Business Statistics

(Sessional Assignment)

Student Name:
“Fahad Naved Shaikh”
ID Number:
“1945-2019”

Semester:
“3rd Semester”
Faculty:
“Faculty of Management Sciences”

Submission Date:
“27-01-2021”

Content:
DEFINITIONS:
 Statistics
 Types of statistics
 Sample
  Population
 Raw Material
 Presentation of Data

AGE: (with definitions of topics)

 Ascending Order And Descending Order
 Frequency Distribution
 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
 Graphical Presentation: (Histogram, Frequency Polygon)
 Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean, Harmonic Mean (GROUPED, UNGROUPED)
 Prove; A.M > G.M > H.M
 Variance, Standard Deviation (GROUPED, UNGROUPED)
 Regression of Age and Height
 Coefficient Of Correlation Age and Height
 Quartile deviation (Ungrouped, Grouped)

HEIGHT: (with definitions of topics)

 Ascending Order And Descending Order
 Frequency Distribution
 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
 Graphical Presentation: (Histogram, Frequency Polygon)
 Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean, Harmonic Mean (GROUPED, UNGROUPED)
 Variance, Standard Deviation (GROUPED, UNGROUPED)
 Regression of Age and Height
 Coefficient Of Correlation Age and Height

Definitions:
Statistics:
 Old definition;
Statistics is a science of assembling, classifying and tabulating the facts and data.

 New definition;
Statistics is a scientific way of assembling, classifying and presenting the data as well as
analyzing the data in order to make generalizations and decisions.

TYPES OF STATISTICS:
There are two types of statistics which are as following,
1. Descriptive statistics:
It is consisted of methods for organizing and summarizing data or information.
2. Inferential statistics:
It is consisted of methods for drawing and measuring the reliability of conclusion about the
population based on information obtained from a sample of that population.

Sample:
It is that part of population from which information is collected.

Population:
It is the collection of all individuals, items and data under consideration in a statistical study.

Raw Data:
It is a collection of facts which is not organized in any way, such data has mixed information.

Presentation of Data:
i. Ascending and descending order
ii. Frequency distribution
iii. Graphical representation

ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ORDER:

Arrangement of raw data into increasing pattern that is from lower observation to higher
observation is known as ascending order while the reserve order of arrangement is known as
descending order.

Page 2 of 34
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

Ascending and Descending Order of Age:

Question:

Data of Age:

17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19
22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22
25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Solution:
Ascending order of Age;

17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21
21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
22 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26

Descending order of Age;

26 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 23 22
22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 21

21 21 20 20 19 19 19 18 17 17

Ascending and Descending Order of Height:

Question:

Data of Height:

4.2 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.2 4.6 5.2

4.6 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.4

5.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.2

Page 3 of 34
 Solution:
Ascending order of Height;

4.2 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4

5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9

5.9 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2

Descending order of Height;

6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.9

5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4

5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.2

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:
Organization of set of data in a table showing the breakup of data into classes or groups together
with the number of observations in each class or group is called a frequency distribution.

QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

Frequency distribution of Age:

Question:

17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19

22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22

25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Solution:

Finding Range;

Maximum Value−Minimum Value

¿
Number of Class Intervals

Page 4 of 34
 26−17
¿
5

9
¿
5

¿ 1.8 ↑ = 2

CLASS INTERVALS TALLY MATHS FREQUENCY

17 – 18 ||| 3
19 – 20 |||| 5
21 – 22 ||||||||||| 13
23 – 24 ||| 3
25 – 26 ||||| 6

∑ f =30

Frequency distribution of Height:

Question:

4.2 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.2 4.6 5.2

4.6 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.4

5.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.2

Solution:

Finding Range;

Maximum Value−Minimum Value

¿
Number of Class Intervals

6.2−4.2
¿
3

Page 5 of 34
 2
¿
3

¿ 0.66 ↑ = 1.0

CLASS INTERVALS TALLY MATHS FREQUENCY

4.2 – 5.1 ||||| 6

5.2 – 6.1 ||||||||||||| 16
6.2 – 7.1 ||||||| 8
∑ f =30

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:

QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION:

Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Age:

Question:

17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19
22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22
25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Solution:

CLASS INTERVALS TALLY MATHS FREQUENCY C.F C.F

(less) (More)
17 – 18 ||| 3 3 30

19 – 20 |||| 5 8 27
21 – 22 ||||||||||| 13 21 22
23 – 24 ||| 3 24 9
25 – 26 ||||| 6 30 6

Page 6 of 34
 ∑ f =30

Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Height:

Question:

4.2 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.2 4.6 5.2
4.6 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.4
5.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.2

Solution:

CLASS INTERVALS TALLY MATHS FREQUENCY C.F C.F

(less) (More)
4.2 – 5.1 ||||| 6 6 30
5.2 – 6.1 ||||||||||||| 16 22 24
6.2 – 7.1 ||||||| 8 30 8

∑ f =30

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION:
There are two types of graphical presentation,

 Histogram
 Frequency Polygon

HISTOGRAM;
A histogram is a virtual representation of a group frequency distribution. It is consisted of set of
adjacent rectangles by taking bases along x-axis with areas proportional to the frequencies of the
class intervals.

QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION:

Histogram of Age:
Question:

Page 7 of 34
 Data of Age:

CLASS 17 – 18 19 – 20 21 – 22 23 – 24 25 – 26
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 3 5 13 3 6

Solution:

CLASS INTERVALS FREQUENCY CLASS BOUNDARIES

17 – 18 3 16.5 – 18.5

19 – 20 5 18.5 – 20.5
21 – 22 13 20.5 – 22.5
23 – 24 3 22.5 – 24.5
25 – 26 6 24.5 – 26.5

Histogram of Age;
14
13

12

10
Frequency

8
6
6
5

4
3 3

0
16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 26.5
Class Boundaries

Histogram of Height:
Question:
Data of Height:

Page 8 of 34
 CLASS 4.2 – 5.1 5.2 – 6.1 6.2 – 7.1
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 6 16 8

Solution:

CLASS INTERVALS FREQUENCY CLASS BOUNDARIES

4.2 – 5.1 6 4.15 – 5.15

5.2 – 6.1 16 5.15 – 6.15

6.2 – 7.1 8 6.15 – 7.15

Histogram of Height;
18
5
16

14

12
Frequency

10
13
8
3
6

0
4.15 5.15 6.15 7.15

Class Boundaries

FREQUENCY POLYGON:
A frequency polygon is an alternative to histogram that presents overall shape of the distribution.

QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

Page 9 of 34
Frequency polygon of Age:
Question;
Data of Age:

CLASS 17 – 18 19 – 20 21 – 22 23 – 24 25 – 26
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 3 5 13 3 6

Solution:

CLASS FREQUENCY MID POINT

INTERVALS
17 – 18 3 17.5
19 – 20 5 19.5
21 – 22 13 21.5
23 – 24 3 23.5
25 – 26 6 25.5

Polygon of Age;

14
12
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.5
Mid Point

Hence, the Polygon of Age is positively skewed.

Frequency polygon of Height:

Question;
Data of height:

CLASS 4.2 – 5.1 5.2 – 6.1 6.2 – 7.1

Page 10 of 34
 INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 6 16 8

Solution:

CLASS INTERVALS FREQUENCY MID POINT

4.2 – 5.1 6 4.65

5.2 – 6.1 16 5.65

6.2 – 7.1 8 6.65

Polygon of Height;

18

16

14

12
Frequency

10

0
4.65 5.65 6.65

Mid Point

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:

There are two types of measures,

 Measure of location
 Measure of dispersion

Page 11 of 34
MEASURE OF LOCATION:
The measures of location are,
 Arithmetic Mean (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Median (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Mode (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Geometric Mean (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Harmonic Mean (Grouped, Ungrouped)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

GROUPED:
{Median, Mode, Arithmetic Mean (A.M), Geometric Mean (G.M), Harmonic
Mean (H.M)}
FOR AGE:

CLASS 17 – 18 19 – 20 21 – 22 23 – 24 25 – 26
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 3 5 13 3 6

Solution,

C.I F x C.B Fx C.F Logx Flogx F/x

17 – 18 3 17.5 16.5 – 18.5 52.5 3 1.2430 3.729 0.1714
19 – 20 5 (F1) 19.5 18.5 – 20.5 97.5 8 (C.F) 1.2900 6.45 0.2564
21 – 22 13 (F.M) 21.5 20.5(L) – 22.5 279.5 21 1.3324 17.3212 0.6046
23 – 24 3 (F2) 23.5 22.5 – 24.5 70.5 24 1.3711 4.1133 0.1277
25 – 26 6 25.5 24.5 – 26.5 153 30 1.4065 8.439 0.2359

∑ f =30 ∑ fx=653 ∑ flogx=40.0525

∑ f / x=1.396

Median of Age; (Grouped)

{ (∑ ) }
f
−C . F
~ 2
x=L+ h
F. M

Page 12 of 34
 ( 2)
{ }
30
−8
~
x=20.5+ 2
13
~
x=20.5+(0.53)(2)
~
x=20.5+(1.07)
~
x=21.57

Mode of Age; (Grouped)

^x =L+
{ ( F . M −F 1 )
( F . M −F 1 ) + ( F . M −F 2 )
h
}
^x =20.5+
{ ( 13−5 )
(13−5 ) + ( 13−3 )
(2) }
^x =20.5+
{ (8 )
}
( 8 ) + ( 10 )
(2)

^x =20.5+(0.44)(2)

^x =20.5+(0.88)

^x =21.38

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Age; (Grouped)

x=
∑ fx
∑f
653
x=
30
x=21.76

Geometric Mean (G.M) of Age; (Grouped)

G . M =Antilog
( ∑ flogx
∑f )
G . M =Antilog ( 40.0525
30 )

G . M =Antilog ( 1.3350 )

Page 13 of 34
 G . M =21.63

Harmonic Mean (H.M) of Age; (Grouped)

H .M =
{ ∑f
∑ (f / x) }
H .M = ( 1.396
30
)
H . M =21.49

Prove, A.M > G.M > H.M; (Grouped)

From the above calculation we have,
A . M =21.76
G . M =21.63

H . M =21.49

Thus,
A . M >G . M > H . M

21.76>21.63> 21.49 Proved

FOR HEIGHT:

CLASS 4.2 – 5.1 5.2 – 6.1 6.2 – 7.1

INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 6 16 8

Solution,

C.I F x C.B Fx C.F Logx Flogx F/x

4.2 – 5.1 6 (F1) 4.65 4.15 – 5.15 27.9 6 (C.F) 0.6674 4.0044 1.903

5.2 – 6.1 16 (F.M) 5.65 5.15 (L) – 6.15 90.4 22 0.7520 12.032 2.8319

Page 14 of 34
 6.2 – 7.1 8 (F2) 6.65 6.15 – 7.15 53.2 30 08228 6.5824 1.2030

∑ f =30 ∑ fx=171.5 ∑ flogx=¿∑

¿ f / x=5.3252
22.6488

Median of Height; (Grouped)

{ (∑ ) }
f
−C . F
~ 2
x=L+ h
F. M

( 2)
{ }
30
−6
~
x=5.15+ (1)
16
~
x=5.15+ ( 0.5625 )( 1 )
~
x=5.15+ ( 0.5625 )
~
x=5.713

Mode of Height; (Grouped)

^x =L+
{ ( F . M −F 1 )
( F . M −F 1 ) + ( F . M −F 2 )
h
}
^x =5.15+
{ ( 16−6 )
(16−6 )+ (16−8 )
(1)
}
^x =5.15+
{ ( 10 )
(10 )+ ( 8 ) }
( 1)

^x =5.15+ ( 0.555 )( 1 )

^x =5.15+ ( 0.555 )

^x =5.705

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Height; (Grouped)

x=
∑ fx
∑f

Page 15 of 34
 171.5
x=
30
x=5.716

Geometric Mean (G.M) of Height; (Grouped)

G . M =Antilog
( ∑∑ ) flogx
f

G . M =Antilog ( 22.6188
30 )

G . M =Antilog ( 0.75396 )

G . M =5.6749

Harmonic Mean (H.M) of Height; (Grouped)

H .M =
{ ∑f
∑ (f / x) }
H .M = ( 5.3252
30
)
H . M =5.6336

UNGROUPED:
{Median, Mode, Arithmetic Mean (A.M), Geometric Mean (G.M), Harmonic Mean (H.M)}
FOR AGE;

17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19
22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22
25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Solution:

Number of x Logx 1/x

Observations (n)
1 17 1.2304 0.0588
2 17 1.2304 0.0588
3 18 1.2553 0.0556
4 19 1.2787 0.0526
5 19 1.2787 0.0526
6 19 1.2787 0.0526
7 20 1.3010 0.05

Page 16 of 34
 8 20 1.3010 0.05
9 21 1.3222 0.0476
10 21 1.3222 0.0476
11 21 1.3222 0.0476
12 21 1.3222 0.0476
13 21 1.3222 0.0476
14 22 1.3424 0.0454
15 22 1.3424 0.0454
16 22 1.3424 0.0454
17 22 1.3424 0.0454
18 22 1.3424 0.0454
19 22 1.3424 0.0454
20 22 1.3424 0.0454
21 22 1.3424 0.0454
22 23 1.3617 0.0435
23 24 1.3802 0.0417
24 24 1.3802 0.0417
25 25 1.3979 0.04
26 25 1.3979 0.04
27 25 1.3979 0.04
28 26 1.4150 0.0385
29 26 1.4150 0.0385
30 26 1.4150 0.0385
∑ x =¿ ¿ ∑ logx=¿ ¿40.0
654 652 ()
∑ 1x =¿ ¿1.39
46
Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Age; (Ungrouped)

x=
∑x
n
654
x=
30
x=21.8

Median of Age; (Ungrouped)

() ( ) value
th th
n n+2
value+
~ 2 2
x=
2

( ) ( ) value
th th
30 32
value+
~ 2 2
x=
2

Page 17 of 34
 th th
~ 15 value +16 value
x=
2

~ 22+22
x=
2
~
x=22

Mode of Age; (Ungrouped)

^x =the most repeated value
^x =22 (Represented by yellow color in table)

Geometric Mean (G.M) of Age; (Ungrouped)

G . M =Antilog ( ∑ logx
n )
G . M =Antilog ( 40.0652
30 )

G . M =Antilog ( 1.3355 )

G . M =21.65

Harmonic Mean (H.M) of Age; (Ungrouped)

H .M =
{ n
∑ (1 / x ) }
H .M = ( 1.3946
30
)
H . M =21.51

FOR HEIGHT;

4.2 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.2 4.6 5.2
4.6 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.4
5.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.2

Solution:

Number of x Logx 1/x

Page 18 of 34
 Observations (n)
1 4.2 0.6232 0.2381
2 4.6 0.6628 0.2174
3 4.6 0.6628 0.2174
4 4.8 0.6812 0.2083
5 5 0.6990 0.2
6 5 0.6990 0.2
7 5.2 0.7160 0.1923
8 5.2 0.7160 0.1923
9 5.4 0.7324 0.1858
10 5.4 0.7324 0.1858
11 5.4 0.7324 0.1858
12 5.5 0.7404 0.1818
13 5.5 0.7404 0.1818
14 5.5 0.7404 0.1818
15 5.6 0.7482 0.1786
16 5.6 0.7482 0.1786
17 5.7 0.7559 0.1754
18 5.8 0.7634 0.1724
19 5.8 0.7634 0.1724
20 5.9 0.7708 0.1695
21 5.9 0.7708 0.1695
22 6 0.7781 0.1667
23 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
24 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
25 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
26 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
27 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
28 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
29 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
30 6.2 0.7924 0.1613
∑ x =¿ ¿1 ∑ logx=¿ ¿22.3
67.2 164 ()
∑ 1x =¿ 5.4421¿
Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Height; (Ungrouped)

x=
∑x
n
167.2
x=
30
x=5.573

Median of Height; (Ungrouped)

Page 19 of 34
 () ( ) value
th th
n n+2
value+
~ 2 2
x=
2

( ) ( ) value
th th
30 32
value+
~ 2 2
x=
2

~ 15th value +16th value

x=
2

~ 5.6+5.6
x=
2
~
x=5.6

Mode of Height; (Ungrouped)

^x =the most repeated value
^x =6.2 (Represented by yellow color in table)

Geometric Mean (G.M) of Height; (Ungrouped)

G . M =Antilog (∑ ) logx
n

G . M =Antilog ( 22.3164
30 )

G . M =Antilog ( 0.74388 )

G . M =5.5448

Harmonic Mean (H.M) of Height; (Ungrouped)

H .M =
{∑ } n
(1 / x )

H .M = ( 5.4421
30
)
H . M =5.5126

MEASURE OF DISPERSION:
Following are the measures of dispersion,

Page 20 of 34
  Variance (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Standard deviation (Grouped, Ungrouped)
 Quartile Deviation (Grouped, Ungrouped)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

GROUPED:
{Variance and Standard Deviation (S.D)}
FOR AGE:

CLASS 17 – 18 19 – 20 21 – 22 23 – 24 25 – 26
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 3 5 13 3 6
Solution,

C.I F x Fx ( x−x )2 f ( x−x )

2

17 – 18 3 17.5 52.5 18.1476 54.4428

19 – 20 5 19.5 97.5 5.1076 25.538

21 – 22 13 21.5 279.5 0.0676 0.8788

23 – 24 3 23.5 70.5 3.0276 9.0828

25 – 26 6 25.5 153 13.9876 83.9256

∑ f =30 ∑ fx=653 ∑ f ( x−x )2=173.868

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Age; (Grouped)

x=
∑ fx
∑f
653
x=
30
x=21.76

Variance of Age; (Grouped)

σ =
2
{ ∑ f ( x −x )2
∑f }
σ =
2
( 173.868
30 )

Page 21 of 34
 2
σ =5.7956

Standard Deviation (S.D) of Age; (Grouped)

σ=
√{ ∑ f ( x−x )2
∑f }
σ =√ 5.7956
σ =2.4074

Coefficient of Variation (C.V) of Age;

σ
C . V = (100)
x
2.4074
C.V= (100)
21.76
C . V =11.06 %

FOR HEIGHT:

CLASS INTERVALS 4.2 – 5.1 5.2 – 6.1 6.2 – 7.1

FREQUENCY 6 16 8

Solution,

C.I F x Fx ( x−x )2 f ( x−x )

2

4.2 – 5.1 6 4.65 27.9 1.36356 6.8181

5.2 – 6.1 16 5.65 90.4 0.004356 0.0696

6.2 – 7.1 8 6.65 53.2 0.872356 6.9788

∑ f =30 ∑ fx=¿ 171.5¿ ∑ f ( x−x )2=¿13.8665

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Height; (Grouped)

Page 22 of 34
 x=
∑ fx
∑f
171.5
x=
30
x=5.716

Variance of Height; (Grouped)

σ = 2
{ ∑ f ( x −x )2
∑f }
σ =
2
( 13.8665
30 )

σ 2=0.4622

Standard Deviation (S.D) of Height; (Grouped)

σ=
√{ ∑ f ( x−x )2
∑f }
σ =√ 0.4622
σ =0.6798

Coefficient of Variation (C.V) of Height;

σ
C . V = (100)
x
0.6798
C.V= (100)
5.716
C . V =11.894

UNGROUPED:
{Variance and Standard deviation (S.D)}
FOR AGE;

17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19
22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22
25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Page 23 of 34
 Solution:

Number of x ( x−x )2
Observations (n)
1 17 23.04
2 17 23.04
3 18 14.44
4 19 7.84
5 19 7.84
6 19 7.84
7 20 3.24
8 20 3.24
9 21 0.64
10 21 0.64
11 21 0.64
12 21 0.64
13 21 0.64
14 22 0.04
15 22 0.04
16 22 0.04
17 22 0.04
18 22 0.04
19 22 0.04
20 22 0.04
21 22 0.04
22 23 1.44
23 24 4.84
24 24 4.84
25 25 10.24
26 25 10.24
27 25 10.24
28 26 17.64
29 26 17.64
30 26 17.64
∑ x =¿ ¿6 ∑ ( x− x )2=¿188.8 ¿
54

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Age; (Ungrouped)

x=
∑x
n

Page 24 of 34
 654
x=
30
x=21.8

Variance of Age; (Ungrouped)

2
σ = { ∑ ( x−x )2
n }
2
σ = ( 188.8
30 )
2
σ =6.293

Standard Deviation (S.D) of Age; (Ungrouped)

σ=
√{ ∑ ( x−x )2
n }
σ =√ 6.293
σ =2.508

FOR HEIGHT;

4.2 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.2 4.6 5.2
4.6 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.4
5.8 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.2

Solution:

Number of x ( x−x )2
Observations (n)
1 4.2 1.88512
2 4.6 0.94672
3 4.6 0.94672
4 4.8 0.59752
5 5 0.32832
6 5 0.32832
7 5.2 0.13912
8 5.2 0.13912

Page 25 of 34
 9 5.4 0.02992
10 5.4 0.02992
11 5.4 0.02992
12 5.5 0.00532
13 5.5 0.00532
14 5.5 0.00532
15 5.6 0.00072
16 5.6 0.00072
17 5.7 0.01612
18 5.8 0.05152
19 5.8 0.05152
20 5.9 0.10692
21 5.9 0.10692
22 6 0.18232
23 6.2 0.39312
24 6.2 0.39312
25 6.2 0.39312
26 6.2 0.39312
27 6.2 0.39312
28 6.2 0.39312
29 6.2 0.39312
30 6.2 0.39312
∑ x =¿ ¿1 ∑ ( x− x )2=¿ ¿9.0784
67.2

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Height; (Ungrouped)

x=
∑x
n
167.2
x=
30
x=5.573

Variance of Height; (Ungrouped)

2
σ = { ∑ ( x−x )2
n }
2
σ = ( 9.0784
30 )
2
σ =0.302

Page 26 of 34
Standard Deviation (S.D) of Height; (Ungrouped)

σ=
√{ ∑ ( x−x )2
n }
σ =√ 0.302
σ =0.550

Quartile Deviation of Age:

Ungrouped:
17 21 22 17 21 23 18 21 24 19

22 24 19 22 25 19 22 25 20 22

25 20 22 26 21 22 26 21 22 26

Solution,

17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21

21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

22 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26

For Q1;

Q 1= ( n+4 1 )th Value

Q 1= ( 30+1
4 )
th Value

Q 1=( 7.75 ) th Value

So,
7.75th value is between the 7th and 8th value,

Q 1= ( 7 th+82 th )
Page 27 of 34
Q 1= ( 20+ 20
2 )
Q 1=20

For Q3;

Q 3=3 ( n+4 1 )th Value

Q 3=3 ( 30+1
4 )
thValue

Q 3=23.25 th Value

So,
23.25th value is between the 23th and 24th value,

Q 3= ( 23th+24
2
th
)
Q 3= ( 24+24
2 )

Q 3=24

Now Q.D,

Q . D= ( Q 3−Q
2
1
)
Q . D= ( 24−20
2 )

Q . D=2

Grouped:

CLASS 17 – 18 19 – 20 21 – 22 23 – 24 25 – 26
INTERVALS
FREQUENCY 3 5 13 3 6

Page 28 of 34
Solution,

CLASS INTERVALS FREQUENCY C.B C.F (less)

17 – 18 3 16.5 – 18.5 3 (C.f1)

19– 20 5 (F1) 18.5 (L1)– 20.5 8
21 – 22 13 20.5 – 22.5 21 (C.F2)
23 – 24 3 (F2) 22.5 (L2)– 24.5 24
25 – 26 6 24.5 – 26.5 30

∑ f =30

So,

∑ f = 30 =7.5
4 4
For Q1;

h
Q 1=L+ ×
f (∑ 4
f
−C . f )
2
Q 1=18.5+ × (7.5−3 )
5
Q 1=20.3

For Q3;

h
Q 3=L+ × 3
f ( (∑ ) ) 4
f
−C . f

2
Q 3=22.5+ × ( 22.5−21 )
3
Q 3=23.5

Now Q.D,
Q 3−Q1
Q . D=
2

Page 29 of 34
 23.5−20.3
Q . D=
2
Q . D=1.6

REGRESSION / COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION::

Regression:
The dependence of one variable over the other variable is termed as regression.

Coefficient of correlation:
If two sets of variable vary in such a way that the change of one set is related by changes in the
other then these sets are said to correlation.

QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

Regression & Coefficient of correlation of Age and Height;

N X Y XY X2 Y2

1 17 4.2 71.4 289 17.64

2 17 4.6 78.2 289 21.16
3 18 4.6 82.8 324 21.16
4 19 4.8 91.2 361 23.04
5 19 5 95 361 25
6 19 5 95 361 25
7 20 5.2 104 400 27.04
8 20 5.2 104 400 27.04
9 21 5.4 113.4 441 29.16
10 21 5.4 113.4 441 29.16
11 21 5.4 113.4 441 29.16
12 21 5.5 115.5 441 30.25
13 21 5.5 115.5 441 30.25
14 22 5.5 121 484 30.25
15 22 5.6 123.2 484 31.36
16 22 5.6 123.2 484 31.36
17 22 5.7 125.4 484 32.49
18 22 5.8 127.6 484 33.64
19 22 5.8 127.6 484 33.64
20 22 5.9 129.8 484 34.81
21 22 5.9 129.8 484 34.81
22 23 6 138 529 36
23 24 6.2 148.8 576 38.44

Page 30 of 34
 24 24 6.2 148.8 576 38.44
25 25 6.2 155 625 38.44
26 25 6.2 155 625 38.44
27 25 6.2 155 625 38.44
28 26 6.2 161.2 676 38.44
29 26 6.2 161.2 676 38.44
30 26 6.2 161.2 676 38.44
∑ x =¿ ¿654 ∑ y=¿ ¿1 ∑ xy =¿ 3684.6∑
¿ ( x ) =14446 ∑ ( y 2) =940.94
2

67.2

Regression of Age and Height:

 (Y on X)
Y =a+bX → A

Finding b,

n ∑ xy−∑ x ∑ y
b= 2
n ∑ x2 + ( ∑ x )

(30 )( 3684.6 )−(654 )(167.2)

b=
( 30 ) ( 14446 ) + ( 654 )2
b=0.0013

Finding a,
a=Y +b X

Finding Y and X ,

Y=
∑y
n
167.2
Y=
30
Y =5.573

X=
∑x
n
654
X=
30
X =21.8

Page 31 of 34
 Now,
a=(5.573)+( 0.0013)( 21.8)
a=5.60134

Hence, put value of “a” and “b” in equation A,

Y =(5.60134)+(0.0013) X

 (X on Y)
X =c +dY → B

Finding d,

n ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
d= 2
n ∑ y +( ∑ y )
2

( 30 ) ( 3684.6 )−(654)(167.2)
d=
( 30 ) ( 940.94 ) + ( 167.2 )2
d=0.0211

Finding c,
c= X +d Y

Finding Y and X ,

X=
∑x
n
654
X=
30
X =21.8

Y=
∑y
n
167.2
Y=
30
Y =5.573

Now,
c=(21.8)+(0.0211)(5.573)

Page 32 of 34
 c=21.9175

Hence, put value of “c” and “d” in equation B,

X =(21.9175)+( 0.0211) Y

Coefficient of correlation of Age and Height:

n ∑ xy−∑ x ∑ y
r=
√ 2
√
n ∑ x + (∑ x ) n ∑ y +(∑ y )
2 2 2

( 30 ) ( 3684.6 )−(654)(167.2)
r=
√ ( 30 ) ( 14446 ) +( 654 ) √ ( 30 )( 940.94 ) +( 167.2 )
2 2

1189.2
r=
(927.95)(237.03)
r =0.0054 (Negligible)

Coefficient of Determination,
¿ r 2 ×(100)
2
¿( 0.0054) ×(100)
¿ 0.0029 %

Problem Error:
P . E=0.6745 ( )
1−r 2
√n

P . E=0.6745 ( √
1−(0.0054)2
30 )
P . E=0.123

Hence,
6 × P . E=6 ( 0.123 )=0.738

So “r” is not greater than P.E but more than 0.3. Thus, there is good evidence of
correlation.

Page 33 of 34