 On December 21, 1992, the Military Bases Agreement signed in 1947 was terminated, with the
last of the US bases turned over to the Philippine government and transformed into economic
zones.
 While the agreement lapsed in 1992, the Philippines and the US have engaged in joint military
exercises with the ratification of the Visiting Forces Agreement in 1999.

U.S. - PHILIPPINES DEFENSE TREATIES

Expiration of Military Bases Agreement

 On March 14, 1947, the Military Bases Agreement was signed by President Manuel A. Roxas and
Paul V. McNutt, the United States high commissioner in the Philippines and concurred in by the
Philippine Senate on March 26, 1947, and accepted and ratified by the US on January 21, 1948.
 The US military has had a long history in the Philippines, with the signing of the Military Bases
Agreement in 1947 that allowed the US to establish and operate air and naval bases for 99
years.
 The Agreement was set for a period of 99 years subject to extension thereafter as agreed by the
two Governments.
 This agreement would undergo amendments over the years. Notably in the 1966 amendment,
the agreement was cut down to 25 years of the unexpired portion of the 99 years, expiring in
1991.
 The 1979 amendments would reaffirm Philippine sovereignty over the bases and provided for a
thorough review of the agreement every five years. The first review, in 1983, resulted in several
further concessions to Philippine demands for increased sovereignty

Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement

The two countries signed the VFA in 1998. The Visiting Forces Agreement governs the legal status of U.S.
military forces operating in the Philippines. It creates rules by which U.S. troops, vessels, and aircraft
may enter the country and establishes criminal jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel.

1998 Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement

It provides simplified access procedures to the Philippines for U.S. service members on official business
(for example, U.S.-Philippines bilateral training or military exercises), and it provides a series of
procedures for how to resolve issues that may come up as a result of U.S. forces being present in the
Philippines.

PURPOSE

1. Provides clear procedures and processes for how to handle issues that arise as a result of U.S.
service members presence in the Philippines.

For example, in 2015, a U.S. Marine was tried and convicted of killing a Filipina. Upon conviction, the
service member was sentenced to a 12-year prison term. Because of the VFA, he is serving that time in a
facility jointly established by the Philippines and the United States rather than a Philippine prison.

Bilateral discussions on a VFA addendum are expected to address the thorny issue of criminal
jurisdiction related to American soldiers violating Philippine laws.

The high profile cases of US Marine Daniel Smith, who raped a Filipino woman (“Nicole” in court papers)
in Subic in 2005, and Joseph Scott Pemberton, who murdered transgender woman Jennifer Laude in
Olongapo in 2014, revealed how the VFA was used to provide special treatment to them.

Despite being found guilty and sentenced to prison, Smith was placed under the custody of the US
embassy, while Pemberton was placed in solitary confinement inside an air-conditioned shipping
container.

2. It is a political signal of the closeness of the U.S.-Philippines alliance. Analysts and former officials
believe that signaling close ties between the United States and Philippines supports efforts to deter
China from further encroaching on Philippines’ sovereignty.

On February 10, 2020, the Government of the Philippines submitted to the U.S. Embassy in Manila a
“notice of termination” of the Philippines-U.S. Visiting Forces Agreement.

Some analysts contended that former President Duterte may have initiated the termination as a
response to U.S. actions barring entry into the United States of a political ally involved in human rights
abuses; others believed that he intended to leverage the VFA to negotiate better terms in the bilateral
security relationship or that the action was part of an effort to orient the Philippines strategically away
from the United States. mit to the VFA.87

Many in the Philippines, particularly in the defense and foreign policy establishments, however,
opposed the move. The Philippine government suspended the termination three times (for six months
each), in June 2020, November 2020, and June 2021.

On July 30, 2021, former Philippine Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana announced that the
Philippines had agreed to recommit to the VFA.

He fully restored the VFA and admitted that the US’ vaccine donation to the Philippines led to his
decision: “We did a give and take… I conceded to the continuance of the Visiting Forces Agreement in
gratitude.”

2014 U.S.-PHILIPPINES ENHANCED DEFENSE COOPERATION AGREEMENT (EDCA)

 Philippine Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin and U.S. ambassador to the Philippines Philip
Goldberg signed the EDCA
 April 28, 2014
 Camp Aquinaldo, Quezon City, Philippines
 The EDCA is an agreement between the Philippines and the United States which is envisioned to
advance the implementation of the PH-US Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT).
 It is characterized by both governments as an executive agreement and not a formal treaty.
 The U.S. military will be able to build or improve the infrastructure inside these installations, but
Philippine forces will be able to jointly use them
 “share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or
base in the territory of the Philippines.”
 There will be a temporary U.S. military presence that will strengthen the Philippines’ resolve to
uphold its territorial and maritime claims in the South China Sea.
 Test American credibility regarding its defense commitment to the Philippines.
 A more comprehensive agreement that covers the full range of enhanced defense cooperation.
 The EDCA aims to address “short-term capabilities gaps, promoting long-term modernization,
and helping maintain and develop additional maritime security, maritime domain awareness,
and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief capabilities.”

2021 RESTORATION OF VFA PACT

 U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte
 July 29, 2021
 Malacañang Palace in Manila, Philippines
 A Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) is an agreement between a country and a foreign nation
having military forces visiting in that country.
  The (VFA) provides rules for the rotation of thousands of U.S. troops in and out of the
Philippines for war drills and exercises.
 The bilateral meeting is a platform for the United States and the Philippines to discuss the
situation and plan for the future.
 During the meeting with Lorenzana, Austin reaffirmed America's commitment to supporting a
sovereign and secure Philippines.
 "Based on upholding the Philippines' strategic core interest...and clarity of U.S. position on its
obligations and commitments under the MDT (Mutual Defense Treaty)." - Harry Roque,
Duterte's spokesperson
 The Philippines is a U.S. treaty ally, and several military agreements are dependent on the VFA.
 For the United States, having the ability to rotate in troops is important not only for the defense
of the Philippines, but strategically when it comes to countering China's assertive behavior in
the region.

OTHER MILITARY AGREEMENT, PROGRAM AND AID

AFP Modernization Act

 The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Modernization Act, officially designated as Republic
Act No. 7898, was a Philippine law that was enacted on February 23, 1995, by President Fidel V.
Ramos. It was aimed to modernize all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
such as the Philippine Air Force, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Army.
 On December 11, 2012, it was amended by Republic Act No. 10349, also known as the Revised
AFP Modernization Act, which extends the modernization program for another 15 years with an
initial budget of ₱75 billion for the first five years in order to continue modernizing all the
branches of the AFP. The amended law was made under the leadership of President Benigno
Aquino III.

AFP Modernization Act in Dutere Admin

 The AFP Modernization Program is divided into three horizons. The first was implemented from
2013 to 2017; the second, from 2018 to 2022; and the third, from 2023 to 2028.
 Duterte administration devoted the same 25 billion pesos amount to military modernization as
the Aquino administration did last time around. This included funding for key, big-ticket items
already prioritized for external defense like fighter jets, frigates, and radars.

Balikatan Exercise

 One of the key engagements with respect to the U.S.-Philippines alliance has been the Balikatan
exercises, traditionally the signature military exercise for the alliance relationship.
 “Balikatan” is a Tagalog term that means “shoulder-to-shoulder” or “sharing the load together,”
which characterizes the spirit of the exercise and represents the alliance between the
Philippines and the United States.
 U.S. AND PHILIPPINE FORCES SUCCESSFULLY CONCLUDE 37TH BALIKATAN last April 2022.
  nearly 9,000 exercise participants from the AFP and U.S. military trained shoulderto-shoulder
from the northern coast of Luzon to Palawan, focusing on maritime security, amphibious
operations, live-fire training, urban operations, aviation operations, counterterrorism, and
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
 The exercise also includes a command post exercise that tests the AFP and U.S. forces’ ability to
plan, command, and communicate with each other in a simulated environment. This training will
bolster the collective security and defensive capabilities of the alliance.

Enhancement of PAF 2022

 President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. expressed optimism that the newly acquired ground-based
air defense system (GBADS) and a C-295 medium lift aircraft will help the Philippine Air Force
(PAF) boost its capabilities in protecting Philippine territories.
 The GBADS, consists of the Surface-to-Air Python and Derby (SPYDER) air defense missile system
developed by the Israeli defense technology firm, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, with
assistance from Israel Aerospace Industries.
 The GBADS, specifically called SPYDER Air Defense System (SPADS), is a mobile air and missile
defense system designed to protect critical installations, land-based fixed assets, mobile
platforms and friendly forces from aerial threats such as combat aircraft, attack helicopters,
unmanned air vehicles, incoming missiles, guided munition, and rockets.
 On the other hand, the C-295 aircraft is capable of performing a variety of missions such as
troop and cargo transports, surveillance, and medical evacuation, among others.
 The aircraft accepted by the PAF is part of three of its kind acquired from Spain's Airbus Defense
and Space under the Medium Lift Acquisition Project.
 The first aircraft arrived in the country in March this year, while the third one is having its flight
test in Spain.

Increased US Rotational Presence

 Increased Rotational Presence is the policy which increases the presence of United States (US)
forces on a rotational basis in Philippine territory towards the development of a minimum
credible defense posture.
 The framework for this agreement adheres to the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) and the
Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA).
 Through the increased rotational presence, Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert del Rosario said the
Philippines can modernize its army even before the necessary purchase of defense system is
made, enhance deterrence of crimes before modernization, boost maritime security and
maritime domain awareness before ships and aircraft are acquired, educate personnel on how
to use and maintain military hardware before having them and improve the timely response to
humanitarian and disaster relief in the region.

U.S. Foreign Military Financing (FMF)

  The objectives of U.S. Foreign Military Financing are to: Improve the military capabilities of key
friendly countries to contribute to international crisis response operations, including
peacekeeping and humanitarian crises. Promote bilateral, regional and multilateral coalition
efforts, notably in the global war on terrorism.
 The Philippines is by far the largest recipient of U.S. military assistance in the Indo-Pacific region,
having received$1.14 billion worth of planes, armoured vehicles, small arms, and other military
equipment and training from 2015 to 2022. The amount includes $475.3 million worth of foreign
military financing to Philippines, among the biggest in Southeast Asia.
 President Marcos, who met his U.S. counterpart Joe Biden last September, said in a speech read
by a foreign ministry official at a briefing that he welcomed the visit of USS Ronald Reagan, and
reiterated he was committed to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea.

China donates P1 billion military aid to Philippines

 Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Huang Xilian said the first batch of the military
equipment, which included rescue and relief equipment, arrived in Manila last Jan. 16, 2022
 Huang said it would be formally turned over to the Department of National Defense and the
Armed Forces of the Philippines next month. “I hope that the donation will play a role in
maintaining peace and fighting terrorism as well as providing humanitarian assistance and
disaster response mission of Typhoon Odette,” Huang said.
 The ambassador also cited the commitment of Chinese President Xi Jinping during his state visit
in 2018 to help the Philippines in its counternarcotics and counterterrorism campaigns.

BBM on APEC

 The three-day Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Bangkok, Thailand, gave
Marcos the opportunity to put forward the country's stance on pressing global issues, as well as
its plans, including post-pandemic recovery, with fellow leaders in the region and other heads of
state.
 Marcos had bilateral meetings with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince
and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman, French President Emmanuel Macron, Australian
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern on the
sidelines of the summit.
 The President also had the chance to invite business leaders to do business in the country.
 The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) said the President's participation in the APEC Summit
has been successful so far, with the Chief Executive leading the Philippine delegation in tackling
trade and investment opportunities while seeking to realize mutual prosperity.

TECHNOLOGICAL DIPLOMACY
MANUEL L. QUEZON

 During Manuel Quezon’s presidential term, he made a total of two visits to Japan, first of which
being brief a brief stop from January 31 to February 2, 1937, when he was on his way to the US.
Another visit to Japan was from June 29 to July 10,1938. On both occasions, Quezon met with
members of the Japanese nobility and important government officials. In his trips to Japan,
Quezon was also intent on scouting technology that may be useful to be brought back to the
Philippines, much like the Japanese Tokyo .

SERGIO OSMEÑA

 The groundwork for United States aid in the reconstruction of ports and highways of the
Philippines was laid by President Osmeña in a previous trip to the United States. The Manila Post
reported in its issue of September 16, 1945
 The technical skill of American engineers has been secured to lay out plans for the
reconstruction as well as expansion of port and harbor facilities, roads and bridges in the
Philippines

TYDINGS BILL ACT

Approved by the United States Senate and awaiting action by the U. S. House of Representatives is the
P900,000,000 Tydings war damage bill.

1. Appropriates P660,000,000 for payment of war damages

2. Provides that P240,000,000 would be allocated from time to time by President Truman “as a
manifestation of good will to the Philippine people.”

3. Provides that P60,000,000 worth of surplus U. S. property be transferred to the Commonwealth

Government free, to aid in repairing damage caused by the war

In the Tydings Bill, the way was left open for the appropriation of additional millions by the U. S.
government later by a clause saying, “and such additional sums as may be necessary” to repair roads,
bridges, harbors, port facilities and other facilities and services necessary for self-defense and
rehabilitation. President Truman has also instructed Maj. Gen. Philip Fleming, administrator of the
United States Federal Works Agency, to have the Public Roads Administration make a study of the
requirements for construction, reconstruction and repair of highways, secondary roads, and essential
streets, including bridges.

FERDINAND E. MARCOS SR.

SCIENCE ACT National Science Development Board (NSDB) to formulate policies for the development of
science and coordinate the work of science agencies.

• Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.

• Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics.

• Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

• Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry.

 Philippine Treaty Series No. 710 Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between
the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China. Signed in Manila, March 14,
1978.
 Philippine Treaty Series No. 755 Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Hungarian People's
Republic. Signed in Manila on 22 February 1980.
 Philippine Treaty Series No. 691 Agreement on Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation
between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Libyan
Arab Republic. Signed in Tripoli, November 16, 1976.
 Philippine Treaty Series No. 683 Executive Programme of the Agreement on Scientific and
Technological Cooperation between the Republic of the Philippines and the Socialist Republic of
Romania for the years 1976-1977. Signed in Manila, August 21, 1976.
 Philippine Treaty Series No. 640 Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Republic of
Indonesia. Signed in Jakarta, August 8, 1974.
 Senate Resolution No. 683, s. 1976 Executive Programme of the Agreement on Scientific and
Technological Cooperation between the Republic of the Philippines and the Socialist Republic of
Romania for the years 1976-1977. Signed in Manila, August 21, 1976.
 Senate Resolution No. 691, s. 1976 Agreement on Economic, Scientific and Technical
Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of
the Libyan Arab Republic. Signed in Tripoli, November 16, 1976.
 Senate Resolution No. 710, s. 1978 Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between
the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China. Signed in Manila, March 14,
1978.
 Senate Resolution No. 755, s. 1980 Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between
the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Hungarian
BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTPeople's Republic. Signed in Manila on 22 February 1980

BATAAN NUKES

 In the early 1950's the US government gave the Philippines a small (l megawatt or 1 million
watts) nucli3ar uranium-235 fission reactor
 In 1963, 1966, and 1972, the Philippines invited consultants from the International Atomic
Energy agency, or IAEA (Vienna), to help in studying the feasibility of constructing a nuclear
 power plant somewhere in Bataan to boost the electric power supply of Manila and
neighbouring places.
 In 1976, the contract between the National Power Corporation and the Westinghouse
Corporation mas signed and approved by the President of the Philippines

INDUSTRIAL

COPPER SMELTER

 Contracts for the $235 million smelter were awarded in November 1979, and construction of
the plant in Isabel, Leyte started in January.
 Marubeni Corporation of Japan

PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER

Four multinational consortia were bidding on the plant. It is to be constructed next door to the copper
smelter, making use of cheap sulfuric acid waste from that smelter.

Aluminum smelter

Diesel engine manufacturing

Cement industry expansion

Coconut industry rationalization

Integrated pulp and paper mill

Petrochemical complex

Heavy engineering industries

Integrated steel project

CORAZON AQUINO

ASEAN RELATIONSHIP

During her presidential campaign Mrs. Aquino had pledged a special effort to revitalize Philippine
relations with ASEAN neighbors. She reiterated the intention when, only two days after the "people
power" revolt had installed her in office, she met with ambassadors of the ASEAN countries and
promised that her government would "work closely" with the other member states. In a sense, the new
government was officially welcomed to the ASEAN ranks when Vice-President and concurrently Foreign
Minister Salvador H. Laurel joined the other ASEAN foreign ministers in Bali at the end of April to meet
with President Reagan. The major focus for Philippine officials at that time was not ASEAN, however, for
this was the occasion for the first meeting between the new government and the most senior U.S.
officials
President Aquino's first opportunity to reaffirm the Philippines' commitment to ASEAN in a formal
structural setting came at the 19th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Manila on June 23, 1986 wherein she
sternly recited the litany of ASEAN's failed expectations and aspirations. "After 19 years of existence,"
she said, "ASEAN should already be evaluating the impact of regional economic cooperation instead of
endlessly discussing how to get it off the ground." Which did not sit well with the other ASEAN officials
since she was at that time a new comer. Her generalized call for more progress in ASEAN's eco- nomic
domain was translated into a program of action that builds upon the long-established Philippine
approach to ASEAN as well as the Aquino government's hope that greater economic interaction within
ASEAN will benefit the Philippines' faltering domestic economy.

On the subject of foreign bases in Philippine soil, the Aquino government's policy towards the bases was
satisfactory to ASEAN: honor the agreements in force but made no com- mitments in advance about the
future. The fear in some ASEAN quarters that Mrs. Aquino might give major concessions on the bases to
negotiate any price "reconciliation" with the armed left has been dispelled.

Furthermore, her options with respect to the bases have not been fore- closed through constitutional
provisions terminating the U.S. military presence. ASEAN is aware, however, of the fact that the new
constitution has declared the Philippines as "nuclear weapons free" and that it restricts executive
latitude in decision making on the bases.

FIDEL V. RAMOS

During the energy crisis of the 1970s, four countries in East and Southeast Asia were active with projects
on nuclear economic power as a means to solve the problem: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the
Philippines. On July 22, 1993, Pres. Fidel V. Ramos directed the Department of Energy, Department of
Science and Technology and the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute to formulate a comprehensive
nuclear power program for the country. On May 12, 1995, Ramos signed Executive Order No. 243
"Creating a Nuclear Power Steering Committee for the implementation of a comprehensive nuclear
power program for Philippines 2000.

However in light of the atmosphere that was further buttressed by the Three-Mile Island and the
Chernobyl incident, the politicians were lording it over, with their expert resources, their own opinions
and prejudices, sometimes feeding on the fears of a lot of people. Furthermore in the response the
various claims of the anti-nuclear lobby, and especially after the special hearings that former Sen.
Lorenzo Tanada conducted to listen to these criticisms as ordered by President Marcos, additional safety
investments were added to the nuclear project, hence further causing a rise in costs of the project.

Moreover, it was well-known that atomic inspections under IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
had been monitoring the safety features of the plant. Only the brave and determined leaders in other
countries (Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan along our "ring of fire" neighborhood) stuck to their nuclear
decisions because they saw well beyond what our domestic politics could only cloud up.

GLORIA ARROYO
The Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, the science and technology sector of the Philippines was
dubbed as the "golden age"of science and technology by then secretary Estrella Alabastro . Numerous
laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country's economic level. This is to help increase the productivity from Science,Technology
and Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people. Moreover, the term "Filipinnovation" was the
coined term usedin helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia

PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACT OF 2009 (REPUBLIC NO. 10055)

The State fully recognizes that science, technology and innovation are essential for national
development and progress. It shall, therefore, give priority to research and development, invention,
innovation and their utilization. It shall also encourage the widest and most systematic participation of
all stakeholders in policy-making related to science and technology, and in the generation, transfer and
utilization of intellectual property, especially for the benefit of the general public.

NOYNOY AQUINO

The Philippines’ poor economy is commonly cited as an explanation for its limited defense investments,
but other developing regional countries, such as Myanmar and Vietnam, have made greater strides in
modernizing their arsenals over the same period. Difficult civil-military relations may be an additional
major factor for the Philippines, as the Senate has rejected special budgets for defense investments
under Aquino, however, Manila has been able to obtain an unprecedented amount of arms in the past
six years. The Scarborough standoff with China in 2012 and other Sino-Filipino maritime conflicts
provided the necessary atmosphere for a military build-up; Aqunio’s generally high approval rates also
helped ease the process. During this time, Manila has received a lengthy list of used assets as part of
military aid programs: five landing craft from Australia, five UH-1 utility helicopters from Germany, 28
M-113 armored personnel carriers (APCs) from Israel, seven UH-1s, two C-130H transporter aircraft, two
Hamilton class cutters, 23 Humvee ambulances, 114 M-113 APCs, and one coastal search radar from the
United States.

The Philippines’ poor economy is commonly cited as an explanation for its limited defense investments,
but other developing regional countries, such as Myanmar and Vietnam, have made greater strides in
modernizing their arsenals over the same period. Difficult civil-military relations may be an additional
major factor for the Philippines, as the Senate has rejected special budgets for defense investments
under Aquino, however, Manila has been able to obtain an unprecedented amount of arms in the past
six years. The Scarborough standoff with China in 2012 and other Sino-Filipino maritime conflicts
provided the necessary atmosphere for a military build-up; Aqunio’s generally high approval rates also
helped ease the process. During this time, Manila has received a lengthy list of used assets as part of
military aid programs: five landing craft from Australia, five UH-1 utility helicopters from Germany, 28
M-113 armored personnel carriers (APCs) from Israel, seven UH-1s, two C-130H transporter aircraft, two
Hamilton class cutters, 23 Humvee ambulances, 114 M-113 APCs, and one coastal search radar from the
United States.
Furthermore, the AFP has pursued new military acquisitions, including 12 South Korean FA-50 light
fighters, three Spanish CN-295 transporter aircraft, an Indonesian land platform dock (LPD), 13 Italian A-
109 light attack helicopters, eight American Bell-412 utility helicopters, two Indonesian C-212
transporter aircraft, and more than 200 South Korean military trucks, in addition to 18 Italian SF-260
trainers and eight Pole W-3 helicopters decided upon by the previous administration. Moreover, if its
luck holds, Manila may be able to settle deals regarding new frigates, maritime patrol aircraft, close
support aircraft, and amphibious assault vehicles in the near future. However, it must be noted that
some military procurement projects, such as advanced fighters and shore based anti-ship missiles, are
still being denied by the Philippine Senate.

RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

 BALIK SCIENTIST LAW or the RA. 11035 which was signed by President Duterte last June 15, 2018
 RA 11363 or the PHILIPPINE SPACE ACT signed last August 8, 2019 by President Duterte
 DIWATA 2 ( PHILIPPINE MADE MICROSATELLITE)
 Jeepney Modernization Program
 (RAILWAYS FOR MASS TRANSPORT: Part of President Duterte’s Build, Build, Build Project which
aims to provide jobs for the countries growing population)

PHILIPPINE – CAMBODIA Seek opportunities for technology transfer of rice seeds from the Philippines

PHILIPPINE – THAILAND Philippine cooperation in the fields of science and technology, and agriculture,
particularly swamp and dairy buffalo production.

PHILIPPINE – INDIA India Commemorative Summit in New Delhi, where the Delhi Declaration was
signed, Philippines-India relations was one of the two most focal bilateral discussions made. India is
targeting billions of investments in Philippine markets, notably in the pharmaceutical, information
technology, energy, and transportation which would lead to the creation of 10,000 jobs.

PHILIPPINE – JAPAN • Cooperation on the improvement of the Philippines’ lagging infrastructure • Mass
transportation systems, railways, dams, and ports. • Support for maritime law enforcement by providing
aircrafts, boats, ship, and vessels to the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

Multi-Role Response Vessel (MRRV) from Japan

PHILIPPINE – RUSSIA • Deepen cooperation on defense, military, technical, and investment cooperation
• Vehicle-purchases from Russia

MISTRAL 3 SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE

PHILIPPINE – CHINA

 This foreign policy shift to some extent boosts the mutual understanding, trust, and confidence
between the two nations
  China also extended anti-pandemic assistance to Filipinos with a continuous supply of anti-
pandemic. • Cloud diplomacy
 Sericulture development, rubber industry promotion, and research. Telecommunication
companies like Huawei, Fiberhome, and ZTE are working in cooperation with Philippine
universities and research institutions to jointly train Filipino talents and set up laboratories for
5G technology.

Group 6
Cultural Diplomacy
 Exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their
peoples in order to foster mutual understanding
 Creates a foundation of trust with other countries which policymakers can build on to reach
political, economic, and military agreements
 Provides a positive agenda for cooperation in spite of policy differences
 Creates a neutral platform for people-to-people contact
 Serves as a flexible, universally accepted approach towards countries where diplomatic relations
have been strained
 As a small power: cultural diplomacy is being used to court prestige and respect in the
international community
 As a developing economy: draws on cultural diplomacy to market its local products and
advertise its tourist attractions
 Multicultural society: employs cultural diplomacy to highlight its diversity and consequently
promote understanding and appreciation of its cultural identity, not only among foreigners but
also among Filipinos as well
 Might lead to fragmentation of cultures due to various influences brought about by
international migration
Soft Power
 The ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals
 Many countries prefer using soft power to co-opt other states through the promotion of culture
and political values, rather than coerce them through military force or economic sanctions
Culture
 The linchpin (important/vital) of public diplomacy
 It is in cultural activities and exchanges that a nation’s idea and image of itself are best
represented
 The significance of culture has consequently induced countries to advance cultural diplomacy in
enhancing their international standing
 Culture is no longer subordinate to politics, instead, it provides the operating context for politics
How does cultural diplomacy help the Philippines strengthen relations with other countries?
 Enhance the promotion of its national interests abroad
 These interests also serve as the basis of the country’s policy approaches to cultural diplomacy
o Includes soft power (political), creative economy (economic), and cultural identity
(social)
Cultural Diplomacy’s Important Functions
 Enhance its foreign policy
 Build inter-state relations
 Develop socio-cultural understanding
 Compensate political differences with other states
  Promote the country’s identity
Benefits from Cultural Diplomacy
 Enhance the promotion of its national interests abroad
 To market its local products and advertise its tourist attraction
 To highlight its diversity and promote understanding of cultural identity (not just for foreigners
but also Filipinos)
1946
 The Commonwealth of the Philippines became the Republic of the Philippines—the Third
Republic.
 American power remained influential in economic and security affairs even after Philippine
independence.
 Americans have the right to exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural, timber, and mineral
lands of the Philippines
1949
 the Philippines participated in the New Delhi Conference.
 The conference was unsuccessful because Asian countries, particularly India, were suspicious of
the pro-American stance of the Philippines
1950
 President Elpidio Quirino attempted to establish a Pacific Union of Asian countries by organizing
a conference in Baguio in 1950
 Failed to yield concrete results
1955
 29 Asian and African countries gathered in Bandung, Indonesia, to discuss problems
 affecting national sovereignty and of colonialism and racialism.
 Condemned racialism as a means of cultural suppression
 Argued that colonialism, “in whatever form, not only prevents cultural co-operation but also
suppresses the national cultures of the people”
1956
 stirred by such abuses, the halls of Congress were filled by calls for a review and realignment of
relations between the Philippines and the United States.
 The reconfiguration of Philippine-American relations encouraged the Philippines to explore
other aspects of foreign relations which will hinge on its bilateral relations with other countries.
 The first attempts of the Philippines to establish and strengthen bilateral relations were
 with countries that were also aligned with the U.S. such as Japan and South Korea.
1960
 The Philippine Embassy in Jakarta had recommended the immediate implementation of the
cultural agreement as a non-political bolster and a means to preserve the friendly relations
between the two countries.
1963
 The Philippines also concluded a cultural agreement with Mexico.
 First raised by the Philippine Ambassador to Mexico Librado Cayco as a response to the
upcoming 400th anniversary of the Expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from Mexico to the
Philippines in 1964.
 Recommendation was initially turned down
 Later rectified when the agreement was signed during the official visit of Foreign Affairs
Secretary Carlos P. Romulo to Mexico in 1969.
o For Legazpi, the goal of the expedition was to establish direct contact between Asian
trading centers and New Spain, making the Kingdom of Castile competitive with
 Portugal in developing potentially lucrative trade with the China coast, Japan, and the
Spice Islands.
1965
 The Philippine government adopted a more holistic approach towards culture and the arts.
 During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
1966
 The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) was established
 Had the responsibility to bring into the country foreign artists whenever in its opinion
performance by such artists would enhance the country’s cultural development.
1967
 Indonesian Foreign Affairs Minister Adam Malik and Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Narciso
Ramos met
 They agreed on the formation of a joint panel that will review existing bilateral agreements for
possible updating and/or accelerating their implementation.
 The same matter was agreed upon by Presidents Marcos and Soeharto during the former‘s state
visit to Indonesia in 1968.
1970
 The Philippine Embassy in Jakarta reiterated its recommendation for the immediate convening
of the panel.
1972
 President Marcos established policy guidelines for the conduct of trade with Socialist countries
 Apart from trade, the decision to establish diplomatic relations with Socialist countries was also
motivated by the following external reasons:
o awareness of the influence of Soviet and other Eastern European states in the
international economic and trading system
o recognition of the growth of Soviet political and military power and influence in
Southeast Asia
o Acknowledgment of the Soviet Union‘s superpower status
 Philippine cultural diplomacy with Islamic countries was utilized for the preservation of
territorial integrity and national security of the Philippines.
1976
 President and Mrs. Marcos graced the opening of the 1976 exhibition entitled “Egyptian Art
through the Ages” in Manila
o featured 100 pieces of high artistic and cultural value that chronicled the different
periods of Egyptian civilization
 Cultural agreements were also concluded with Libya (1976), Bangladesh (1980), Gabon (1981),
Iraq (1982), and Iran (1995) as the Philippines was trying to convince these countries of the
improved living conditions of Muslim Filipinos.
 Only the Libyan and Iranian cultural agreements were implemented.
 186 Muslim Filipino students enrolled in Libyan universities for the period 1991- 1996 through
the Libyan Cultural Agreement
 The Iranian cultural agreement led to the signing of institutional agreements between Philippine
and Iranian national libraries and to the visit of Iranian artists to the Philippines
1986
 After the successful overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship, the Presidential Commission for
Culture and the Arts was established placing the CCP under its administrative supervision.
 It became the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) in 1992
  The law mandated the NCCA to create and support a sustained program of international cultural
exchange, scholarships, travel grants, and other forms of assistance.
1993
 NCCA established an International Desk (later renamed International Affairs Office)
 Charged with coordinating with foreign and local government institutions and private
organizations in disseminating information on different cultural events occurring both locally
and abroad”
1994
 France (1978) and Germany (1983) incorporated assistances in their executive programs.
 France and the Philippines executed four protocols to implement the agreement.
 The third protocol was used by the Philippines to project a positive image to the French media
through Philippine cultural diplomacy with Western European countries and became an auxiliary
to development diplomacy
 This holds a major exhibition in France accompanied by Filipino artists in conjunction with the
Philippine President’s state visit to France
1999
 the Philippines produced a new cultural and educational agreement to replace Bulgarian cultural
agreement but it remained unsigned and under review
2001
 With the rise of terrorism as a threat to global security in 2001, the Philippines renewed its
relations with Pakistan to enhance security cooperation.
 It was in this context that the cultural agreement was implemented.
2007
 Vietnam sought ways to expand cooperation in this field by signing a protocol of cultural
cooperation.
 While the Philippines was willing to subsume the requests of Laos and Myanmar for cultural
assistance under the respective cultural agreements, these countries failed to tap the potential
benefits of such agreements.
2017
 President Rodrigo Duterte had gone on a total of 21 foreign trips
 The round of visits to ASEAN is particularly significant given the Association’s 50th founding
anniversary and the Philippines’ chairmanship.
 It also manifests the government’s resolve in engaging and cooperating with its neighbors in
matters of mutual interest.

The Global Campaign to Promote the Philippine Culture

1. Incorporating nation-branding strategies in cultural diplomacy
Nation Brand
 Provide the nation with culturally-grounded differentiation to its target audiences
 Enhances a country’s image
 Gives it the impetus to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors
Philippine Brand
 Encompasses both economy and culture
 Linked to both culture and commerce that can reinforce each other to produce a favorable
image for the Philippines at the same time serve its economic interest
 Raises the country’s global reputation, keeping up with the competitive economy due to
globalization and trade liberalization
Nation Brand + Philippine Brand
  Crucial for the government to synchronize these two and incorporate cultural diplomacy
 Includes:
o Marketing activities
o Trade shows
o Promotional campaign
 Eg. Japanese brand is known for its durability, elegance, and precision
Government-Initiated Ventures and Programs
I.Department of Trade and Industry’s (DTI) Center for International Trade Expositions and Missions
(CITEM)
A. Actively markets the country’s products through its major industry promotions such as Design
Philippines, Fashion Philippines, and Food Philippines
II.Department of Tourism (DOT)
. “It’s more fun in the Philippines” campaign in various promotional activities and travel fairs
worldwide to lure more foreign tourists to visit the country
2. Supporting creative industries as part of cultural diplomacy
 Various pursuits with a strong artistic component and any other economic activities that
produce symbolic products with a heavy reliance on intellectual property for a wide market.
 These can generate global awareness of the country’s cultural products, artistic performances,
and creative services.
Segments of the Creative Industry
1. Heritage Group
a. Composed of traditional cultural expression, arts and crafts, festivals and celebrations, and
cultural sites
b. The post-war Philippine government saw culture and the arts as means of preserving cultural
heritage.
c. Cultural heritage preservation responsibilities were viewed as "adjuncts to the country's
educational system.
d. The National Archives and National Library
i.important repositories of documents and written materials
e. the National Museum and National Historical Commission
.conducted archaeological, anthropological, and historical research and preserved material evidences to
reconstruct the past
f. The Commission on the Filipino Language
.preserved the intangible heritage of languages through research and the publication of dictionaries.
2. Arts Group
. ·Includes visual arts and the performing arts.
a. The animation industry, for instance
.Has a great potential to draw in economic benefits for the Philippines and showcase creativity among
Filipinos.
i.Serves major sectors such as film, television, videogames, and mobile applications (apps) in Japan,
Australia, and the US.
b. the country’s first-ever all-digital full-length animated feature film “Dayo: Sa Mundong
Elementalia”
c. the government has been cooperating with the private sector to provide support for the local
animation industry.
d. The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Animation Council of
the Philippines INC. (ACPI)
.Worked together to design a curriculum for animators as part of the government’s training for work
program to provide the industry with highly-skilled employees.
e. the limited financial incentives, infrastructure, and technical support from the government and
business sector thwart the rapid development of the creative industry in the Philippines.
Advanced Philippine Pop Culture in Cultural Diplomacy
 The established institutions of culture are gradually integrating with popular culture.
 Pop culture may increase the Philippines' cultural visibility because of its global reach and mass
appeal
 It has the potential to attract international audiences, which may improve the Philippines'
contemporary image if presented correctly.
 Filipino soap operas are well-received and are consistently viewed across Southeast Asia and
some areas in the Pacific Islands, as well as Filipino singers who have created a name for
themselves abroad.
 Some of these television dramas are broadcast in French, English, or Portuguese and are widely
shown in Africa.
o Wild Flower, On the Wings of Love, Pangako Sa ‘Yo (The Promise)
o Lea Salonga, Kris Aquino, Mon Confiado
o Anak (Freddie Aguilar), Beautiful Girl (Jose Mari Chan), Together Forever (Rico J. Puno)
Crafting country-specific programs in Cultural Diplomacy
 Philippines must continue to make a variety of programs designed for various nations, taking
into account the distinctiveness and cultural sensitivities of each one.
 The Philippines share a number of historical ties with countries like Spain, Mexico, China, and
the United States making it easy to start programs that will strengthen cultural ties and
historical connections.
 The nation has the opportunity to highlight a variety of cultural differences with other nations,
which should encourage creative activities to promote mutual understanding and foster
bilateral ties.
 Existing Cultural Agreements between the Philippines and other countries should be taken into
account when designing country-specific programs
Department of Foreign Affairs
 Department, cultural diplomacy was the responsibility of the Division of Cultural Exchanges and
Activities.
 Since it was one of the earliest units in the department, its nature and functions have undergone
several changes as the department and the Foreign Service were being strengthened
Cultural Center of the Philippines
 had the responsibility to bring into the country foreign artists whenever in its opinion
performance by such artists would enhance the country’s cultural development.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
 Secured its position among the cultural agencies as the primary cultural agency that works with
the DFA in relation to cultural agreements.
 It relies on the NCCA to lead in the development of inputs on the provisions of cultural
agreements.
Group 7
July 1963
 President Diosdado Macapagal convened a summit in Manila where the three countries
MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) signed a series of agreements
 Aim: To pave the way for new developments in the negotiations
Maphilindo
  Aims to combine the economic, political, and military resources of the nations in the Malay
archipelago into a single country
 The establishment of Maphilindo will remove the barriers that have been built artificially to
divide the peoples of the Malay race.
 The idea of Maphilindo was abandoned just after a month after its inception
 It is often called a “failed experimentation”
Reason why it ended
 Heated tensions between Malaysia and Indonesia
 Quickly became entangled in geopolitical disputes between the three countries involved
Founded By:
 Jose Rizal
o Initially proposed the idea of uniting the three countries
 Wenceslao Vinzons
o Attempted on initiating this during the Commonwealth era
 Diosdado Macapagal
o Fulfilled and signed MAPHILINDO
Roles and Vision of Maphilindo
 Exchange of views on current problems concerning stability, security, economic development,
and social progress
 Better understanding and closer cooperation in their endeavor for their common future
 Maintain the stability and security of the area in order to preserve their respective national
identities
Roles of the Philippines in the United Nations
1. Carlos P. Romulo
a. President of the 4th session of the UN General Assembly
b. 1949-1950: President of the General Assembly of the UN
c. 1950: Became secretary of the foreign affairs of the Philippines
d. 1952: Named ambassador to the United States
2. Rommel Maranan
. One of the youngest diplomats in the United Nations
a. Assistant to then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon
3. Natalyn Bornales
. Information officer at the UN’s Dag Hammarskjöld Library.
4. Reynaldo Naval Jr.
. Helped establish public information centers at the UN peacekeeping mission in Kosovo in the
wake of the 1999 war
5. Loey Felipe
. His photo is in the UN Security Council
a. His photo is about observing a moment of silence in honor of the victims of the crashed flight
MH17 which circulated all over the news
ASA (Association of Southeast Asia)
 Malaya, Thailand, Philippines
 created after World War 2, when USSR and the Us competed for global ideological dominance
 let small states with little choices but to build alliances for their political and economic survival
independence
 Sought to achieve economic cooperation rather than political security
o After world war 2 ended, every region remained unstable and countries suffered
unstable economic growth
  Peace and stability in Southeast Asia were achieved as a result of cooperation and wise
leadership between the region
 it was challenged by the competition between the world’ s superpowers (US, USSR), and
between Washington and Beijing, as well as the Cold War tension.
Southeast Asian Countries
 Struggled to attain independence and a cooperation framework was hard to establish
ASAS (Association of Southeast Asian States
SEAFET (Southeast Asian Friendship and Economic Treaty
ECCA (the Economic and Cultural Cooperation Agreement
1960
 The ASA’s founding members had achieved the highest economic growth and social progress in
Southeast Asia
July 31, 1961
 The foreign ministers of Malaya, Thailand, and the Philippines signed the Bangkok Declaration
that established:
o "...an association for economic and cultural cooperation among the countries of
Southeast Asia to be known as ASA- Association of Southeast Asia."
1963
 Indonesia’s confrontation policy against Malaya and the Philippines
Purpose and Objective of founding ASA (main key factor which became a motivator to regionalism
formation)
 derrived from the stability of regional politics, peace objecctive, regional conflict solution,
security guarantee, economic development and cooperation between countries and act jointly
especially issues relating to regionalism.
 Demonstrating opinions, proposals, representative approaches and stances
 Formation of regionalism is influenced by the understanding between countries
Malaya-Philippines-Indonesia Confrontation
1st conflict
 conflict over the northern part of North Borneo (Sabah Island) between the Philippines and
Malaya.
2nd conflict
 conflict between Malaya and Indonesia known as the Konfrontasi in Indonesian language was an
undeclared war.
 The disputes led to the collapse of unity within the ASA
 The conflicts involved major powers which sought to gain economic and political interests
 They wanted the countries in their region to form alliances with them in order to achieve their
grand foreign policy objectives
Rising Cooperation
The First Concept
 An Accord was issued by the Philippines, Malaya, and Indonesia on 31 July 1963
The Second Concept
 The positive development was made by ministers of the Philippines and Indonesia over the joint
cooperation in the Accord.
The Third Concept
 The above three countries took into account the peaceful settlement
Group 8
The Roles of a Diplomat
1. Economic Officers
a. Officials who work with foreign governments, international businesses, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and other agencies regarding science, technology, economic, energy, and
environmental policies both within the Philippines and abroad.
b. Deals with foreign governments on economic policy issues like protecting intellectual property
rights, and exchange rates, eliminating corruption, and promoting energy security
2. Management Officers
. Officers who act as leaders responsible for all embassy operations, including information
technology, security, human resources, and fiscal budgeting.
a. support services regarding travel
b. human resources department
c. information technology support
d. experts on rules and laws
3. Political Officers
. Officials who analyze their host country’s political climate and negotiate with all levels of
government officials, from ambassadors to prime ministers.
a. Political officers are trained to quickly become subject-matter experts in whatever topic they’re
working on in the country they’re posted.
4. Public Diplomacy Officers
. Officers who engage, advise, and influence opinion leaders, local non-governmental groups,
future leaders, academics, think tanks, and other government officials to promote mutual
understanding and support for policy interests.
a. Mainly focus on government-to-people relations (as opposed to government-to-government
relations)
b. 2 sides: The information side and Cultural Side
5. Consular Officers
. Officers who facilitate adoptions, help evacuate Filipinos, stop and prevent identity fraud to
secure national borders, and fight human trafficking.
Diplomat Rankings
1. Ambassador
a. the highest ranking diplomat that is sent to another sovereign state in order to represent their
country
2. Envoy
. a diplomat of the second class who had plenipotentiary powers, i.e., full authority to represent
the government
3. Minister
. Head of mission who was accredited to the receiving country's government.
a. Represents one government to another
4. Charge D’Affaires
. A diplomatic official who temporarily takes the place of an ambassador.
Embassy
 the staff appointed by the state to carry out diplomatic functions in another state and to the
premises in which this staff works.
 Diplomatic relations must exist between two states before an embassy can be opened.
Consulate
 Led by Consul General (CG)
 Consulates are branch offices of an embassy.
 A nation can have several consulates in a country, which are typically located in other large
cities. That way, they can help travelers and expats located in different parts of the country.
Jurisdiction
 Even though embassies and consulates are located in another country, they are legally
considered territories of the country they represent. So the host country does not have
jurisdiction inside the embassy of a foreign country.
Roles of Embassy
1. Provide support to the non-government organization
2. Play a friendly and cooperative role within the host state
3. Provide support to businesses, schools, and other organizations if deemed appropriate.
4. The support provided to the organizations helps in the social and economic development of the
host country
5. It aims for peaceful cooperation and collaboration between the host state and foreign country
6. Embassies take care of the interests of citizens in the host countries.
7. Political and economic sector-related cooperation
8. Cultural sector-related interaction
9. An embassy acts as a symbol of cooperation and diplomacy
10. An embassy explains policies and identifies threats and opportunities related to the host
country.
11. Promoting the well-being of non-residents of the host country
12. Promoting the welfare of the overseas citizens of the host country
13. Interacting regularly with the citizens of the host country
Main Functions
 Represent
 Protect
 Negotiate
 Inform
 Promote
Sections of Embassy
 Consular section
 Economic section
 Public Diplomacy section
 Management section
 Political section
Importance of Embassy
 Assist citizens of its home country living, working, or traveling overseas.
 Embassies and their branches (called “consulates”) are necessary for both routine
administration and emergency situations.
Other Institutions
1. Asian Development Bank
a. a regional development bank established
b. to promote social and economic development in Asia
PROJECTS & SERVICES:
 Public Sector (Sovereign) Financing.
 Private Sector (Non-sovereign) Financing
 Cofinancing
 Trade and Supply Chain Finance Program
 Funds and Resources
2. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
a. One of the five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and
Social Council
b. Established in order to increase economic activity in Asia and the Far East, as well as to foster
economic relations between the region and other areas of the world.
PROJECTS AND SERVICES:
 ESCAP Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness
 Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)
 ESCAP-OECD Initiative on Digital Trade Regulatory Analysis
 ESCAP SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS NETWORK
 Infrastructure Financing and PPP Network
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
a. inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade
throughout the Asia-Pacific region
b. aimed to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe.
PROJECTS AND SERVICES:
 Promoting Gender Equality in the Telecommunications Industry for the Inclusive Recovery
 COVID-19 Indigenous and Diverse Women-Led MSME Responses
 Enhancing Women's Leadership Role in Digital Economy to Achieve Sustainable Growth
 2023 APEC Forum on Promoting Innovation for Women-led Entrepreneurship
 Joint EC and GOS Project: Services and Structural Reform
4. Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT)
a. intergovernmental organization and operates in conjunction with telecom service providers,
manufacturers of communications equipment, and research and development organizations active in
the field of communication, information and innovation technologies
b. Promote the expansion of telecommunication services and information infrastructure and the
maximization of the benefits of information and telecommunications technology for the welfare of the
people in the region
PROJECTS AND SERVICES
 ICT Development (ICT)
 APT Symposium on Disaster Management
 Research on policy trends of “Smart City” in Asia Pacific Region
5. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
a. promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military,
educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and countries in the Asia-Pacific.
b. to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.
PROJECTS AND SERVICES
 ASEAN Project Development Training Program
 ASEAN Peace Project: An Initiative Contributing to the Peace and Environmental Protection
Efforts of the Conflict-Affected Southern Regions of the Philippines and Thailand
 ASEAN Infrastructure Fund
List of Countries with Diplomatic Ties with Philippines
 Asia – 42 countries
 Africa – 31 countries
 America – 22 countries
 Europe – 43 countries
 Oceania – 13 countries
 Former states – 4 countries
 Multilateral relations – 6 associations
Multilateral Relations (6 Associations)
1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - 10 countries
2. European Union (EU) - 28 countries
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - 21 countries
4. United Nations (UN) - 193 countries
5. World Trade Organization (WTO) - 164 countries
6. Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) - 4
countries
Diplomatic Missions in the Philippines and Philippine Diplomatic Missions Abroad
 58 Foreign Embassies and 64 Consulates placed in the territory of the Philippines.
 The Philippines itself in total counts nearly 68 Embassies and 125 Consulates spread all over the
world.
Filipino Diplomats
1. Felipe Agoncillo (1859-1941)
a. First Filipino Diplomat
b. He was the lawyer who represented the Philippines in the discussion in Paris, France that ended
the Treaty of Paris in 1898 and ended the Spanish-American War.
c. The then Republic of Malolos assigned him to promote the recognition of Philippine
independence by other countries.
d. Because of this, many consider him as the country's first outstanding diplomat.
2. Estefania Aldaba-Lim, Ph.D. (1917-2006)
. 1971: Became the first woman cabinet member in the Philippines when she was appointed as
Secretary of the Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD)
a. She held this role until 1977
b. 1976: was chosen to serve as the UNESCO Executive Board's regional representative for Asia
c. 1979, she became was the first woman to become Special Ambassador to the United Nations,
with the rank of assistant secretary general during the UNICEF—UNESCO International Year of the Child.
d. Kurt Waldheim, the secretary general, presented her with the UN Peace Medal that year
3. Lauro Liboon Baja (1937-present)
. 1999: received the Gawad Mabini Award with the rank of Dakilang Kamanong.
a. The Philippine Jaycees Senate named Ambassador Baja the Outstanding Filipino (TOFIL)
Awardee for his outstanding work in the field of bilateral and multilateral diplomacy.
b. 2003: conferred by President Arroyo the Order of Sikatuna with the rank of Datu, the highest
award a member of the Philippine Foreign Service could receive.
4. Philippe Jones Lhuillier, KCR (1945-present)
. Current Philippine ambassador to Spain.
a. 1999 to 2010: ambassador to Italy and the chairman of the Philippine’s largest pawnshop chain,
Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop
5. Maria Nieves R. Confesor
. Presidential Adviser on Human Resource Development and International Labor Affairs:
administration of President Fidel Ramos
a. External collaborator, adviser, and consultant: World Bank, ILO, ASEAN Secretariat, Asian
Development Bank (ADB)
b. Consultant: various Philippine and foreign companies and organizations
c. Former Dean of the Institute; Executive Director, AIM-Team Energy Center for Bridging
Leadership
Issues with Regard to Diplomatic Relations of the Philippines with other Countries
1. Duterte Threatens to Ban Labor Migration to the Middle East
a. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte threatened to cut off the flow of Filipino workers to the
Middle East in response to incidents of rape and suicides of Filipinos in the region.
b. Such a ban would likely do more harm than good, forcing workers to take greater risks to seek
overseas employment while cutting off a critical source of income for families in the Philippines.
2. China vs PH: Territorial Dispute on the West Philippine Sea
. January 22, 2013: Philippines instituted arbitral proceedings against China in a dispute
concerning their respective “maritime entitlements” and the legality of Chinese activities in the South
China Sea.
a. February 19, 2013: China expressed its rejection of the arbitration.
b. China’s view: The Arbitral Tribunal did not have jurisdiction in the case because China’s
acceptance of dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – the basis
put forward by the Philippines – was limited and excluded sea boundary delimitations and the
determination of historic titles.
c. China has continuously refused either to accept or to participate in the arbitral proceedings
initiated by the Philippines.
3. Claims on Sabah: Malaysia vs PH
. Philippines claims North Borneo or Sabah
a. Based on the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963, entered into by the Philippines, Indonesia, and
Malaya – the Philippines has the right to pursue its claim according to the methods of peaceful
settlement of disputes as established under international law.
The Poverty of Philippine Foreign Policy
1. The Discursive Deficit
a. Most important issue missing from our public discourse on national development: is the nature
of our Foreign Policy and whether it has served our national interest in recent times.
b. Most of the political discourse in the country has been focused on the issue of corruption and its
implications for poverty alleviation, good governance
2. The Philippines' "Grand Strategy"
. Our foreign policy doctrine reveals how it has operated and persisted under the shadow of US
foreign policy.
a. It is essentially a non-assertive submissive 'Grand Strategy' under the shadows of a superpower.
b. Grand Strategy is defined as "a basic stance adopted by a country vis-à-vis the rest of the world;
it may or may not be explicit. It is promoted by a political elite – in competition with other elite factions
– with a substantial domestic political base."
3. Reinventing our Foreign Policy
. In a nation known for its 'internationalized' culture, educated population, eloquence, and
admirable grasp of foreign languages, there is no shortage of talent for 21st-century diplomatic service.
a. Does not guarantee the collective success of a nation.
b. Systematic efficiency and the nature of organizational arrangements determine the extent of a
nation's success.
Conclusion
 We should get out of the shadow of the United States.
 We ourselves must define our stance on key issues such as:
o Rise of China and its implications for our region
o The emerging global financial order
o The failure of globalization and trade liberalization
 Trade liberalization: the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the
free exchange of goods between nations
 We must reflect these new priorities in the structure of foreign service bureaucracy and go
beyond merely serving as an extension of the foreign relations arm of DOLE.
 Fully professionalize the Foreign Service and stop making appointments based on political
considerations.
 Strengthen the overall analytical and policy-making capacities of the diplomatic service, from
Think Tanks to geographic and area-specific research centers