GROUP 3

Mechanical Optical
Glasses Properties Properties

Ceramics and glasses

Ceramic Glass-Ceramics
History
7,000 – 5,000 People were already employing sharp tools made of
BCE obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass, around 7,000
BCE. According to the Roman historian Pliny, the first
human-made glass was accidentally generated by
Phoenician merchants around 5,000 BCE when they set
cooking pots on sodium-rich pebbles beside a fire while
resting on a beach. The heat from the fire melted the rocks,
which combined with the sand to produce molten glass.

3,500 – 1500
BCE - Pliny's story has not been confirmed by
archeologists. Instead, rudimentary glass artifacts, like as
beads, have been discovered dating back to 3,500 BCE in
Mesopotamia and Egypt. Mesopotamia produced glazed
pottery at the start of the Bronze Age. However, it was not
until 1,500 BCE that Egyptians began to construct
factories to produce glassware for ointments and oils.
SUMMARY OF
HISTORY
Ceramic
Definition
CERAMICS- - Glasses are amorphous, whereas ceramics
are crystalline. Ceramics nearly always have
high melting points and good thermal
CYRSTALLINE stability.
- A ceramic has historically been defined as
MATERIALS "an inorganic, nonmetallic solid formed from
powdered ingredients, manufactured into
products via the application of heat, and
exhibiting such features as hardness,
strength, low electrical conductivity, and
brittleness."
- It is essential in the engineering field to
understand the characteristics and ceramics.
SIGNIFICANCE
CERAMICS-
Engineers must understand how to adjust the
mechanical, thermal, and other characteristics of
ceramics based on their intended use. For
example, if someone wishes to adjust the melting
temperature of a ceramic, they should CYRSTALLINE
MATERIALS
understand the ceramic's atomic bonding and
crystal structure.
APPLICATION - Today, ceramics are widely used in many
fields such as refractories, spark plugs,

CERAMICS- Insulators, sensors, abrasives, etc.

CYRSTALLINE
- Here are also some of the applications
of Ceramics based on clasification;

MATERIALS

Electroceramics
1. Pure Oxides Ceramics - Whitewares
- Clay Products
2. Electro-Ceramics
- Brick and tile
3. Super Conducting Ceramics - Abrasives
4. Magnetic Ceramics - Refactories
- Cement
5. Piezoelectric Ceramics
GLASSES
 - Non-Crystalline Solids (Also known
as Amorphous Solids)

Glass- Non - -Amorphous is a word from Greek

that means without form. Therefore,
Crystalline Amorphous solids are solids that do not
Materials have a proper arrangement of atoms.
They are arranged in a random order
Definition
without following a proper fixed
position.
 1. Optical Properties of Glasses
- The changes in the optical properties modify some parameters of a
light wave passing through a material or reflecting from it.
2. Electrical Properties of Glasses
- Pure silica glass is a well-known insulator with a resistance on the
order of 1014 ohm m.[7] Because of its insulating qualities, glass is especially
desirable in semiconductors; in device production, glass is placed between metals
or semiconductors as very thin insulators.

Glass- Non
3. Thermal Properties of Glasses
- When temperatures quickly change, silica glass is often thought to be prone to
thermal shock and easily breaks or cracks. This is true for soda-lime-silica
glass, the cheapest and most common type of glass, which contains around

Crystalline 30% sodium oxide (Na2O), lime (CaO), magnesia (MgO), and alumina (Al2O3).

4. Chemical Properties

Materials - An ion exchange reaction in which alkali ions in the glass exchange with
hydrogen atoms or hydronium ions present in ambient humidity or water is the
fundamental determinant of chemical durability in glass. The alkali ions leached

Properties from the glass react with carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere to form
alkali carbonates and bicarbonates.

Other Non-crystalline Solid Properties

- Does not have a Long-Range order
- *Definite Melting Point
- *Conversion into a glasslike form
Glass-Ceramics
 -Glass ceramic materials were first developed at the
Corning Glass Works and share properties of both the

Glass-Ceramics
parent glass material and polycrystalline materials
-defined as composite materials constituted of crystals

Definition in a glassy matrix

- Glass-ceramics combine the properties of glasses with
the benefits of conventional sintered ceramics.
 Here are some application of Glass-Ceramics:
-used in the kitchen and even in space

Glass-Ceramics -cooktop or stove top

- -Ceramics are more than pottery and dishes: clay,
Application bricks, tiles, glass, and cement are probably the best-
known examples. Ceramic materials are used in
electronics because, depending on their composition, they
may be semiconducting, superconducting, ferroelectric, or
an insulator.
 - crystalline and polycrystalline materials
- clay is the main component of ceramics
- ceramic is lighter than glass, but usually because it is
porous
- Glass-ceramics combine the properties of glasses with
Glass-Ceramics the benefits of conventional sintered ceramics
- Glass-ceramics can range from highly crystalline to
Properties containing a more substantial glassy phase. As they
contain crystalline phases and, therefore, also grain
boundaries, glass-ceramics can range from transparent
to opaque
- Ceramic and porcelain are two materials that are
strong and smooth, but breakable.
They are typically produced in a procedure in which a pre-
manufactured glass is exposed to a specific heat treatment.
This process causes the Glass to nucleate and crystallize in a
Glass-Ceramics
regulated manner. Glass partially crystallizes, and the glass-
ceramic creates a structure that includes an amorphous
Procedure
(glassy) phase and at least one embedded crystalline phase.
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Other reasons for brittle fracture

Metallurgical Declination
It can do when the metal is At high temperature

Steel Cleanliness and Grain Structure

Too important reducing the durability of the metal

Colder Operating Temperatures

Operating an outfit at temperatures colder than its lower
design temperature at sufficient operating pressure can
also beget brittle fracture.
 Static fatigue or creep rupture, which refers to a material's
time-dependent failure when subjected to a constant load, is
used to assess a material's (i.e., fiber or composite) resilience to
chemical conditions.

When water molecules are present in the operating

environment, static fatigue occurs, which is comparable to
stress-corrosion in that the strength of any part declines with
time at load.

static fatigue in ceramics is actually referring to failure by

cracking due to residual/constant stresses. Then plastic
deformation is not a consideration here

STATIC FATIGUE IN CERAMICS Static fatigue in glasses

Prodecures:
• Hot Pressing: • Rolling:

• Float Moulding • Blow Moulding

• Fibre Forming
The density of glass has a considerable effect
on its other physical parcels, similar to its
melting and crystallization characteristics
and the temperature and pressure ranges
within which the glass can be worked.

Glass density varies equally with

temperature. As it's hotted, density
diminishments, and it flows more fluently.
The reason is that the thermal energy
produced causes the structural motes to move
briskly and break the bonds between those
motes.

The viscosity of glass significantly affects other

physical parcels, similar to softening, melting,
and crystallization characteristics, and the
temperature and pressure range within which
the glass can be worked.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES