A SELECTION 3] FROM THE HISTORIES HERODOTUS, WITH A LITERAL INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION, ACCOMPANIED BY ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES. ON THE PLAN RECOMMENDED BY MR. LOCKE. LONDON : PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR, Bookseller and Publisher to the University of Hondon, 30, Urrzr Gower Srresr. 1830. “22/3 .€. 2PREFACE. Ir has been lately remarked by Professor Lona, that “the History of Herodotus is one of the most valuable relics of past ages, and a monu- ment of persevering industry and strict veracity.” And it has been justly remarked by the same learned Professor, that “ it is some time before the student of Herodotus can comprehend per- fectly the general subject and plan of this his- tory; which, till the whole work has been care- fully perused, appears a disjointed and uncon- nected mass. But the numerous digressions and episodes which fill the first four books, are only preparatory to the development of the main sub- ject in the last five. The design of this work, as we learn from the Introduction (Clio, § 1.), is, the wars between the Hellenes and the Perse.” The stories we have selected for this little work are taken from the aforesaid volume of di- gressions and episodes. But it may safely be asserted, that the digressions of Herodotus are at any rate not less valuable than his main narra: tive. And even if the present publication had been contined ‘to the purpose of exhibiting a specimen of the matter of the earliest profane history, we are not sure that an apology would be requisite for the choice which we have made. The biography of Cyrus, the founder of theviii PREFACE. Persian empire, must be interesting to the reader of the famous wars that paved the way to its sub- version; and the dramatic form, in which these events are represented, is truly characteristic of the general style of the Father of Grecian History. It is not the object of this little volume to epito- mize the stories, or to eulogize the veracity of Hero- dotus. Our author appears to have made personal observation of the manners and customs of each nation he describes, and, as Sin Watter Scott recommends in the preface to one of his novels, to have conversed with all persons, high or low, that were likely to communicate any valuable or interest- ing information. This information he has re- corded in a simple and fascinating style. But the whole history may be said, without intention of disparagement, to be a written collection of hear-say, if not of “ gossip.” And although, in describing foreign countries, there was not the same temptation to émbellish or exaggerate, as in recit- ing the overthrow of Xerxes, yet, some allowance must be made for the fluctuating nature of the sources from which his materials were derived. The ninety-fourth number of the Edinburgh Re- view, to which we have elsewhere adverted, con- tains an article on “ History,” that is well deserv- ing of attentive perusal. It js written with a. masterly hand ; and we take the liberty of quoting a few, paragraph rélating to the Man of the Nine Musts. * “Herodotus wrote as it was natural that he shoul&write. He wrote for a nation susceptible, curious, lively, insatiablyPREPACE.: ix desirous of novelty. and excitement; for a nation in which the fine arts had attained their highest excellence, but in which philosophy was in its infancy. His countrymen had but re- cently begun to cultivate prose composition. Public trans- actions had generally been recorded in verse. The first historians might, therefore, indulge, without fear of censure, in the licence allowed to their predecessors the bards. Books’ were few. The events of former times were learned from’ tradition, and from popular ballads ; the manners of foreign countries from the reports of travellers. It is well known that the mystery which overhangs what is distant, either in space or time, frequently prevents us from censuring as un- natural what we perceive to be impossible. We stare at a dragoon who has killed three French cuirassiers, ‘as a pro- digy; yet we read, without disgust, how Godfrey slew his thousands, and Rinaldo his ten thousands. . Within the last hundred years, stories about China and Bantam, which ought not to have imposed on an old nurse, were gravely laid down as foundations of political theories by eminent philosophers. What the time of the crusades is to us, the generation of Croesus and Solon was to the Greeks of the time of Herodotus, Babylon was to them what Pekin was to the French. acade- micians of the last century.. - For such a people was the book of: Herodotus composed ; and if we may trust to a report, not sanctioned, indeed, .by writers of high authority, but in itself not improbable, it was composed not to be read but to be heard. It was not to the slow circulation of a few copies, which the rich only could possess, that the aspiring author looked for his reward: The great Olympian Festival,—the solemnity which col- lected multitudes, proud of the Grecian name, from the wildest mountains of Doris and the remotest colonies of Italy. and Libya, —was .to witness his triumph. The interest of the narrative, and the beauty of the style, were. aided by the imposing effect of recitation, — by the splendour of the spec- tacle—by the powerful influence of sympathy. .A critic who could have asked for authorities in the midst of such a scene, must have been of a cold and sceptical nature ; and few such critics were there. As was the historian, such were thez PREFACE. auditors, — inquisitive, credulous, easily moved by religious awe, or patriotic enthusiasm. They, were the very men to hear with delight of strange beasts, and birds, and trees, —of dwarfs, and giants, and cannibals, — of gods whose very name it was impiety to-utter,—of ancient dynasties, which had left behind them monuments surpassing all the works of later times, — of towns like provinees,— of rivers like seas,— of stupendous walls, and temples, and pyrgmids, — of tlie rites which the Magi: performed at day-break on the tops of moun- tains,—of the secrets inscribed on the eternal obelisks of Memphis. With-equal delight they would have listened: to the graveful romances of their own country. They now heard of the exact accomplishment of obscure predictions, of the punishment of crimes over which thé justice of Heaven had seemed to slumber,—of dreams, omens, warnings from the dead, —of princesses, for whom noble suitors contended in every generous exercise of strength and skilt, —of infants strangely preserved from .the.dagger of the assassin, to fulfil high destinies. As the narrative. approached their own times; the interest became more absorbing. The chronicler had now.to.tell the story of the great conflict, from which Europe dates its intel- lectual and political supremacy,—a story which, even at this distance of time, is the most marvellous and the most touching in the arinals ‘of the human race,—a story abounding with all that is wild and wonderful, with all that is pathetic and animating’; with the gigantic caprices of infinite wealth and despotic power,— with the mightier miracles of wisdom, of virtue, and of.courage. He told them of rivers dried up in a day,—-of provinces famished for a meal,—of a passage for ships hewn through the mountains,—of a road for armies spread upon the waves,—of monarchies and commonwealths swept away,—of anxiety, of terror, of confusion, and des- pair!— And then, of proud and stubborn hearts tried in that extremity of evil, and not found wanting, —of resistance iong maintained . against desperate odds,—of lives dearly sold when resistance could be maintained no more,—of signal deliverance, and.of unsparing revenge. Whatever gave 4 stronger air of reality to a narrative so well calculated to in-PREFACE. xi fluence the passions, and to flatter national pride, was certain to be favourably received.” It is a painful anti-climax to descend from this magniloquent summary of ancient chronicles, in order to explain the particular intention of our own elementary work.. The explanation will be brief — not only on this account, but also because the use of this volume does not materially differ from that of its predecessors. Indeed, the specific application of this Part is almost sufficiently pre- scribed in the concise scheme of directions, pre- fixed to the present publication, for the use of the whole Series. A few observations, however, may be requisite to facilitate the reading of the Text of Herodotus with our Interlinear Translation, as many Greek words will there be found to be varied in spelling from the original. The object of this variation is to show the young student the principal distinctions between the Tonic dialect and the Common Greek. The lan- guage of Herodotus, though not exclusively Ionic, has always been ranked among the standards of that dialect: and though his style is peculiarly re- markable for simplicity and grace, it cannot be denied that the first appearance of his Ionisms is perplexing to the reader accustomed to pure Aitic writers. To obviate this difficulty, we have re- duced the whole of the Interlinear Greek to the forms of the “Common” language; which, as we noticed more fully in the Preface to our Lucian, was almost entirely founded on the earlier Attic. Thus, the Interlinear pages not only supply thexii PREFACE, place of Lexicon and Grammar, but supersede all necessity of tedious reference to Tables of Greek. Dialects. _Though most of these words will be found to be but little altered from the orthography of Herodotus, some few may perhaps be considered to have undergone a more violent metamorphosis. None, however, are so far new-modelled or dis- guised, as to create the slightest difficulty in re- cognizing their identity. The reader of this Part of our Series is supposed to be acquainted with the regular forms of the Greek language ; and we must beg him to confide in the accuracy of the printing, on which much care has been bestowed. A preliminary essay on the peculiarities of the lonic dialect, might perhaps be interesting to the finished scholar, already familiar with its choicest specimens: but to the young leatner, for whose use this little volume is designed, we conceive it far preferable, to acquire a knowledge of the Jan- guage of Herodotus from the study of Herodotus himself. We shall therefore detain him no longer, than to express a sincere hope, that the perusal of the following pages may induce him to form a more intimate acquaintance with the works of this an- cient Historian; and to record once more our con- firmed, not to say confident, persuasion,—that the” obvious assistance obtained from these elementary books, so far from precluding the attainment of sound and elegant scholarship, will give him a real taste for the study of ancient literature, and will encourage, direct, and effectuate his exertions, to the highest degree of classical acquirements.FROM THE HISTORIES oFr HERODOTUS. ATYS AND ADRASTUS. [Cri0, § 34—45.] META[8e] DoAwva* OoLxomevor, peyadn VELECL AFTER Solon was gone, great vengeance ex eo edaBe Kpoioov’ we euxacat, from God overtook Croesus: as fair to-conjecture, ore evopice Eavrov} sivar oABiwrarov amavrwy because he-considered himself to-be happiest of-all * According to the narrative contained in the foregoing sections of this book Clio, Solon, the famous Athenian legislator, has just been dismissed with disgrace from the court of Croesus, king of Lydia, proverbially the wealthiest of men. In their last conversation, Solon had denied that Croesus was the most blessed of mankind, and had warned the ostentatious monarch, that no man could be safely called fortunate till he was beyond the reach of misfortune.—-The word “‘ happy” (from hap, or chance) is used in the translation in its proper sense of fortunate, and has no reference to the mental feeling of contentment. + The young student need not be alarmed at finding many of the words in this Interlinear Greek altered from the Original Text. As more fully explained in the Preface, the peculiarities of the Ionic dialect have here been exchanged for the Common Greek forms; which will greatly facilitate an early comprehension of the language o, Herodotus. B2 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. avOpwrwv. Ae avria ovepog emeorn of men. And forthwith a-dream stood-over him evoovrt, 6¢ epave of thy adnSaav tov while sleeping, which showed to-him the truth of-the kaxiv weddovrwv ‘yevesSar kara = rov-rrardas evils about to-happen with-respect-to —_his-son. Ae = jjoav = ry-Kpoisw* 8vo0 maideg vy 6 And there-were to-Croesus two sons: of-whom the irepog ev Su@pSapro* -yap-dnt jv xwpoc’ Se one indeed was-defective: for he-was dumb: bat 6 irepog paxpy mpwrog THY TruKkey the other tras by-far first of-the youths of-his-own-age ta-ravra’ Se off ovoza iy Arug. Totrov rov-Aruv in-all things: and his name was Atys. a to this Atys Sn-obv, 6 ovetpog onuawwe ry-Kpoisy, &¢ ao- then, the dream signifies to-Croesus, that he- Agcee =u, BANSevra odnpeg arypy. ‘O-Se, would-lose him, smitten by-an-iron spear-point. And-he, ere-re§ eEeyepIn, wat sdwxe ~aurp Aoyor, when _he-had-risen, and had-given himself consideration, ® The article is mostly joined with Greek proper names, when the person has been mentioned before; but it cannot be expressed in the version without violence to English idiom. t The Greek dy has a strong affirmative force, which cannot always be translated fairly as a separate word. $ The dative oi, here rendered with a possessive sense, is used not only asa reciprocal, but as a demonstrative pronoun. In like manner, the accusative psy is employed indifferently both for avroy and éavroy. § The particle re is expressed much more frequently in Greek, than can be represented by any English word. Like our own par- ticle « both,’’ it bespeaks attention to some other word or clause fol-HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 3 carappwonoag Tov oveipov, ayerat-pev yuvaixa dreading the dream, takes a-wife ro* wards Se pe ewdora for-his son: and him though having-been-accustomed orparyysiv rév Avdav, eeweuwe ovdapij to-leadthe-army of-the Lydians, he-sent-forth no-where ere emt roouro mpayyua. Ae exxomioag any-more to such employment. But having-conveyed ex = rv avdpewvwy axovria kaze Soparia, Kat from the men’s-apartments javelina and lances, and wayra ra-rowavra ole avdpwrot yxpwrra s¢ all sich-things which men use for woAguoy, avvevyce & TOUC Sadapove, war, he-heaped-them-together into the women’s-chambers, pn Tl Kpguauevov = Eetreo of rqp-mrade. lest any hanging-up should-fall-upon his - son. Ae exovrog ev of xepar Tov yauov rov- And he having in his hands the marriage of-his- waSoc, agixveirae eg rac-Lapdic avnp exopevog son, there-arrives at Sardis a-man possessed ovppopa, kat wy ov Kadapo¢ xéipac, with-a-calamity, and being not clean as tohis hands, Ppvé pev yevep, Se BacwAuov yeveoc. At a-Phrygian indeed by-nation, and of-royal birth, And lowing ; and this force being duly kept in mind, it may often be omitted in translation. — In construing aloud, itis better. to take re as an enclitic, than to separate it from the word it couples. * The reciprocal ‘‘ his” is implied in the middle form ayerat, which verb would be more regular in the past imperfect nyero, he took. 324 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, » grog. wapeASwv ec,ra oma Kporcoy, edeera this man having-come to the palace of-Creesus, besought kupijoa §=xaSapciov = xara_—s rove emixwptoveg to-obtain purification according-to the country’s vonoug’ Se Kpoisog exaSype juv.* (‘H-det xaSap- laws: and Croesus furified him. (Fhe mode-of- ae fort wapawAnoia toig Avooig «at purifying is nearly-similar with-the Lydians and roto: ‘EAXnot). Emere-Se &-Kpoicoc. eromes with-the Greeks). And-when Croesus had-performed ta voutoueva, exvvSavero SwoSev-ret Kaz the appointed rites, he-enquired . both-whence and Tie my. Aeywu rade “"Q, avSpwne, tig-te who he-was, saying these words: ““O man, who WV, . Kat mosey Tiic-Ppvying aku, being, and from-what-part of-Phrygia being-come, eyevou « epeotioc§ euor; riva-re avdpav hast-thou-become ‘a-supplicant to-me? and-whom of-men n.yovandv epovevaag ;” ‘O-Se_ npetBero, “OD or of-women hast-thou-slain?” And-le answered, “O Baorsi, exe waicg Topdtiov-pev roo = Mipov, ds king, T-am son of-Gordias the son of-Midas, and * In these times, kings performed the office of priest; and: the ap- plication is made to Croesus in his sacerdotal character. + The particle de, which is generally rendered ‘‘ but” or “ and,” very frequently expresses so slight an opposition or transition, that it is better to omit it in translation. . + The Ionic dialect changes @ into x, in such words as woSer, wore, Tog, &c. § emvorwg (from éwrea a hearth) properly signifies a person who sits down on the hearth of another ; this being the form of supplica~ tion usual with the ancients. — The Ionians do not change a smooth consonant into an aspirate before an aspirated vowel.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. : 5 ovopaZouat Adpacroc’* Se govevoag spyavrov Tam-named Adrastus: and having-slain my-own adeAgov asxwy, — rape e&-nAauevog-ref tro brother involuntarily, I-am-here both-banished by ToU-raTpo¢, Kat soTEpnuEVvOg wavTwr.” Ae smy-father, and deprived of-all things.” And Kpoicog nyeBero pv roicde’ © Tuy- Croesus answered him in-these words: “‘ Thou-hap- Xaverc-wv exyovog = girdwy = avdpav, = at penest-to-be sprung-from friendly men, and advSacg sg piovg’ t evda aunxavycetg thou-hast-come to friends: where thou-shalt-be-in-want ovdevog xXpnaroc, pevwy ev *perEpov. of-no thing, remaining in our house. Ae xepdaveig rAcisrov§ — gepwv raurny oup- But thou-wilt-gain most by bearing this cala- gopav we-Kougorara. ‘O-pev 8n sixe mity _as-lightly-as-possible. He accordingly had Starav ev Kpoisov. ‘ entertainment in Cresus’s palace. Ev-de roury ry-avry xpovy, yeveran In this game time, there-is-produced * A leading peculiarity of the Ionic is the substitution of 9 for a: hence this name is written Adpyorog in the text. + The reduplication in such words as e&(¢)aperog,(eA)mAvSac, is here rejected, as being merely an Atticism. $ The Greeks are fond of using the same word with a different reference in the same sentence: thus the double g:Aoc must here be understood —‘‘ Thou art sprung from men friendly to me, and hast come to men friendly to thee.” § Merely meaning —“ You will gain nothing by taking this cala- mity to heart: it will be best to distress yourself as little as pos- sible.” B36 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, ev Te Mvow Odvpry,* peya xpipa * ovog’ in the Mysian Olympus, a-great monster of-a-boar: Se ovroc, épywpevog ek TovTOU TOU-OpEOc, and this animal, issuing from this mountain, SupSepet ra epya rov Muodv. Ac of Mvoor destroyed the warks of-the Mysians. But the Mysians eEsASovrec mwoAAaxt ext avrov, eqTotouv though having-gone-forth often against him, did him bev ovdev Kaxov, de ewaaxov mpog avrov. indeed no harm, but sufferedharm from him. TeAog-Se, ayyeAot rév Muody agmcopevor At-last, messengers of-the Mysians having-come mapa rov-Kpoiaov, eAeyov Tade" “"O, Baorev, to Croesus, said these words: “O king, peytotov-xpiua doc§ avepavn ev Ty-Xwpy-hpiv,|| a-very-large boar has-appeared in our-country, * This must not be confounded with the famous Mount Olympus, which was between Macedonia and Thessaly. + The English expression is here conformed to the construction of the Greek, without regard to elegance. The vulgar phrase “« a great matter of-a boar,” would be still more literal. It will be observed that some words are here altered very consi- derably from the original text; as dt-egSeips for dua-pSeipeoe, exovovy for roudbxoy: the augment being there rejected and the termination changed by the Ionic and Poetic dialect. The imperfect form of the verb generally expresses the continuance of an action, but it sometimes indicates its frequent iteration, and might here be rendered —‘‘ the boar was in the habit of destroying their labours.” § The same Greek construction as above, with the variation of } bog for svog, these nouns being used indifferently. || The pronoun spyiy has here a possessive force, which is com- monly expressed by a genitive case: but the dative of a personal pro- noun is frequently employed by old writers, when the substantive with which it is combined is used in the dative case., HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 7 be. dtapSepe ra epya: TlpoSupou- which destroys the works of husbandry. Earnestly- pevot Qav —rovrov, ov-SuvayeSa. Noy desiring to-slay this animal, we-are-not-able. Now ovy mpocdcoueSa cov, cupmenpar piv therefore we-intreat thee, _to-send-with us rov—matsa Kat Aoyadag veaviag Kat KUvac, we thy son and chosen youths and dogs, that av-eEcAwpev pew ek «Tie xwpac.” Ol-pev Sn we-may-extirpate him from the country.” They indeed sdeovro Tourwy. As Kpoicog pvnpovevwy ta intreated these ¢hings. But Croesus remembering the ewea TOU overpou, EAeye TAdE aguol’ “ Tepe words of-the dream, spoke thus to-them: “Concerning rov-euov madog pev, pn ert pvynoSire —-yap my son indeed no further make-mention: for OvK-av-cupmenipatpe ipiv, yap eott veoyapog-re, I-could-not-send-him-with you, for he-is lately-married, kat Tavra voy pede ol. Mevroe oup- and these cares now engage him. However I-will- menpw piv Aoyadag Avodwy, Kat Tav ro send-with you chosen-bands of-Lydians, and all the kuvnyeotov"* kat StaxeAevoopat Tolg Lover, Eivat hunting-train; and JI-will-command those going, to-be G¢-rpoSuporaroic, ouveteAciv tiv to SInpiovt as-active-as possidle, to-extirpate-with you the wild-beast &k. The xwpac.” from the country.” * evynyeowoy (from kvvag ayecy, to lead dogs) might perhaps be confined to the ‘‘ pack of hounds ;”” but it here seems to comprehend the whole hunting apparatus. + The diminutive Snp:oy (from 9p) is naturally used by Creesus,8 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. Tavra nuerfaro’ = 8 ray ~Muowv amo- These things he-answered: and the Mysians being- Xpwuevwv tovrac, 6 aig rov-Kpoiwou emec- contented with-these, the son of-Creesus comes- Epxerat, neowg av* of ‘Mua ede~ in-also, having-heard what things the Mysians were- ovro. As roKporoov papyevovt ov-oup- entreating. And Croesus saying that he would-not- weppar ogtot rov-raida ‘yet 6 ‘veavag Agyst send-with them is-son indeed, the young-man speaks mpog avrov tase’ “a Tarep, WMPOTEPOV-TOTE to him these words: “O Father, afore-time ta xadXNora Kat yevvaorara hiv iw the fairest and noblest things for-us were evdoxipety gorrwvrac§ eg-re moAguouc, Kar EC to-be-renowned forgoing both-to wars, and to aypac’ Se viv exete- -aroxAkioag|| we apporspwv chases; but now thou-hast-.-excluded me from-both in granting less than was requested; as if they had magnified the beast, and wanted more assistance than was necessary. * The prepositive article 6, 4, ro, is often used by the lonics for the postpositive, or relative, d¢, 7), 6. + Ov gapevov, if translated ‘not saying,’’ would misrepresent the meaning of the phrase, which is equivalent to ‘‘ denying.” The distinction between the negatives ov and yn may be thus marked : The particle ov affects the whole sentence with a negative sense, whereas the influence of yn is confined to a single word. $ The particle ye has a restrictive force, and here implies—‘* At any rate he would not send his son, though he granted the other part of their request.”” $ This participle would be more regularly constructed with spiv in the dative case. | This combination of the verb exw with the active participle re- sembles in force the union of our own auxiliary ‘* have” with theHERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, 9 Tovrev, - ours xapidwy por tiva Seay these, though neither observing in-me any. cowardice ovre adyuav. Nivre- reat ompacr HE-Xpn nor want-of-energy. And-now with-what eyes must-I gatveoSar porayra ég-re ayopay car e& ayopac; appear going to forum and from forum? Tlotog-r¢ pep So—w civa -roi¢g What-sort-of-person ‘indeed shall-I-seem to-be td-the moAtrac; Se moloc-rig ry-veoyauy —‘yuvart; citizens ? and what to-my-new-married wife? Se row —avdpe Soker-exervy ouvorgely 5 and what a-husband will-she-seem to-be-living-with? ovy n. peSeg ov sue cevae ere thy Inpav, therefore either permit thou me to-go to the -hunt, ” avarecov Acyy, ‘étwe tatra . otrw- or persuade me by-word, that these things so Totoupeva EoTe apetvw jot.” . done are better for-me.” Kpotoog apeBera roiade “"O wai, ovre Croesus answers in-these words: “O my son, neither mapidwy Tot SerAcav, ovre ovdey addAo as observing in-thee cowardice, nor any-thing else axapt, wow Tava, adda .opig —_overpov displeasing, do-I these ¢hings, but a-vision of-a-dream emioTaga = oe EV TH-UTVY, EpyY —_-oE eoeoSar standing-over me in sleep, said that-thou wouldst-be oAryoxpoviov, yap aroXsieSa* bro oSnpeacg short-lived, for that thou wouldst-perish by’ an-iron participle of the principal verb : —but it differs in point of construc- tion, insomuch as our participle is passive; like the Latin and French. * The active verb azroAdupe signifying to destroy, or to lose, the passive and middle form may frequently be rendered in this neuter sense of ‘‘ perish.”10 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, ayping. Tlpog = ravrny ryv-of ovy, spear-point. According-to this vision _ therefore, somevoa-Te ToUTOY TOv-yauoy TOL, Kat OUK~ T-both-hastened this marriage for-thee, and I-do- eromeurw* ere ra TrapahauBavoueva, eXwv not-send-thee-away to the services-undertaken, having guvAaxny ce mug Suvayinv Siaxrepar oe heed if by-any-means I-might steal thee emt tie-euiig Zong. Tap rvyxavec-wvt JSrom fate during my life. For thou-art pot le povog waic’ yap rov érepov Sn, oe toxme one only son: for the other indeed, being- epSappevovt [ryv-axonv], ov-AoyiZouat eivae jot.” defective [in hearing], I-account-not to-exist to-me.” ‘O veanag aperSerat roiade “ Zuy- The young-man answers in-these words: “There is ex- ‘youn pev,§ @ warep, rot, Wovrieye Toavrny cuse indeed, O }ather, for-thee, having-seen such of, sxsw gvraxny mepr ape’ Se 6 a-vision, to-have caution concerning me: but in what * Conjunctions couple the same tenses only when the verbs refer to the sametime of action. Here the times are different, the marriage being past, the hunting expedition still pending. + Literally “‘ thou happenest being :” — the full force of this form might perhaps be expressed ‘‘ As it happens, thou art my only son.” + The passive participle dtepSappevoy may fairly be rendered as an adjectival predicate, the perfect form of the verb properly implying the continued effect of the action or passion. The words rn axony appear to be an interpolation ; as the young man’s dumbness is afterwards indicated by the epithet apwvog to be the defect. Indeed, though cwgog (used before) is sometimes trans- lated “ deaf-and-dumb,” it may fairly be questioned whether he was deaf ; as, in that case, he could not have learned the words he after- wards spoke.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. Bf ov-pavSaveic, * adda To ovepov AeAnSe ae, thou-dost-not-perceive, but the dream has-escaped thee, tore Suaiov eye ppatew roi. Pye Tot this it-is right for me to-tell thee. Thou-sayest indeed TO oveipov pavat eu TeAcvTncEY* tro otOnpeac that-the dream said that-I should-die by an-iron arxping’ Se Toiat-mev XEIpEeG ELL toc, spear-point : but what-sort-of hands are-there of-a-boar, Se rota odnpea atxun, av ov goss ; and what iron spear-point, which thou shouldst-fear? yap-rort eS opev—seixe «= pe reAevTnoe = tro for if indeed it-held that-I should-die by odovroc, n Tiwog aAAov d-re EorKe TOUT, on a-tusk, or dy-any thing else that is-like to-this, certainly xpaivt of Toliy a mouig Se vv it-behoved thee to-do what thou-doest: but now if ie said “two ayying.” Eme-re ody 7 payn “by a-spear-point.” Since therefore the battle proposed atv ov~yverat mpog avdpac, pedeg pe.” to-us is-not against men, permit me to go.” * The accusative case with an infinitive mood cannot often be re- presented in English without some variation of construction, The usual substitution is the change of the infinitive to a finite verb, sup- plying the conjunction ‘‘ that;” as, gyc ro overpoy gavat, “‘ thou sayest that the dream said,” for ‘‘ thou sayest the dream to have said.” Sometimes, as in the preceding sentence, the infinitive verb may be retained, by changing the accusative noun into a dative. “+ The Greek ro: is sometimes substituted for the pronoun ov; but it may often be considered as an expletive particle, being joined with a great variety of words, without any separate meaning of its own. $ According to English idiom—‘ you should have done,” &c.— but the Greek impersonal xpi» is used without ay in the indicative mood, like oportebat in Latin.12 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. Kpoicog apeBera, ““Q rai, corn Croesus answers, “Qmy son, in-some degree viKge HE, attogavwy ‘yvwunv mepe thou-overcomest me, én declaring thy sentiment respecting Tov evuTiov. ‘Qe ody —-vevuenuevog bro cov, the dream. So therefore being-overcome by thee, Herayivwokw,t = ueSine-Te =e teva ee THY I-change-my-mind, and-permit thee to-go to the aypav.” ’ hunt.” - As 6-Kpoicog emacg ratra, jeerameprerat And . Croesus having-said these words, sends-for tov pvya Aépacrov, 8 of agucouevy the Phrygian Adrastus, and to-him having-arrived Ayer rade “ ASpacre, eyw exadypa ce he-speaks thus: “ Adrastus, I purified thee memAnyuevov axaptt acuudopg, (iv ouK-over- afflicted-with unseemly calamity, (which I-do-not- SaZw cot) Kat sxw--vrodeEauevog —orxiorot, reproach to-thee) and I-have- -received-thee-into my house, wapexwv wacav Saravnv. Nov odv, (yap affording all expence. Now therefore, (for © core rg (us mxgc) can-scarcely be rendered literally without * hasshness. It nearly corresponds to the Latin est ubi ‘‘ there is where ;” meaning in this passage, ‘ there is a degree in which you prevail upon me, by declaring,’* &¢.—i. e. you do not intirely fail. + The verb yeywoxw (to know, learn, or determine) admits a great variety of English versions, according to the prepositions with which it is compounded. —Thus ovyyivwoxw signifies to pardon, avayt- vworw to recite, karay:ywoxw to condemn ; which however, may be easily traced to the primary meaning of the simple verb, $ The word ayaps seems to be a contd reading for ayapire, the regular ¢ dative case.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 13 suo mpoTomnsavroc* xpnora- &¢ os, I having-first-done good things towards thee, opererct apePBecSat we xpnorois:), xpnigw ae ye- thou-owest to-requite me with-good), I-desire thee to- veoSat gvraxa rov-guod watdog Spuwpevou eC become guardian of-my - son setting-forth to aypav' un Tiveg KaKovpyot KAGmEC Kata ddov a-hunt: lest any evil-doing robbers on the-way gavwow — em OnArjoet buiv. Ae mpog rovTy, should-appear for harm to-you. But in-addition-to this, OTL XpEwY Kat-ToL GE eval, eva avoAap- it-is meet also for thee to-go, where thou-mayest- mpuvyn . Tolst-epyoist’ yap _ €oTe make-thyself-illustrious by-thy-deeds: for this quality is maTpwov Tot, Kal TpoeTt pwn VTapyXel.” hereditary to-thee, and moreover vigour is-in thee.” ‘O-A8pacrog apeBerar, “~OQ Bacirev, ad- Adrastus answers, “QO king, under-other- Awe Mev eyw~ye ovk-ar-niat —&¢_Tolovde circumstances indeed I could-not-have-gone to such asS\ov" yap oure sort ekog KEXpnevov a-contest: for neither is-it proper for one having-experienced Todd: cuupopG, eevae eo GunAtKacg MpaccovTac such a-calamity, to-go amongst equals-in-age doing * The genitive absolute is here emphatic : otherwise the participle porowncayra might have agreed with the accusative ye, without the repetition of the pronoun. + More agreeably to. common English phrase —‘‘ You ought to tequite,” &c.—though “ought” is properly the preterite tense of “© owe.” $ The regular perfect would be eiea, but it seems better not to change the dialect, when the common form is not in use. c14 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. ,* ovre mapat ro-BovrecSar oAdaxy-re well, neither is-it-mine to-wish i: and-oftentimes avicxov euavrov. Ae viv, eme-re ov omeveeic, I-restrained myself. But now, since thou urgest it, wa Set_— xapiZeoSae ror (‘yap oper apet- and it-behoves to-comply with-thee (for I-ought to-re- BeoSar oor xpnoroiat), sit éroysog Totty quite thee with-good services), I-am ready to-do rabra. Zov-re maida ov StaxeAcvy these things. And-as-to-thy son whom thou-commandest me gvraccay, évexa Tov pvAacoovrog Tpod- to-guard, so-far-as-depends-on the guardian ex- Soxa_ aTOvooTHnoey amnuova ro.” pect him to-return unharmed to-thee.” Ere-re ovrog nuenparo Kpotoov rotovroisi, When he had-answered Croesus in-such words, nica pera ravra, eEnprupevos o- they-went-forth after these ¢hings, furnished both- yaot-re veamiaig Kat xvot. At adixomevor ec with-chosen youths and dogs. And having-arrived at To opog rov-Oduproy, elnrovy ro Sr- the mount Olympus, they-searched-for the wild- ptov’ 8 evpovrec, Kat weptoravres avTo KuKAYW, animal ; and having-found, and set-about _—it in-a-circle, sonxovriZov. Ev3a 98y é Eevoc, they-hurled-javelins-at it. Then indeed the stranger, * This phrase which signifies ‘ being prosperous,” corresponds exactly to our own idiom. t The verb er: is frequently omitted when it may be supposed to be compounded with a preposition expressed ; as ovre ro BovdecSas Tap-eore pot.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 15 (8% — ovrog 6-xaSapIae tov govov, d= (namely this man who-was-purified as fo the murder, and xadovpevoc Adpasroc) axovriZwy Tov -ovv, called Adrastus) = darting-at the _ boar, Gpapraver tov ev, Se rvyxave rod waidoc misses it indeed, but _hits the son Kpotoov. ‘O-yev 8 BAnSae ro of-Creesus. He forsooth being-struck —_with-the arxuy, eGerAnoe Thy gnunv rov ovetpov. Ae spear-point, fulfilled the saying of-the dream. And Tg eee ayyeAav*® ry-Kporow To~yeyovoc" some-one ran to-report to-Croesus what-had-happened: Se apixouevog eg rac-Lapdic, eonuyve of and having-arrived, at Sardis, he-signified to-him Tire — waxnv, Kat Tov popoy rov—raSoc. both-the battle, and the fate of-his-son. ‘0-8e-Kpoiooc, cuvrerapaypevog ty Sayary But-Croesus, being-confounded by-the death rov-maidoc, edetvoAoyeiro tT paddov, of-his-son, took-it-to-heart § somewhat the more, ére év avrog = exadype govov because the man whom himself purified from-murder amexreve wiv. Ae mepinuexrov Sevwe ™ slew him. And being-shocked dreadfully by-the cuupopg, exaAci-uev Ara KaSapoiov, paprv- calamity, he-called-upon Jove as Purifier, testify- ®* Literally, “ being about to report.” The future participle is often used to express a final cause, and might here be rendered ‘ in order to report.”” . The participle joined with the article, as ro yeyovog ‘‘ the thing having happened,” may also be rendered more clearly by the slight variation of construction given in the translatjon.16 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. pouevog a merovSwe-en bro rou Eevoy" ing what things he-had-suffered by the stranger: oe exaAci ' Efeoriov-re cat “Eraipeiov, and he-called-upon-him as Hospitable and Companionable, ovopatwy rovroy rov-avrov Seov'* xa\ewy Tov naming this same god: calling Aim the Egeoriov ev, Siore-8n vrodeEapevog tov Eevov Hospitable indeed, because having-received the stranger orKtotse, eXavSave-Bookwyt — poven ToU- into-his-house, he-unconsciously-fed a-murderer of-his- matdog’ oe tov ‘Erapsiov, oe son: andcalling him the Companionable, forasmuch-as ouprepipag avrov puAaka, edpnkot having-sent him as guardian -with hés son, he-had-foundhim moAguewrarov. most-hostile. Mera-de rovro, of Avdor mapioav depovrec Tov s’ After this, the Lydians came bearing the vexpov't{ de ome, & poveve sieto oi. Ae dead-body: and behind, the murderer followed him. And “* The same deity being distinguished by a plurality of attributes, was invoked under different appellations, according to the particular occasion on which his assistance was required ; and if the case was any way equivocal or complicated, it was usual ‘‘ to make assurance double sure,” by reciting all the possible predicaments : — probably on the same principle that the counts of an indictment are verbosely divided and multiplied at the Old Bailey, &c. t More literally ‘‘ he-was-unconscious feeding :” the verb Nay- Oavw, which commonly signifies to * lie hid,” may often, when combined with a participle, be rendered adverbially as above, in the sense of secrecy or inadvertence. $ The masculine vexpog seems to be properly applied to a dead man ; but it is frequently used for ‘‘ a corpse,” without reference to any particular person.HEERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 7 ovroc, oTag mpo TOU veKpov, mapedisov éavrov he, standing before the dead, delivered _ himself Kpotoy, —-tporewwwv rac-xeipag, KeAevwv — ete to-Croesus, stretching-forth Ais hands, bidding him . to- waracpakar pu tT} vexpp Asywv, Thv-Te slay- him -on the dead; mentioning both-the mporepav cuupopay éaurod, Kar we em former calamity of-himself,. and how in-addition-to exeivy aToAwAekwe-etn* — Trov-KaSypavra, — ovde that he-had-destroyed him-who-purified him,— nor Bwwomor-ent oi. Kpotaog-de axovoag was-life-endurable by-him. And-Croesus having-heard rouTwy, KaITEM WY EV TOGOUTYW OlKEW KaAKy, these things, although being in so-great a-domestic ill, karoucreipet-re Tov-Adpactov, kat Aeyet Tpog avTov compassionates Adrastus, and says to him: “Exw, & Eeve$ wacav ryv-duenv rapa cov, “have, O stranger, entire satisfaction from thee, * There seems a peculiar delicacy in this combination of the par- ticiple and auxiliary verb in the subjunctive, which can scarcely be preserved in English. According to the old rule, the subjunctive mood may be englished like the indicative ; but in this passage, the Greek form appears to imply an indistinctness of self-accusation better suited to the occasion, = - It would seem that, in this case, Croesus had deputed the office of purification to his son Atys: for even if the verb avrodAvpe could be taken in the general sense of to “ruin,” and applied to Croesus him- self, yet the subsequent expression, goveug rod xaSypavrog, clearly indicates that it was the son of Crossus who performed the ceremony. + Buworpoy belongs to a class of verbal adjectives, nearly corres- ponding in force tothe Latin form ending in -bilis, with a passive sig- nification. ¢ The Greek Eevog (in lonic Zcivog) expresses Properly 2 stranger, though frequently used in the hospitable sense of ‘ guest.” c318 HERODOTUS’sS HISTORIES. emetdn xaradiaZec ceavrov Savarov. Du-de since _— thou-sentencest thine-own death. But-thou oux-sic* atrtog TOvOE TOU-KaKOY fol, s-UN art-not chargeable-with this. il to-me, except écov eEeipyaow askwy' adda Tig~ so-far-as thou-hast-wrought-i¢ ‘unwillingly: but some- tovt Sewv, 6¢ Kat maXat mpoeonuawve one of-the-gods is the cause, who also formerly presignified mot ta peddovra eosoSa.”t Kpotoog-pev vuv§ to-me the things about to-happen.” Croesus therefore eSae rov-éavrov-waida, we fv etxog. Adpac- buried his-own-son, as was becoming. But-A- rog-de & Topdtov, rod = Miedo, (ovro¢ &n drastus theson of-Gordias, the son of-Midas, (this man indeed d-yevopevog poveve-pev Tod-iavrod-adeAgov, go- who-had-become a-murderer of-his-own-brother, and- vevg-Se ——-T0U-KaSypavroc), EM EL-TE eyeveTo murderer of-him-who-purified him), when there-became * For the sake of a more scholar-like effect in construing, some common words which can scarcely be taken separately without am- biguity or harshness, have been combined in this Interlinear Greek ; and have been adapted in orthography to the change of place, as ovr for ov before a vowel in this passage. t+ The particle rou (Ionic cov) is added to various words to give a more indefinite force. In this place, rig Seaiv, if used without zou, might convey an erroneous idea that Croesus could identify the deity who had afflicted him. - $ This double future cannot fairly be expressed in English, but its meaning may perhaps be thus distinguished: ra egopeva would smerely signify ‘‘ the things which would be,”—whereas ra pehAovra eveoSat seems to imply ‘ the things which were ordained to be.” § vvy, without the circumflex accent, may often be considered an expletive particle, but it sometimes bears the illative sense of ody.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 19 Hovxin rev-avIpwrwy wept TO ona, ovyyt- quiet of-men about the sepulchre, acknow- vwoxonevoc iva Bapvovmpopwrarog avSpwrwv ledging-himself to-be most-ill-fated of-all-men @v — avrog neds, exraracpate éavrov = ry whom he _had-known, slays himself on-the upBy. Kpoiooc-de, eoTepnuevog Tov-maidoc, tomb. And-Creesus, _being-deprived of-his-son, exadnro emt Svo erea ev peyady mevde.* sat-down for two years in great mourning. * This expression might perhaps be understood figuratively, that Croesus remained inactive and retired ; but it may be remarked that among the ancients, the posture of sitting was usual on occasions of mourning and supplication for relief. Thus, the Cdipus of Sopho- cles addresses his distressed subjects sitting at the altars—Tivag 70S’ idpag racd’ epor Soazere ; Notwithstanding the unfavourable opinion, mostly entertained of Croesus, for being ‘ not gratified” with Solon’s wisdom and blunt- ness, this Lydian | prince appears from his general conduct, to have had a sound head and a sound heart: and even if parental affection be referred to the ‘* selfishness more or less refined” of modern meta- physicians, yet, his piety, prudence, hospitality, and generous for- giveness of injuries, might shame the morality of many a monarch less accustomed to flattery than Croesus.20 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. CRCESUS AND CYRUS. [Crio, § 84—88.] Zapdteec [8e]* jAwasav de Eredyn Sardis was-taken in-this-manner: When the Tecoapeckaidexarn ayspa eyevero Kpowy o- fourteenth day was-come to-Creesus be- Aropxovpevy, Kipoc, Starewpag iwmgac, tpo- sieged, Cyrus, having-dispatched horsemen, pro- time — rg-Eavrov-rp-oTparig, Swoev | Sipa claimed to-his-own-army, that he would-give presents TY Tpwry emtBavre TOU TE XE. Mera-Se to-the first man who-mounted the wall. After ToUTO Tij¢ oTpaTlag TEPNHoaLEVNE, WO OV-TPOEXWPEL, this the army making-trial, as it-did-not-succeed, * The particle de, whose translation has been here omitted, is em- ployed in the Greek text, to connect this story with the preceding chapters.—In the same manner as the former narrative was con- tinuéd from the departure of Solon from the Lydian court, the present account of the storming of Sardis is detailed in the original, as the consequence of the defeat of Croesus, who had commenced hostilities against Cyrus. The connecting particle would, of course, be su- perfluous at the beginning of a fragment; and indeed it may often be omitted in English, where it is properly inserted in the Greek. Sardis, the capital of Lydia, like several other names of cities, is used in Greek only in the plural number Zapdtec (contracted Lapdic) : but it is usual in English to construe many such forms in the singular, as Athens was, [not were].—The verb yAwoay (from adsoxw to take) is irregular, in admitting a passive sense of an active form, — the original verb aAow, when in use, having probably a different signi- fication. . 7HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 21 evSaira rév addwv reravpevwv, Mapdoc* thereupon the rest having-desisted, a-Mardian avno (@ ovopa jv “Yporadnc) eeparo mpoo- man (whose name was Hyrdeades) attempted ap- v Bawov, xara rovro Tig axpotroAewe 2 proaching it, at this part of-the citadel where ovoete gvAakog ereraKTo. Tap oun no guard had-been-stationed. For it-was-not Seevov pn Tore ad kara Touro’ a-subject-of-fear lest ever it-should-be-taken in this part: yap % axporoXte ete rary aTrorouoc-TE for the citadel is in-this quarter _ precipitous . *y r kat apayog’ at povy MnAne, Tporepoy Oo and unassailable: where alone Méeles, formerly the Baoreve Tapdwv,[ ovde]ou-repnveyKe rov-Acovra,t king of-Sardis, did-not-carry-round Leon, év % =«maddaxn erexe ol, Teduncowr§ whom. the harlot bore -to-him, the Telmessians Sxacavrwy ae, Tod eovrog TrEptevex- having-decided that, the lion having-been-carried- * The Mardi were a people of Persia on the confines of Media. + The Greek 7 (Ionic rg) is employed adverbially like the Latin qua, without reference to any antecedent substantive in the feminine gender. ¢ As usual in ancient oracles, there seems to be some double meaning in this prophecy ; the Greek Xewy (lion) expressing either the proper name of a man, or the common name of a brute. It would seem that the Telmessians named “the lion,” and Meles ap- plied it to his son Leon: —but the article renders it ambiguous. The double negative, ovde—ov, cannot be preserved in English. § Telmessus was a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were famous for their skill in augury,22 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, Sevrog ro reixoc, Lapdiec ecovrar* avadwroe. round the wall, Sardis would-be impregnable. *O-Se-MnAne,- jepieveykac xara ro addo But-Meles, having-carried-him-round as-to the other rétxog, 9 TO Xwptov Tie axpoToAEwE part of the wall, where the locality of-the citadel av emysaxov, _xatnAoynoe rovrou, we ovt was assailable, took-no-account of-this, as being aquaxov-re kat arorouoy' (eart-de Tig ToAEwe unassailable and precipitous: (it-is thepartof-the city TeTpaypmevoy mpocg Tov Tpwrov.) “Ouro¢g turned towards the mount Tmolus.) This 6-Yporadne ovv-dn, 6 Mapdoc, dw mo Hyreades _ therefore, the Mardian, having-seen on-the Tporepara = kara = rouro Tig axpooAswe, preceding-day at this part of-the citadel, rwva tév Avddv xaraBavrat exc Kuvenv some-one of-the Lydians descending after a-helmet * The Greeks do not, like the Romans, use a different form for an oblique future from that which is employed for a direct. Erunt is the Latin for the single word ecoyrat, but forent would be here its proper representative in Latin composition. + Though the nominative or accusative neuter is sometimes used absolutely in Greek, the construction of the genitive ovrog, in apposi- tion to rovrov, would seem to be more regular in this passage. ¢ This instance of the aorist form might be adduced, among many others, to show that the aorist does not peculiarly belong to past time, or perfect state of the verb, though often so appropriated in grammars. It is clear in this passage that the person was seen in the act of descending, not after having descended, &c. —and the reason of the aorist here being used might perhaps be accounted for, by saying that the narrative refers to past time, or that this form of the verb better expresses the rapid completion of the action : but it seemsHERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 23 (xaraxvAtcSeicav avwev), wat aveAouevov, (rolled-down from-above), and taking-it-up, eppacdn, Kat eBarero ec Supov. Tore-de deliberated, and cast it in his-mind. And-then 8n é-re-avrog aveBeBnxer, kat Kata avrov accordingly both-himeelf had-mounted, and after him addot — Tepowy aveBawov. Ae ocuxvav others of-the-Persians were-mounting. And numerous mpooBavrwy, ovrw Sy Yapotuec-re HAwkecav, bodies advancing, thus indeed Sardis was-taken, ka. wav To aotu ewopSeiro. » and all the city was-being-sacked. Kara-8e Kpoisov avrov, rade eyevero. As-to Croesus himself, these things happened. “Hv-oi = aie, oS = emeuvnoSnv Kat mporepov, He-had a-son, of-whom I-made-mention also before, ra-ad\\a bev emcecne,* 8 apwyor. in other respects indeed likely youth, but ' dumb. Ev rg-rapsASovey eveorot ody 6-Kpoioug eme- In past prosperity therefore Croesus had- mwomKee Toray & avTov, emppaZopever done. _—_ every thing towards him, devising adXa-re,+ kat Sn Kae emeveupe &¢ AaAgove other things, and indeed also had-sent men to Delphi more simple to distinguish, that the imperfect form, as karaBavwy, is used when the continuance of the action requires to be marked ; the aorist form, as xaraGac, when the action itself is all that is in- tended to be expressed. * emweung closely corresponds to our word “ likely,” which i is now almost confined to vulgar phraseology. + The Greek adAa-re cat may in general be represented by our common expression “‘ among other things ;” but in this passage, the24 HERODOTUS’s HISTORIES. Xpncopevove wept avtov. ‘H-de TMuSin to-consult-the-oracle concerning him. But-the Pythian siwe of tade* | priestess said to-him these words: - “ Avde ‘yevoc, Baored wod@v, Kpoice peya “ O Lydian by birth, king of-many, Croesus greatly vnTie, pn-Bovdov axovey ava Swjata infatuated, — wish-not to-hear in thy-halls the woAveuxrov inv madog pSeyyouevov. TloAv much-prayed-for voice of-thy-son speaking. /¢ is much Awiev ca rode — eivau augic’ §=—- yap: av- better for-thee that-this should-be otherwise: for he- Sno mpwrov ev avoABw jar.” will-speak first on a-luckless day.” Ae rov rexeog adtoxopevou, (yap tte Tov And the wall being-taken, (for some-one of-the Tlepsev addoyrwoact Kpoicov, nie ec Persians — not-knowing Croesus, was-going as-if aroxtevav), Kpoicog, wev-vuv dpov emtovra, to-slay him), Cresus, though seeing him-advancing, PapnucAneet tro Tig japovenc had-disregarded it under the influence of-the present participle exuppaZopevog can hardly be said to be coupled with the verb eeropgec. * The responses of the ‘‘ Loxian oracle” were far more remarkable for ambiguity than for poetic or prophetic spirit ; or to adopt the style of a well-grounded suspicion, ‘‘ The Delphian Apollo was not on the best terms with the Muses.” + AdAoyvwaag might perhaps be rendered more closely “ think- ing him a different person ;” but ado in composition has sometimes merely a negative force.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 2) auugpopac, ovde —tr~ ~Sueepe of aroSaveiv calamity, nor did-it-make-any-difference to-him _to-die mAnyevre 8e d-ratc-obrog —6-agwvoe, ag thus smitten: but this-son who-was-dumb, when ai8e tov Tepony emovra, tio Seoue-re he-saw the Persian advancing, influenced by - fear kat kaxov, esppnte gwvnv, oe etre, “~Q avpwre, and distress, broke-forth a-voice, and said, “O - man, un-kreive Kpoicov.” Otdrog-uev 8n epSeybaro do-not-kill Creesus.” He indeed uttered tovro mpwrov' Se pera rovro ndrreperver this first: and after: this he-continued-to-speak mTavra Tov xpovoy rijc-Conc. during all the time of-his-life. Oi-8e Tlepoat Sy eoxov-re rac-Laporc, The Persians indeed both-gained-possession-of. Sardis, kat eGwypneav Kpotoov avrov, aptavra and took-alive Crcesus himself, after having-reigned TeooaptoKatdeka erea, Kat ‘ToAtopknSevra TEo~ fourteen years, and having-been-besieged four- capsoKatdexa ispac,* Karawavoavra-re = ryv- teen ‘days, and-having-put-an-end-to _his- iaurov “ weyaAnv apxnv’+ xara ro xpnoTnptov. own “great empire” according-to the oracle. * The compound recgapec-cat-dexa must here be considered as one word ; as it would otherwise be requisite to change the form of Teocapec to recoapa (erea), and recoapac (pepac). + Alluding to the answer of the Delphic Oracle, which Croesus had consulted among many others, before commencing hostilities against Cyrus ; the Pythian declaring that if Croesus invaded Persia, “ he would destroy a great empire.” When Croesus afterwards upbraided the oracle with this answer, he was told he ought to have inquired D26 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. Ae of Thepoae daSovreg avrov zyov* tape And the Persians having-taken him brought him to Kipov. ‘O-de, Guvvycag ueyadny Tupav, Cyrus. And-he, having-constructed a-great pyre,. aveBiBace emt aurny, tov-re-Kpoisov Sedeuevav eauged-to-mount upon it, both-Crossus bound ev medaic, Kat wapa avrov Sic irra maidac in fetters, and beside him twice seven youths Avdsv’ EXWY gy voy Ere KarayionY of-¢he-Lydians: having it in mind either to-consecrate taita axpoSina ori-dy Seay, eare-xar Seow these _first-fruits to-some-one of-the-gods, or willing emireXecat evxnv’ etre-Kat wuSouevog rov-Kpoicov to-accomplish a-vow: or from having-heard Creaus eivac StoceBea, ivexa rovde aveBi- to-be a-worshipper;of-the-gods, on-acoount of-this he- Bace : ame thw tvpav, Povdopevoc caused-;him-to-mount apon the pyre, wishing, adevae at Tig Satwowwy = uaerat suv TEd- to-know whether any of-the-deities would-deliver him from- pe-naraxaySivact Zovra. Tov-pev Sy wouter being-burnt alive. That-he indeed did further, whether the great empire to be destroyed was that of Cyrus, or his own! * Though the variation made in some words of this Interlinear Greek is chiefly intended to point out the peculiarities of the Tonic dialect, yet the same principle of simplification appears also to require the reduction of other diatects used by Herodotus to the common tan- guage of Greece; and accordingly, the Atticism qyayor is here altered to the common form fjyoy. t More literally ‘* would deliver him so as not to be bumt}” but the omission of the particle jn in translation is consistent with the sense of the Greek, and with the form of the English idiom.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. 27 ‘Tera’ oe tqg-Kpotoy torre em tig Tupac, these things: but that to-Creesus standing on the pyre, xerep ouri ev TOoNUTG) KaK®, TO Ted~LDoAwvog although being in so-great calamity, the saying of-Solon easdSeiy, oe ELpnuevov-en of auv eame-into mind, as-if it-had-been-spoken to-him with y,—To “Mydeva raw Cwvrwv the wiil of God,— the seying “That-no-one of-the _ living tivat oAPwev.” ‘Qe-Se apa retro mpoorhvat blest.” When therefore this occurred puy,* aveveyranevov-re, * watt to-him, they. say that he having-recovered-himeelf, and avacrevagavra ex ToAXig § jouxiac, ee-TpLC groaned-aloud after much silence, thrice ovopaca “ Zodwva.” Kar rov-Kipoy axovcavra, named “Solon.” And_ that-Cyrus having-heard t¢; xeAgvoat rove ippnvere eveipeaQat rov-Kpotsov, commanded the interpreters to-inquire-of Croesus, Tiwa-rourovt emtkaXoiro’ Kat rave ™poc- who-this-was-whom he-called-upon : and that-they having- * In the Ionic dialect, the particle &¢ is sometimes constructed with the infinitive mood, instead of with the aorist or imperfect of the indicative. Thus, the sense of this passage would be commonly ex- pressed, dg ds apa-roiro avrg rposorn,—taking rodro as the nomi- native case, and uy as the dative. We have given in translation the most usual interpretation of this passage ; but there seems to be sume objection to the use of wiv as a dative case, this word being properly substituted for the accusative. The difficulty might perhaps be superseded, by taking wey before the verb, and rendering the verb in a transitive sense thus: ‘‘ when he . had proposed this (to himself).”—This form is not unfrequent in Herodotus ; as, we exBijvae roy Reptea, “when Xerxes had dis- embarked.” t This construction of the accusative pronouns may be resolved d228 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, eASovrac, erepwrav. Ae Kpoioov spwrwps- approached him, inquired. But that-Croesus being- voy, rewe ev EXELY oryny' = peta-de, WE asked, for-a-while indeed kept silence: but-afterwards, as nvaykaZero, —eeweiv, “Ov eyw av- he-was-compelled, he-said, “J name one whom I should- mpoerinoa peyadwy xpnuatwy, ASeiv ec o- have-rather than-great riches, to-come into con- youg = race rupavvoig.”* ‘Qc-8e eppate ope versation with-all kings.” And-as he-spoke to-them uonpa, erepwrevt wadw ra-deyoueva. Avuriv-de obscurely, they-asked again what-was-said. | And-they Aurapoivrwv, kat -WapeXovTwy-oxAov, —EAeye earnestly-pressing, and . making-much-ado, he-told on, “de 6-Zodwv, wv ASnvaioc, FASE in-sooth, “how Solon, being an-Athenian, came apxnv,t «ac Seacapevoe ravra rov-éavrou- to him formerly, and nn all his- into the words—rig obrog etn dv extxadoiro. The form is similar in the line of Sophocles quoted p. 21. * Larcher objects to this interpretation of the passage, on the ground that Croesus had no reason to think that other kings would profit more by Solon’s conversation than himself, and he understands the sentence thus :—I should now prefer the conversation of Solon to the wealth of all kings. “In my translation,” sas the learned professor, ‘ zéio« rupay- vous relates to peyadwy ypnyarwy, understanding ovesy” [qu. ovrwy ;] — But this use of the dative rupayyorg appears forced, and the epithet ueyaAwy is rendered superfinous. + Here the style of the narrative is changed from the oblique to the direct form ; the historian no longer employing the infinitive mood, as dependent on such verb as gact suppressed; but using the finite verb in the indicative, as relating the story on his own authority. $ Apxny is properly a substantive in the accusative case, governedHEROPOTUS’S HISTORIES. 29 eABov, azophauperar’* ola-dy cura, t+ wore opulence, mase-light-of is: what things he-said, so-that wovre aToPeByxce avryi yrsp exeivog ime, all had-tumed-ont to-hisn as he said, Aeywr-re ovdev yaddor ag iavrov, 7 epeaking nothmg more with reference to himself, than fe Gwav ro avSpwevov, xa padtora Tove te all the human race, and chiefly ¢o those men Soxoivrag rapa optot-avroig eivat odBteve.” appearing with them-selves to-be prosperous.” Tov-pev-Kpotoov agpwyeicSart revo’ tire-Be At is said that-Crosus related these things : and-the mupac non hpevyc, ta wepucyara § —xatecSat" pyre already being-lighted, the outer pizrés were-burning : war rov-Kipov (axovouvra raw épunvewy and that-Cyrus (having-heard from-the interpreters a Kpotaog cire), metraryvovra-re, Kat evywoavra what Croesus said), changing-his-mind, and considering Ste kat avroc, wv avSpwrog, d:d0n Tupt that also himself, being a-man, was-consigning to-fire adov avSpwrov Zavra, yevopevoy ov ehacow another man alive, who-had-been not less by kara understood ; but it is often used adverbially in the sense of the Latin principio. * Though the form amrogdavpicete, called the Holic aorist, is used by writers in all ‘dialects, it seems better to reduce it to ‘the common termination of the optative, or past tense subjunctive. + The verb an-fA8e may be understood with e~ac, to authorize the finite sense here given to this participle. + Here the oblique form of narration is resumed, the verb being used, as before, in the infinitive mood. d380 HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES. evdatuovig —Eavross ~— 8e_~—spog rovroic, Se- in-prosperity than-himeelf : and besides these things, dread- cavra Thv-risty, eae errskausvov* wo ovdev ing divine retribution, and concluding _that naught TeV . ev av3pwroe em acpadwc-exov,t of-the things among men was firmly-established, xeAevert oBevyuvar TO KQLOMEVOY up THY he-commands them to-quench the burning fire the raxtorny,§ Kat xarafiBaZev Kpoicov-re, xat quickest way, and to-convey-down both-Creesus, and Touvc Mera Kporcou' kat Touvc, TELPWHEVOUC, “ovK those with Croesus: and that-they, attempting it, no ‘ert OuvacSae emxpatijaar Tov mupoc. longer .were-able. to-get-the-better of-the fire. EvSaira eyerae tro Avddv, — Kpoiaov Thereupon - it-is-said by the Lydians, that-Croesus pavovra Tav perayvwow . Kupov, (we-pev having-perceived the change-of-mind of-Cyrus, (as * The verb ewsAeyeoSar is used peculiarly by Herodotus in the sense of dsadoyiZeoIat, “to reason with oneself;’ not however contrary to analogy,—for Noyog, discourse of reason, is derived from Aeywr + The adverb combined with the verb execy is nearly equivalent to the adjective with etvar—acgadewe exov being here used as a periphrasis for acgaAec. ¢ The oratio recta is again introduced in the verb xeAevet, though the following infinitive vvacSat returns to the oratio obliqua. § Like many other feminine superlatives, rv raysorgy is fre- quently used as an adverb, signifying ‘ as quickly as possible :”” but the phrase may be reduced to more regular construction by supplying & preposition and a substantive, as kara rny raxtorny ddov.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES: 31 Gpa wavra avdpa oBevvuvra ro Tip, Se ovk- he-saw every man extinguishing the fire, but no- ere Suvauevoue xaradaPeiv), em Pwoacdat, emeca- longer able to-effect it), cried-aloud, calling- Aovpevoy rov-AwoA\Awva, & TL. KEXapLoMEvoV on Apollo, if . aught grateful of edwpndn e— avrov, wapacrivat Kat to-him had-been-presented from ‘himself, to-stand-by and. pvoacSa piv ex Tov wapovrog Kaxov. Tov-pev to-deliver him from the present evil. That-he Saxpvovra emucadeioSac rov Seov' Se — eLamtvng weeping called-on the god: and that suddenly sE aSprac-re kar vnveuac* vepea ovvdpapeiv, from clear and calm-sky clouds rushed-together, kat XemOva-re Karappayiivai, kat Yoar daPpo- and = a-storm buret-down, and it-rained with-a- tary ‘dant, thv-Te wupav xaracPeoSivat. most-violent shower, and-the burning-pile was-quenched. Otirw Sn rov-Kipov paovra we 6-Kpoisog That thus mdeed Cyrus having-perceivedthat Croesus sm ayno Kat Seopirne kat ayaSog, xara- was a-man both loved-by-the-deity and good, after dis- PiBacavra avrov amo rig Tupac, speoSa rade" mounting him from the pile, said these “ Kpoios, . rig avSpwmwy aveyvwce - oe, words: “O-Cresus, who of-men persuaded thee, orparevoapevoy ewe THY-EuNY Yyiv, Ka- thus making-an-expedition against my territory, to- * Both a9pea and yyveyea are used as substantives ; and might here be rendered “from clearness and windlessness of sky.”32 HERODOTUS’sS HISTORIES. tacrivat Tokguoy suor arte gidov;” ‘O-de become . an-enemy to-me instead-of a-friend?” And-he ere, “OQ Baorsd, eyw expaka rabra rj-o7-pev said, “O king, I did _— these things to-thy sudamoma, Se ry-suavrod Kaxodapovg de 6 good-fortune, and to-my-own misfortune: but the Seog rev ‘EXAqvev SyEVETO atTLOg TOUTWD, god of-the Greeks was the cause of-these things, emaeipac me orparweoSai. Tap in having-encouraged me to-make-the-expedition. For ovdee. sort obTw avontoc, doTic aipti> no-one is 80 senseless, as-that-he should-choose-for- rat* wodsuov mpo eipyync’ yap’ ev rp-pev, of himself war before peace: for in the-latter, the maseg Yarrevo: rovg warepac, Se ev Te), sons bury the fathers, but in the-former, of marepse rove waidac. Ada fv gtrov the fathers Jury the sons. But it-was pleasing Saoormrov rabra yeveoSar ovrw.” to-some-deities that-these things should-happen thus.” "O-pev edeye ravra. Kipog-de Avoag He spoke these words, And-Cyrus having-released aurov, exatiee-re eyyug tavrov, Kae sixe ev him, placed him near himself, and held him in xapta woAAg mpounSq, bpiw-te ame- very much consideration, and-looking-at him -+he-ad- * The indicative mood is frequently employed in Greek, where in Latin or English the subjunctive must be used. This sentence would be rendered in Latin, Nemo enim ita amens est, qui bellum preeferat paci. The pronoun doric, signifying who, is here rendered para- phrastically for the sake of perspicuity.HERODOTUS’S HISTORIES, 33 Savuas xat-avroc, Kat wavreg of ovreg mired him himself, and sodid all, those who-were wept exeivov.* about him. * The verb and participle (ameSwupate dpewy) might be ren- dered more clearly, ‘he continued to gaze on him in wonder,” &c. the imperfect form of the verb expressing the prolonged action.—After an interval of deep reflection, Croesus breaks silence, and enters into conversation with Cyrus; who adopts his advice in preserving the city of Sardis from further desolation. 0