Dr.

Samir Mohamed Elshamy

Internal Forced Convection
• The terms pipe, duct, and conduit are usually
used interchangeably for flow sections.
• In general, flow sections of circular cross section
are referred to as pipes (especially when the fluid
is a liquid), and flow sections of noncircular
cross section as ducts (especially when the fluid
is a gas).
• Small-diameter pipes are usually referred to as
tubes.
• You have probably noticed that most fluids,
especially liquids, are transported in circular pipes.
• This is because pipes with a circular cross section
can withstand large pressure differences between the
inside and the outside without undergoing significant
distortion.
• Noncircular pipes are usually used in applications
such as the heating and cooling systems of buildings
where the pressure difference is relatively small, the
manufacturing and installation costs are lower, and
the available space is limited for ductwork
THE ENTRANCE REGION
Entry Lengths

For Laminar flow

For Turbulent flow

GENERAL THERMAL ANALYSIS
Constant Surface Heat Flux (q·s= constant)
Constant Surface Temperature (Ts = Constant)
LAMINAR FLOW IN TUBES
Pressure Drop
LAMINAR FLOW IN TUBES
Constant Surface Heat Flux

Constant Surface Temperature

Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region
TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES

where n =0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through
the tube.
This equation is known as the Dittus–Boelter equation
Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region

The entry lengths for turbulent flow are typically short, often just 10 tube
diameters long, and thus the Nusselt number determined for fully developed
turbulent flow can be used approximately for the entire tube.

This simple approach gives reasonable results for pressure drop and heat transfer
for long tubes and conservative results for short ones.

Correlations for the friction and heat transfer coefficients for the entrance regions
are available in the literature for better accuracy.