AP Psych Unit 7

Sigmund Freud - conscious, what you are currently aware of

Preconscious - information not in consciousness, but is retrievable when needed
Unconscious - out of awareness, yet can can dictate behavior

Free association - a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories

Psychoanalysis - process of free association led to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories to be

retrieved and released

Psychosexual stages of development

1. Oral - pleasure center is mouth.. Biting, chewing, and swallowing

2. Anal - pleasure center is bowels/bladder and coping with control
3. Phallic - pleasure zone is genitals and cope with incestuous feelings
4. Latent - dormant sexual feelings
5. Genital - Sexual feeling towards others
Defense mechanisms
Repression - avoid painful thoughts by forcing them in back of our mind ex. Witness a murder, not
remembering the details when asked by police
Regression - retreat to behaving or thinking like a child to avoid adult issues ex. Throwing a temper
tantrum when you don't get what you want
Reaction formation - make unacceptable impulses into opposite, unacceptable forms ex. Really dislike
psych teacher so you act nice them
Projection - disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others ex. Disguise threatening impulses
by attributing them to others
Rationalization - try to create logical explanations of our behavior in order to justify it ex. Want to go to
movies with friends even though you have an exam, justify studying by saying you would fail anyways
Displacement - divert sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable person or object. Ex. angry at
mom, so you take it out on little brother
Sublimation - expend energy on prosocial activities in order to avoid undesirable activities Ex, like hitting
things so you take up boxing as a hobby
Denial - refuse to perceive reality in order to protect ourselves from it

The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud's. They generally agreed with
Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex as a source of energy
and conflict while focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.While
Sigmund Freud emphasized the functions of the ego, Neo-Freudians placed an even greater emphasis on
the ego and suggested that the ego has more control than the id in our everyday activities.
Alfred Adler
- Inferiority complex
- Believes in childhood tensions, however these tensions were social, not sexual
- Child struggles with inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power
Karen Horney
- Childhood anxiety caused by a sense of helplessness
- Countered freud's assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy”
- Balanced out male-dominacne in Freud's theory

Carl Jung
- Personal unconscious - made up of both repressed contents and other material which has been
simply laid aside like memories
- Collective unconscious - Archetypes - universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art,
stories, and dreams
Projective Tests
Thematic apperception Test(TAT) - People express their feelings and interests through the stories they
make up about ambiguous scenes Ex. A subject is shown a black and white image of a child reading a
book while their mother sits next to them looking over their shoulder.
Rorschach Inkblot Test - seeks to identify people inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of
inkblots(paper with ink)
Problems with projective tests - lack reliability and validity, may misdiagnosed and even trained raters
come up with different interpretations of certain events

Abraham Maslow
- Felt people were motivated by a hierarchy of needs
- People were striving for self - actualization
- Views human nature in a more positive light

Carl Rogers
- Shared Maslow's belief that people are naturally good and directed toward growth/development
- If self concept positive, we tend to act positive
For growth
- Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy
Gordon Allport - described personality in terms of fundamental traits, 3 main types of traits
- Cardinal - characteristic or feature so important that a person is identified by it
Central trait - traits that make us predictable in most situations
Secondary Trait
- Least important, conveys our preferences to items such as music or food ex. country music,
chinese food
THE BIG FIVE
OCEAN
Openness - people who are open minded and willing to try intellectual experiences
Conscientiousness - individuals who are dedicated to completing tasks, organized, responsible
Extraversion - talkativeness and energetic
Agreeableness – sympathetic, cooperative, kind, trusting
Neuroticism - people who experience things relatively easily and without getting upset

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality INventory(MMPI-2)

- Developed to identify abnormal personality tendencies

Reciprocal Determinism
- Personality is shaped by an interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors

External Locus of control - outside forces determine fate

Internal Locus of control - one controls their own destiny/fate

Seligman - Learned Helplessness - hopelessness and passive resignation is learned when one is unable to
avoid repeated traumatic events from which one cannot or feels cannot escape

Individualists - more emphasis on independent self - self defined by personal values, personal goals, and
personal attributes

Collectivists - more emphasis on collective self - defined by connections with family and friends

Self - organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Self - efficacy - A person's belief about his/her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors, not
considered a trait
Self - actualization - realization or fulfillment of one's talents and possibilities
Self - concept - total of your thoughts and feelings that define your “self” as an object
Self - esteem - feeling of self - worth is beneficial
Self - serving bias - tendency people have to seek out information and use it in ways