ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4

(MAL4A10)

STUDY MATERIAL
IV SEMESTER

COMMON COURSE

B.A. / B.Sc.
(2019 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O.
MALAPPURAM - 673 635, KERALA

19161
Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän
hnZqc hnZym-`ymk hn`mKw
_n.-F. / _n.-F-kv.-kn. (2019 AUvan-j³)
\memw ska-ÌÀ
COMMON COURSE
ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4 (MAL4A10)
]T-\-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
samUyqÄ 1, 2
{ioaXn cpÜnWn sI.
Akn. s{]m^-kÀ (a-e-bm-fw)
Fkv.-Un.C. Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

samUyqÄ 3, 4
tUm. cmPp¡p«³ ]n.Pn
Akn. s{]m^-kÀ (a-e-bm-fw)
Fkv.-Un.C. Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv

tUm. _nPp tPmk^v
Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ, ae-_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImtfPv
tImgn-t¡m-Sv.

DISCLAIMER

"The author(s) shall be solely responsible

for the content and views
expressed in this book".

Printed @ Calicut University Press

 DÅ-S¡w

samUyqÄ þ 1
1. `mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a- þ sI.-Fw. -{]-`m-I-c
bhpw (`m-jbpw a\-Èm- -hm-cyÀ
kv{Xhpw)
2. hrYm-Øq-eX (\Ã ae-bm- þ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-
fw) `-«-Xncn
3. Xoäbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw, þ Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈcn
`wKn-hm¡v
(Xm-bvsam-gn)
4. tUmIvSÀam-cpsS tcmKw, þ tUm.-]n.-]-hn-{X³
th−Xv kuµ-cym-ßI
hnZym-`ymkw (am-Xr-`m-j-
bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ ka-cw)
samUyqÄ -þ 2
hnhÀ¯\w þ \nÀh-N-\-§Ä, s]mXp-X-Xz-§Ä, coXn-IÄ,
en]y-´-cWw hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI [À½w
1. A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w þ sI.-]n.-i-¦-c³
(te-J\w)
2. hymP kqN-\-IÄ (I-hn-X) þ dqan,
hnh:sI.-P-b-Ip-amÀ
3. F¨n (XymKn CâÀ -þ Hmw {]Imiv
tImtfPv {Kma-¯n\p ]pd- hmevaoIn
¯m-Wv ……….- ap-XÂ IS-
¶p-h-¶n-cp¶p F¶v \nÊw-
i-bw hsc)
samUyqÄ -þ 3
1. Adn-hnsâ ^e-§Ä þ Fw. tKmhn-µ³
2. hyàn-\m-a-]-T-\-§Ä -þ tUm.-Fw.-hn.
hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn.
3. a\p-jy-scÃmw tkmZ-cÀ -þ s{]m^. Fw. sI.
km\p
samUyqÄ -þ 4
1. A\p-`-h-§Ä þ \´-\mÀ
 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
samUyqÄ-þ1

`mj, Fgp¯v F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnj-b-§-

fmWv H¶m-as¯ samUyq-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. `mjm
{]tbm-K-co-Xn-IÄ, `mjm-Úm-\hpw `mj-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-X-bp-
saÃmw CXn NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p. sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-I-c-hm-cy-cpsS
`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-`-«-Xn-cn-bpsS
hrYm-Øq-e-X, Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈ-cn-bpsS Xoäbpw P\m-[n-]-
Xyhpw, `wKn-hm-¡v, ]n.-]-hn-{Xsâ tUmIvSÀam-cpsS tcmKw
th−Xv kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ymkw F¶n-h-bmWv Cu
samUyq-fn DÄs¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv.
1. `mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
(`m-jbpw a\x-im-kv{X-hpw)
sI.-Fw.- {]-`m-I-c-hm-cyÀ
1933-þÂ ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse h«w-Ip-f¯v kn.-i-¦-c-hm-cy-cp-
sSbpw sI.-Fw.-e-£van-¡p«n hmc-kym-cp-sSbpw aI-\m-bn-«mWv
sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-I-c-hm-cy-cpsS P\-\w. FUn³_tdm bqWn-th-gvkn-
än-bn `mjm-im-kv{X-¯n D]-cn-]-T\w \S¯n. A®m-asse
bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnÂ\n¶v ]n.-F-¨v.Un t\Sn. tIcf, alm-ßm-Km-
Ôn, Imen-¡äv, {ioi-¦-cm-Nmcy kwkvIr-X, a[pc Ima-cm-Pv,
A®m-a-sse, `mc-Xo-Zm-k³, Hkvam-\n-b, UÂln, Aen-KVv
F¶o bqWn-th-gvkn-än-I-fn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. 2010-þ sNss¶-
bnÂsh¨v A´-cn-¨p.
apJyIrXn-IÄ
samgnbpw s]mcp-fpw, `mjm-im-kv{X-hn-th-Iw, ssieo
inev]w, `mjbpw a\ximkv{X-hpw, kz\n-a-hn-Úm-\w, Kth-
jW ]²-Xn, B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kv{Xw, `mjbpw a\-Èm-
kv{Xhpw, ]qÀÆ tIcf `mj, ae-bmf hymI-cW kao-£,
`mjm-h-tem-I-\w, Ihn-X-bnse `mj.
`mj-W-i-_vZ-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS Bi-bs¯
AYhm Nn´sb {]Im-in-¸n-¡m-\pÅ D]m-[n-bmWv `mj F¶v
Gähpw {]mY-an-I-amb AÀ°-¯n ]d-bmw. `mj AXn-\-¸pdw

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At\Iw Xe-§-fn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv. F¦nepw
Bibw Hcm-fpsS a\-Ên cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xn\pw cq]w-sIm−
Bibw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Gähpw D¯-a-amb am[y-a-amWv
`mj. a\p-jys\ arK-¯nÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-\m-¡p-¶-XnÂ
{][m-\-s¸« Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv `mjm-ti-jn. a\p-jysâ
]cn-Wm-a-N-cn-{X-¯nse AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp \mgn-I-¡-ÃmWv
Ahsâ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-amb `mj-bpsS
Bcw-`w. kwkvImck¼-¶-\mb Hcp Pohn-bmbn a\p-jys\
DbÀ¯nbXv `mj-bmWv F¶p ]d-bmw. kz´w hnIm-c-þ-hn-Nm-c-
§Ä ]c-kv]cw ssIamdn kl-I-c-W-¯nepw kl-hÀ¯n-Xz-
¯nepw Ign-bm³ a\p-jys\ AXv {]m]vX-am-¡n. Bi-b-hn-\n-
ab am[y-a-§-fn Gähpw D¯-a-am-bXv `mj-bm-sW-¦nepw
k¼qÀ®-amb Hcp am[y-a-am-Wn-sX¶v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-Ã. ]e-
t¸mgpw Bi-b-§-fpsS kwt{]j-Whpw kzoI-c-Whpw
A]qÀ®-am-tb-¡mw. C¶p `mj-bn-X-]qÀ®-an-§-tlm……..
F¶ Ihn-hmIyw `mj-bpsS A]qÀ®-Xsb Ipdn-¨pÅ Adn-
hnÂ\n¶pw D−m-b-Xm-Wv.
at\m-`mjm hnÚm-\-¯n-te-¡pÅ Xtâ-Xmb hgn-IÄ
Xpd¶ Hcp `mjm-im-kv{X-Ú-\mWv sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-I-c-hm-cyÀ.
`mjbpw a\x-Èm-kv{Xhpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
Xsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv At±-l-
¯nsâ `mjbpw a\x-Èm-kv{Xhpw F¶-Xv. 9 A[ym-b-§-fpÅ
AXnse c−m-as¯ A[ym-b-amWv `mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bpw.
6 D]-ioÀj-I-§-fn-embn CXn Bi-b-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
H¶m-a-Xmbn Bi-b-hn\nab {]{In-b-sb-¸-än-bmWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
1. Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{Inb
Bi-b-hn-\-a-b-¯n-\pÅ ]e D]m-[n-I-fn H¶p am{X-amWv
`mj. BwKyw, D¨m-c-W-i-_vZw, kvtXm-`-{]-IS\w, en]n-IÄ
F¶nh Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-I-fm-Wv. hÀ®w, shfn-
¨w, Ir{Xn-a-i-_vZ-§Ä F¶n-hbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ kmt¦-Xn-
ImÀ°-¯n\v A{Xbv¡p hym]vXn-bp-−v. a\p-tjy-Xc Pohn-I-
fnepw Ak-¼p-jvShpw Ahn-I-kn-X-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab
{]{In-b-IÄ \S-¡p-¶p-−v. ‘arK-`mj’ F¶p hyh-l-cn-¨p-h-cm-dp-
−-Xv. Cu Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-co-Xn-Isf Dt±-in-¨m-Wv. a\p-tjy-Xc
Pohn-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-Isf `mj F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-

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¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. a\p-jy-`mj a\p-tjy-X-cm-i-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-I-
fnÂ\n¶v ]e-X-c-¯nepw hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
2. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F¶m F´v?
Bibhn-\n-abw F¶m F´mWv AÀ°-am-t¡-−Xv?
Cu {]{In-b-bpsS kz`mhw hyà-am-¡n-bn-sÃ-¦n ]e {]Xn-`m-
k-§-sfbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ambn sXän-²-cn-¡m³ CS-bp-−v
F¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. Zqsc-\n¶v s]m§p¶ ]pI, AXn-cm-
hnse tIÄ¡m-dpÅ ]qh³tIm-gn-I-fpsS IqhÂ, Ie-§nb
I®q-IÄ þ Ch-sbms¡ Fs´-¦nepw ktµiw Xcp-¶p−v
F¶-Xn-\m Chsb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ambn IW-¡m-¡mtam?
3. Bi-b-hn-\n-abamXr-Ibpw AXnse LS-I-§fpw
taÂ]-dª kwi-b-§Äs¡Ãmw ]cn-lmcw ImW-W-sa-
¦n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F¶ imkv{Xob k¦-ev]-¯nsâ kam-K-
kz-`m-hs¯¸än Nn´n-t¡-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Bibhn\n-abw
F¶ k¦-ev]-¯n LS-I-§Ä AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Bibw
DZv`-hn-¡p¶ LS-Ihpw Bibw F¯n-t¨-cp¶ LS-Ihpw `mj-
W-¯n kwkm-cn-¡p¶ BÄ ‘DÛ-h-Øm\’hpw tIÄ¡p¶
BÄ ‘{]m-]y-Øm\’hpam-bn-cn-¡pw. DÛ-h-Øm-\-¯nÂ\n-¶pÅ
ktµiw {]m-]y-Øm-\-¯n F¯p-t¼mÄ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
\S-¡p-¶p. CXn\p c−n-\p-an-Sbv¡v kzm`m-hn-Itam Ir{Xn-atam
Bb GsX-¦n-ep-samcp am[yaw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu am[y-as¯
k©m-c-]Yw F¶p hnfn-¡mw. A´-co-£-hmbphneqsS i_vZ-X-
cw-K-§-fm-¡nbpw teml-¡-¼n-bn-eqsS sshZypX Xcw-K-§-fm-
¡nbpw ktµiw ssIam-dmw. C§s\ ktµ-is¯ Hcn-S-¯p-
\n¶v asäm-cn-S-t¯¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\v cq]-]-cn-Wmaw hcp-
¯n-bm am{Xta Ign-bq. ktµ-is¯ cq]-t`Zw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
kt¦-X\w F¶pw AXv \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ LS-Is¯ t{]jIw
F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯nb ktµ-is¯ tImUv (k-
t¦-Xw) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. ktµ-i-aà AXnsâ kt¦-X-Nn-Ó-
§-fmWv {]m]y-Øm-\s¯ e£y-am¡n k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
C¶n¶ NnÓ-§Ä C¶n¶ Bi-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¡pw Fs¶mcp
hyhØ CsÃ-¦n kt¦-X-hr¯n \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
Ch- X½n kzm`m-hnI _Ô-§-sfm¶pw CÃ. Bi-b-¯n\pw
NnÓ-§Ä¡pw X½n-epÅ _Ôw s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-¡-
s¸-S-Ww. ‘]pkvXIw’ F¶ D¨m-cWw Hcp {]tXyI i_vZ-k-

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
aqlw am{X-am-Wv. Cw¥o-jn ‘_pIv’ F¶pw lnµn-bnÂ
‘InXm_v’ F¶p-apÅ hyXy-kvX-§-fmb kz\-k-aq-l-§-fmWv
CtX Bi-bs¯ hyRvPn-¸n-¡p¶ `mjm-Nn-Ó-§Ä. NnÓ-
§Ä¡pw Ah D±o-]n-¸n-¡p¶ Bi-b-§Ä¡pw X½n hyh-
Øm-]n-X-_Ôw am{X-amWv DÅ-Xv. `mj-bn ]qÀ®-ambpw
kmt¦-Xn-IXzw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³ Ign-bm¯ NnÓ-§fpw
{]tbm-K-¯n-ep-−v. DZm:þ Im¡-bpsS Ic-¨nÂ, ]«n-bpsS Ipc,
aWn-bSn i_vZw. {]m]y-Øm-\-t¯¡v k©-cn-¡p¶ NnÓ-
§sf AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-¨m Bi-b-t_m[w D−m-hp-I-bn-Ã.
kt¦-X-Nn-Ó-§sf ho−pw ktµ-i-§-fm¡n amtä-−n-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p. C§s\ kt¦-X-Nn-Ó-§sf Ah-bpsS ]qÀÆ-cq-]-amb
Bi-b-am¡n amäp-¶-Xn\v hnk-t¦-X\w (decoding) F¶pw B
IÀ½w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ LS-I-¯n\v ‘BZmbn’ F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
At¸mÄ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-{]-{In-b-bn DZv`-h-Øm-\w, t{]j-Iw,
k©m-c-]-Yw, BZmbn, {]m]y-Øm\w F¶n-§s\ A©p LS-
I§Ä AS-§n-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶p-h-cp-¶p. `mj-W-¯n hàm-
hnsâ D¨m-c-Wm-h-b-h-amWv Bi-bs¯ i_vZ-X-cw-K-§-fm¡n
amäp-¶-Xv. B i_vZ-X-cwKw hmbp-hn-eqsS t{imXm-hn sNs¶-
¯p-¶p. t{imXm-hnsâ IÀW-^-e-I-¯n X¯p-ey-amb {]I-¼-
\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. t{imXm-hnsâ Xe-t¨m-dn-te-¡pÅ Rc-
¼p-IÄ BZm-bn-bpsS {]hr¯n sN¿p-¶p. AXm-bXv i_vZ-ho-
Nn-Isf ho−pw Bi-b-§-fm¡n amäp-¶p. C§s\ hmNn-I-hr-
¯n-bnepw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{In-b-bnse FÃm LS-I-§fpw
AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
4. aäp Nne Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-IÄ
Zqc-{i-h-Wn, {]t£-]Wn apX-emb bm{´n-tIm-]-I-c-W-
§Ä hgn-bpÅ Bib hn\n-a-b-¯nepw Cu LS-I-§-sfÃmw
AS-§n-bn-«p-−v. Ch-bn-seÃmw kt¦-X-hn-lm-c-§Ä sshZypX
hoNn-I-fm-bn-cn-¡pw. t{]j-Iw, BZmbn F¶n-h-bpsS {]hr-¯n-
IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ {]tXyIw bm{´nI LS-I-§fpw Ch-bn-
seÃmw D−m-bn-cn-¡pw. hc-sam-gn-bnepw taÂ]-dª hn[-¯n-
epÅ kw{I-aWw Xs¶-bmWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. enJ-X-k-{¼-Zm-
b-¯n teJ-I³ DZv`-h-tI-{µhpw Fgp-Xm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶
D]-I-cWw t{]jI en]n-IÄ kt¦-X-§-fp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. IS-em-
knsâ ØncX F¶ [À½w k©m-c-]-Yw, hmbn-¡p¶ BfpsS
I®nÂ\n¶v Xe-t¨m-dn-te-¡pÅ \mUn-IÄ BZm-bnbpw hmbn-
¡p¶ BÄ {]m]y-Øm-\hpw Bbn-cn-¡pw.

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ap¼v]dª {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v H¶p-IqSn Xncn¨p
t]mImw. ]pI ImWp-¶Xv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ambn Icp-Xmtam?
ChnsS DZv`-h-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶v {]m]y-Øm-\-t¯¡v Hcp ktµ-
ihpw F¯n-t¨-cp-¶n-Ã. Xobpw ]pIbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw
Imcy-Im-c-W-_-Ô-amWv hyhØm]n-X-a-Ã. AXn-\m ]pI
am{X-aà tImgn IqhÂ, I®nse Ie¡w CsXm¶pw Bi-b-hn-
\n-a-b-{]-{In-b-b-Ã.
5. `mjm-im-kv{Xw, at\m-`m-jm-hn-Úm-\w, hr¯m-´-kn-
²m´w
`mjsb ]e coXn-bn A]-{K-Yn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kt¦-
X-Nn-Ó-§sf am{Xw Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bpÅ ]T-\-amWv `mjm-im-
kv{X-¯n Ah-ew-_n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xv. kt¦-X-Nn-Ó-§-fn-e-S-§n-bn-
«pÅ am{X-Isf thÀXn-cn-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb GsXÃmw
hn[-¯n-emWv kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¡m-\p-ÅXv F¶v hyà-am-¡p-I-bp-
amWv `mjm-im-kv{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-¯n sN¿p-¶-Xv. kz\-am-{X-IÄ
cq]-am-{X-I-fmbn hnI-kn¨v cq]-am-{X-IÄ hmIy-L-S-\-bn CW-
§n-t¨-cp-¶Xv GsXÃmw hn[-¯n-em-sW-¶mWv `mjm-im-kv{X-]-
T-\-¯nÂ\n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. asäÃm am\p-jn-I-hr-¯n-I-fn-ep-
sa-¶-t]mse `mjm-hr-¯n-sbbpw tOmZ\ {]Xn-tN-jvS-I-fpsS
cq]-¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv at\m-`m-jm-hn-Úm-\-¯nsâ
e£yw. a\x-Èm-kv{X-¯n-sâbpw `mjm-im-kv{X-¯n-sâbpw k¦-
e-\-¯nÂ\n-¶p-f-hm-bn-«pÅ at\m-`m-jm-hn-Úm\w CS-¡m-e¯v
hf-sc-b-[nIw hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨n-«pÅ H¶m-Wv.
ta¸-dª c−v kao-]-\-co-Xn-IÄ¡pw ]pdta hr¯m-
´-kn-²m´w Fs¶mcp ]pXnb ]T-\-amÀ¤hpw CubnsS `mjm-
]-T-\-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v hfÀ¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v. Hcn-S-¯p-\n¶v ktµ-
is¯ Gähpw ^e-{]-Z-amb coXn-bn asäm-cn-S¯v F¯n-¡p-
hm³ GsXÃmw \S-]-Sn-IÄ ssIs¡mÅmw F¶-XmWv
hr¯m´ kn²m´w At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xv. Gähpw Ipd¨v kt¦-X-
Nn-Ó-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I, Gähpw thK-¯n Bi-b-hn-\n-ab
{]{Inb \S-¯p-I, k©-cn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ NnÓ-§-fnÂ
_mly-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ ImcWw hyXn-bm\w kw`-hn-¡m-Xn-
cn-¡m³ {i²n-¡pI þ F¶nh hr¯m-´-kn-²m´w ssIImcyw
sN¿p-¶p. Iw]yq-«À `mj-IÄ, bm{´n-I-]-cn-`mj XpS-§nb
taJ-e-I-fn hr¯m-´-kn-²m-´-{]-Im-c-apÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡p
kmc-amb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIm³ Ign-bp-sa¶v Icp-Xp-¶p.

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6. Bib hn\n-a-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-§Ä
a\p-jy-\nse `mtj-X-c-§-fmb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-
I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hn]p-e-amb ]T-\-§Ä \S-¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v. AwK-hn-
t£-]-imkv{Xw AwK-N-e-\-§Äaqew Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-
¯p¶Xns\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-am-Wv. `mtj-X-c-§-fmb Blzm-\-
§fpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-h-cp-¶p-−v.
\nt£-]-§Ä F¶v hymI-c-W-im-kv{X-¯n ]d-bp¶ i_vZ-
§Ä aäp `mjm-i-_vZ-§-fnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-§-fmb `mjm-Nn-
Ó-§-fm-Wv. amXr-`m-j-bpsS LS-\sb¡pdn-¨p-Xs¶ C\nbpw
]e Imcy-§fpw \mw Adn-tb-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. B \nebv¡v
t\m¡p-t¼mÄ, a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Cusbmcp A]qÀÆ-kn-²n-
bpsS \nKq-V-Xbpw k¦oÀ®-Xbpw F{X-am-{X-am-sW¶v
t_m[y-s¸-Spw.
2. hrYm-Øq-eX (\Ã ae-bm-fw)
kn.-hn. -hm-kp-tZ-h- `-«-Xncn
ae-bm-f-`mjm hymI-c-W-]-Þn-X\pw `mjm-im-kv{X-
Ú\pw F¶ \ne-bn {]i-kvX-\mWv kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `«-Xn-
cn. 1920-þ ]´fw tNµ-aw-Kew Xd-hm-«n P\n-¨p. \nb-a-_n-cp-
Zhpw hnhn[ hnj-b-§-fn _ncp-Zm-\-´-c-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn. A`n-
`m-j-I³, A[y-]-I³, hniz-hn-Úm-\-tImiw FUn-äÀ F¶o
\ne-I-fn {it²-b³. \à ae-bm-fw, KZy-in-ev]w, XÀÖ-a-bpsS
Xmt¡mÂ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-¯n-eqsS, `mjm-imkv{Xw XpS-
§nb hymI-cW IrXn-IÄ¡v ]pdsa \mcm-b-Wo-bw, kp`m-
jnX{XnXin, [z\ym-temIw `K-h-ZvKoX XpS-§nb IrXn-IÄ¡v
]cn-`m-jbpw hymJym-\hpw \nÀÆ-ln-¨p. `mc-Xo-b-ZÀi-\-§Ä
F¶ IrXnbv¡v tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw e`n-¨p.
2008-þÂ kn.-hn.-hmkptZh-`-«-Xncn A´-cn-¨p.
kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-`-«-Xn-cn-bpsS \Ã ae-bmfw F¶ IrXn-
bnse ]{´−v A[ym-b-§-fn F«m-as¯ A[ym-b-amWv
hrYm-Øq-eX F¶-Xv. ae-bmf `mj-bn km[m-cW D−m-
Im³ km[y-X-bpÅ sXäp-Isf Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-Ibpw A¯cw
sXäp-IÄ F§s\ Xncp-¯m-sa¶pw DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-
am-¡p-I-bmWv Cu IrXn-bn At±lw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 6

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-amWv `mj-bpsS e£y-sa-¦nepw AtXm-
sSm¸w `mj sXäv IqSmsX D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw thWw. ]ecpw
`mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv A{i-²-am-bm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-apÅ
Bfp-IÄt]mepw A¯-c-¯n `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv ImWp-
t¼mÄ IjvSw tXm¶pw. D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]e sXäp-
Ifpw icn-sb¶v IcpXn ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbpw AXv ]n´p-S-cp-¶p.
t]mÌdp-I-fn-sebpw Nph-sc-gp-¯p-I-fn-sebpw \h-am-[y-a-§-fn-
se-bp-sams¡ ØnXn AXnepw Zb-\o-b-am-Wv. `mj-bpsS
C¶s¯ Zpc-h-Øbv¡v Aev]-sa-¦nepw ]cn-lmcw ImWm³
\Ã ae-bmfw t]mepÅ IrXn-IÄ¡v Ignbpw.
hmIy-¯n hrYm-Øq-eX F§-s\-bp-−m-Ip-¶p-
sh¶pw AsX-§s\ Hgn-hm-¡m-sa-¶p-amWv hrYm-Øq-eX F¶
A[ym-b-¯n NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. kaÀ°-ambpw kpµ-c-ambpw
hnh-£nXw shfn-hm-¡m³ th−-Xn Ihn-ªp-Å-sXÃmw
hmIy-¯n hrYm-Øq-e-am-Wv. AÀ°-t_m[w D−m-
bXvsIm−v am{Xw hmIyw kpµ-c-am-I-W-sa-¶p-an-Ã. hmIyw
hrYmØqe-am-Im³ ]e Imc-W-§Ä D−v. hmIy-¯n\p
tNÀ¡p¶ ]oTn-I, hmÂ, "Hcp' A\m-h-iy-amb A\p-{]-tbm-Kw,
]c-¯n-¸-d-b F¶n-h-bmWv hmIys¯ hrYmØqe-am-¡p¶
{][m\ LS-I-§Ä. en]n, ]p\-cp-àyw, {]Xy-b-§Ä XpS-§n-b-
hbpw hrYm Øqe-Xbv¡v Imc-W-§ÄX-s¶.
1. hmIy-]o-TnI
hmIy-¯n\v ap¶n Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ Nne hm¡p-IÄ
Ip¯n-¯n-cp-Ip-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv hmIy-]o-TnI F¶-Xp-sIm−v
AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.

 (hm-kvXhw ]d-ªmÂ) Ah\v H¶mw-Øm\w In«pw

F¶p Rm³ {]Xo-£n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.
 (Xp-d¶p ]d-bp¶ ]£w) At±lw ip²m-ßm-hmWv
Cu hmIy-§-fnse {_m¡-än sImSp¯ `mK-amWv
]oTn-I. Cu `mKw hn«p-I-f-ªmepw Bi-b-¯n\v tIm«-sam¶pw
kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-Ã. am{X-aà CXv hàm-hnsâ a\-Ênse ZpÀhn-Nm-
c-§sf kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p F¶p-IqSn ImWmw. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnÂ
Xpd¶p ]d-bp-Itbm hmkvXhw ]d-bp-Itbm sN¿m¯
BfmWv hàmhv F¶ ZpxÊq-N\ C¯cw D]-{I-a-§-fnÂ
hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡mw. kXyw ]d-ªmÂ, asämcp hn[-¯n ]d-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 7

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
ªmÂ, efn-X-ambn ]d-ªmÂ, ab-s¸-Sp¯n ]d-ªmÂ,
kuay-ambn ]d-ªm F¶n-h-sbms¡ C¯cw ]oTn-I-I-fmbn
hmIy-§-fn ImWmw. Ch kw`m-j-W-¯nepw Fgp-¯nepw
hÀÖn-¡p-I-Xs¶ thWw. F¶m Nne kµÀ`-§-fnÂ
]oTnI Bh-iy-am-Imw. DZm-l-cWw HutZym-Kn-I-Øm-\-¯n-cn-
¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v ‘Fsâ hyàn-]-c-amb A`n-{]mbw’ F¶p ]d-
ªp-sIm−v kz´w A`n-{]mbw ]d-bmw.
2. hmÂ
hmIy-§-fpsS Ah-km-\-¯n Hcp sh¨vsI«v {]tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv hm F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Hcp Du¶-en\v F¶
a«n-emWv ]ecpw C¯cw {]tbmKw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. Nne DZm-l-c-
W-§Ä t\m¡mw.

 C´y-bpsS kzmX-{´y-k-¼m-Z-\-¯n apJy]¦p-h-ln-

¨Xv KmÔn-Pn-bmWv (F¶ Imcy-¯n c−p ]£-an-Ã).
 D]-am-{]-tbm-K-¯n Imfn-Zm-k-\mWv AZzo-Xo-b³
(F¶ Imcyw FÃm-hÀ¡pw And-bm-a-tÃm)
Cu hmIy-§-fn he-b-¯n-epÅ `mKw A\m-h-iy-am-
sW¶p ImWmw. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Cu hmensâ Bh-iy-an-
Ã. A`n-{]m-bm-´-c-¯n\p hI-bn-Ã, \nkvXÀ¡-am-Wv, FSp-¯p-]-
d-tb-−-Xn-Ã-tÃm þ F¶p ]d-bmsX \nhr-¯n-bn-Ã. Fs¶m-s¡-
bpÅ {]tbm-K-§Ä ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. ]oTnI
t]mse-Xs¶ hmepw Nne kµÀ`-§-fn {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv.
DZm-l-cWw:þ a\p-jy³ c−p-Im-en \S-¡p-s¶-¦nepw Ah³
arK-hÀK-¯nÂs¸Spw (F¶ Imcy-¯n ]£m-´-c-an-Ã-tÃm).
imkv{Xw AwKo-I-cn-¨p-I-gnª Hcp Imcy-¯n ]£m-´-c-anÃ
F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xn sXän-Ã.

3. ‘Hcp’-hnsâ {]tbmKw

kwJym-hm-N-I-amb H¶nsâ hnti-j-W-ambn ‘Hcp’

hcmw: ‘Hcp’ Xh-Wtb Rm³ t]mbn-«p-Åq.

A\n-Ý-b-tZym-X-I-ambpw ‘Hcp’ hcmw. ‘Hcm’Ä C¶se h¶n-cp-

¶p.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 8

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
Cu c−p hIp-¸nepw s]Sm¯ ‘Hcp’ A\m-h-iy-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-Ww, cmas\ (H-cp) ]m¼p ISn-¨p.
\o (H-cp) Ddp-¼n-s\-t¸mse DÕm-l-io-e-\m-I-Ww.
(H-cp) Znhkw ]¯p-cq] F¶ \nc-¡n-emWv Iqen.
C¯cw kµÀ`-§-fn "Hcp' {]tbmKw Hgn-hm-t¡-−-Xm-
Wv.

AXp-t]m-se, Cw¥o-jn a, an F¶-Xn-s\Ãmw ]cn-`m-j-bnÂ

"Hcp' th−n-h-cn-I-bn-Ã.
DZm-l-cWw :

Lion is an animal – knwlw arK-amWv F¶p-a-Xn.

He is a clever man - AbmÄ kaÀ°-\m-Wv.

Were there is a will, there is a way - a\-Êp-s−-¦n hgn-bp-ap-

−v.
th−n-S¯pw th−m-¯n-S¯pw "Hcp' {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ Cw¥ojv
ssien \s½ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xmbn Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ ]d-bp-¶p-
−v.
4. A\m-h-iy-amb A\p-{]-tbmKw
{][m-\-{In-b-bpsS Ime-¯ntem AÀ°-¯ntem hnti-
j-kqN\ \ÂIm³ AXnsâ ]n¶n tNÀ¡p¶ klm-b-{In-b-
bmWv A\p-{]-tbm-Kw.
DZm-l-cWw:
Ah³ ]Ww apgp-h³ e£y-an-ÃmsX sNe-hm¡n (¡-f-
ªp)
AhÄ lmaÀt{Xm-bn \ne-hn-en-cp¶ dnt¡mÀUv
Xncp¯n (¡p-dn-¨p)

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 9

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
{_m¡-än DÅXv A\p-{]-tbm-Kw. C¯cw {]tbm-K-
§Ä A\m-h-iy-amWv.
5. ]c-¯n-¸-d-bÂ
Hä-hm-¡n ]d-bm-hp¶ Imcyw hen-¨p-\o-«p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.
{i²n-¨p, \nco-£n¨p F¶p aXn-bm-hp-¶n-S¯v {i² sNep-¯n,
\nco-£Ww \S¯n XpS-§nb {]tbm-K-§Ä DZm-l-c-Ww. hf-¨p-
sI«n¸d-bp¶ Nne ssien-Ifpw Dt]-£n-¡-Ww. C¯cw Imcy-
§-fmWv hrYmØqe-X-bmbn {KÙ-Im-c³ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
3. Xoäbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw, `wKn-hm¡v (Xm-bvsam-gn)
Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈcn
Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈcn F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ
apgp-h³ t]cv aplvbp±o³ \Sp-¡-−n-bn F¶m-Wv. 1951-þÂ
tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Imc-tÈ-cn-bn P\-\w. 1976-þ78-þÂ
tImgn-t¡mSv amXr-`q-an-bn kl-]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbn HutZym-KnI
Pohn-X-am-cw-`n-¨p. ]n¶oSv hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn ae-bmfw
A[ym-]-I-\m-bn. 1986 apXÂ Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime ae-bm-f-
hn-`m-K-¯n A[ym-]-I³. 1993-þ Imen¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-
bnÂ\n¶v tUmIvS-tdäv t\Sn.
{][m\ IrXn-IÄ þ a¡-bn-te-¡pÅ ]mX, \h-Xm-fw, H¶nsâ
ZÀi-\w, ImgvN-h-«w, amcm-cpsS Ipcp-t£-{Xw, Bcpw sImfp-
¯m¯ hnf-¡v, tNI-¶q-cnsâ càw, _jo-dnsâ ]q¦m-h-\w,
sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, apÉow \mSp-I-fnse ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ, hnthIw
]mIw sN¿p-¶Xv GXv ASp-¸n-em-Wv. apÃm \k-dp-±osâ s]mSn-
ss¡-IÄ, Ipdn-am-\w, ]pen-t¡m-«n IrXn-IÄ, Xmbvsam-gn.
A[ym-]-I³, Kth-j-I³, {]`m-j-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ
{it²-b-\mWv Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈ-cn. a\p-jym-h-Imi {]iv\-§-
fnepw ]cn-ØnXn {]iv\-§-fnepw kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sp¶ Hcp
hyàn-bm-Wv. BÀÖhhpw sXfn-abpw \ndª ssien-bnÂ
`mjm-{]-iv\-§Ä apX kmaqly {]iv\-§Ä hsc Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶p.
Xoä-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xyw
`mj, {]tZiw, PmXn, aXw, sXmgnÂ, enwKw, hÀ¤w,

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 10

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
hÀ®w, {]mbw, Adn-hv, k¼-¯v, _p²n, kuµ-cyw, BtcmKyw
XpS§n a\p-jysc thÀXn-cn-¡p¶ [mcmfw kwK-Xn-I-fp-−v.
C¯cw thÀXn-cn-hp-Isf IW-¡m-¡msX hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯nepw
kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nepw FÃm Imcy-¯nepw FÃm-hÀ¡pw Xpey-
amb Ah-kcw Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p¶ hyh-Ø-bmWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw.
AXv Xoä-bpsS Imcy-¯nepw ]pe-cWw F¶ \ne-]m-SmWv
`£-W-¯nsâ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¡-c-Ww. ChnsS ]g-sbm-cp-IY
Imc-tÈcn amjv HmÀ¡p-¶p. P·n-bmb \¼q-cn-È\pw Imcy-س
cma³\m-bcpw IqSn It¨-cn¡v t]mIp-t¼mÄ ]mew apdnªv
AhÀ tXm«n hoWp. Ccp-hcpw ap§n-s¸m-§p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ
\¼qcn hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶Xv "cmam Ie-¡n-IpSn' F¶m-Wv. ap§n-
¨m-Im³ t]mIp¶ ac-W-sh-{]m-f-¯n-\n-S-bnepwt]mepw Xs¶-
t¸mse ip²-Pew cma³ IpSn-¨m X\n-s¡m-¸-am-bn-t]m-IntÃ
F¶ Ipip-¼mWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ac-W-sh-{]m-f-¯n-\n-S-
bnepw shÅw Ie-¡p¶ ]Wn-IqSn X¼p-cm³ {]Pbv¡v Iev]n-
¡p-¶p. CjvS-s¸«Xv Ign-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{´yw D−m-hpI F¶-
XmWv `£-W-¯nsâ P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w.
`£-W-¯nsâ Imcy-¯n ]e-Xcw hn[n-hn-e-¡p-I-fp-
−v. NneÀ ]ip-hn-d¨n Ign-¡-bn-Ã. NneÀ AXv Ign-¡p-¶p.
]ip-hn-d¨n Ign-¡m¯ Iq«À aäp-Å-hcpw AXv Ign-¨p-IqSm
F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv. NneÀ ]¶n-bn-
d¨n Ign-¡m-dnà F¶-Xp-sIm−v aäp-Å-hcpw AXv Ign-¨p-IqSm
F¶p-]-d-bp-¶Xpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv. AXp-t]mse
apÉo-§Ä ]I `£Ww Ign-¡m¯ dwkm³ Ime¯v tlm«-
ep-IÄ Xpd-¶p-{]-hÀ¯n-¨p-IqSm F¶pw ]I ]c-ky-ambn
Bcpw `£Ww Ign-¨p-IqSm F¶p-]-d-bp¶pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-[zw-k-
\-am-Wv.
_jo-dnsâ t{]a-te-J-\-¯n kmdm½ tIi-h³\m-
bÀs¡m¸w Hfn-t¨mSn t]mIp¶ kµÀ`-¯nÂ
Xoh−nbnÂsh¨v cmhnse X\n¡v Im¸n-Ip-Sn-¡-W-sa¶v
kmdm½ ]d-bp-¶p. tIi-h³\m-bÀ¡v Nmb-bmWv th−-Xv.
t{]aw Ie-i-em-b-Xn-\m Nmb-Xs¶ c−mÄ¡pw aXn-sb¶v
tIi-h³\m-bÀ. F¶m Im¸n-a-Xn-sb¶v kmdm-½-bpw. Ah-
km\w tIi-h³\m-bÀ Hcp Nmbbpw kmdm½ Hcp Im¸nbpw
IpSn¨v kÔn-bn-em-hp-¶p. CXv FÃm-bn-S¯pw D−mIp¶ Hcp
{]iv\-am-Wv. ho«p-h-g-¡p-I-fnse Hcp {][m\ C\w Xoä-bpsS
P\m-[n-]-Xy-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v ImWmw. X\n¡v
Xsâ cpNn-t]mse {][m-\-s¸-«-XmWv asä-bmÄ¡v Abm-fp-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 11

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
sSbpw F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw. Cu P\m-[n-]-Xy-an-
Ãm-bva-bmWv kaq-l-¯nepw hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯nepw Hcp-]mSv
{]iv\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]ip-hn-d-¨n-bpsS t]cn F{X-
sb{X sIme-]m-X-I-§Ä C´y-bn Ac-t§-dn? C¶pw \S-¶p-
sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶p! aäp-Å-hsc ]cn-K-W-n¡-emWv P\m-[n-]Xyw
F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hp-−m-Im-¯-XmWv C¯cw {]iv\-§Ä¡v Imc-
W-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
`wKn-hm¡v
ae-bm-fn-bpsS I]-S-amb Nne kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§sf ]pd-
¯p-Im-«p-I-bmWv `wKn-hm¡v F¶ Ipdn-¸n-eqsS Fw.-F³. Imc-
tÈ-cn. C´y-bnse henb \K-c-§-fn BWpw s]®pw
ASp¯Sp¯n-cp¶v _Ên bm{X-sN-¿m-dp-−v. F¶m tIc-f-
¯n CX{X ]Xn-hn-Ã. AtX-k-abw _Ên¯s¶ \n¶p
bm{X-sN-¿p-t¼mÄ kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-j-·mÀ tNÀ¶p-\n¡p-¶-XnÂ
BÀ¡pw Hcp {]iv\hpw tXm¶p-¶p-an-Ã. C\n Xoh-−n-bntem
SmIvkn Po¸ntem Hmt«m-dn-£-bntem SmIvkn-¡m-dntem IS-¯p-
tXm-Wn-bntem t_m«ntem BWpw s]®pw ASp-¯-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xn Hcp t_Pm-dp-an-Ã. CtX ae-bm-fn-X-s¶-bmWv _ÊnÂ
Abn¯w ]men-¨p-t]m-cp-¶-Xv. asämcp Xam-i, kv{XoIÄ¡v
_Ên Gähpw tamiw s]cp-amäw In«p¶ Øew tIc-f-
amWvXm\pw. CXnÂ\n¶pw ae-bm-fn-bpsS I]-S-\m-Syhpw Bß-
h-©-\bpw Adnbmw F¶v Imc-tÈcn amjv ]d-bp-¶p. C¸-d-
bp¶ Imcy-§-fn Ipd-s¨ms¡ amäw C¶v kw`-hn-¨n-«p-Å-
Xmbn ImWm³ Ign-bpw. kv{XoIÄ kzbw amdn-bm am{Xta
s]mXp-cw-K¯v AhÄ¡v Iev]n-¡p¶ C¯cw kao-]-\-§Ä¡v
Aev]-sa-¦nepw amäw hcp-¯m³ Ign-bq. tamiw s]cp-am-ä-
§Ä¡v DS-\Sn {]Xn-I-cWwXs¶-bmWv th−-Xv.
AXp-t]mse ae-bm-fn-bpsS asäm-cp I]-S-\m-Sy-amWv
HcmÄ acn-¡p-t¼mÄ ImWm-\m-Ip-I. Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
Abm-sf-¸än Hcp hm¡p-t]mepw \ÃXv ]d-bm-¯-hÀ AbmÄ
acn-¨p-I-gn-ªm AbmÄ¡v CÃm¯ KpW-K-W-§Ät]mepw
Ds−¶v ]d-bp¶ coXn Hcp NS-§p-t]m-se-bm-Wv. IS-½-\n«
cma-Ir-jvWsâ "Nm¡me' F¶ IhnX C¯cw I]-S-\m-Sy-
¯nsâ A\m-h-c-W-am-Wv. asämcp Imcyw \½psS k½m\w
\ÂI-em-Wv. A\y-\m-Sp-I-fn k½m\w Xpd-¶vIm-Wn¨v
\ÂIp-t¼mÄ tIc-fo-bÀ AXv sI«n-s]m-Xn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡pw.
C¯-cw k½m\§-fn-eqsS aäp-Å-hsc A]-am-\n-¡m\pw A]m-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 12

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
b-s¸-Sp-¯m-\pw-hsc t\m¡pw. Hcp tImtfPv bqWn-b\v apJym-
Xn-Yn-bmbn h¶ Hcp kn\n-am-\-S\v sI«n-s]m-Xnª s]«n-bnÂ
k½m-\n-¨Xv Hcp hnj-kÀ¸-am-bn-cp¶p!
IpSpw-_-§-fn amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä, A[ym-]-IÀ F¶n-hÀ
Ip«n-I-tfmSv Xcn¼pw kvt\ltam ASp-¸tam ImWn-¡m-dn-Ã.
kvt\lw Csöv \Sn-¡p-¶-XmWv A´-Êv, hnth-Iw, XtâSw
Fs¶m-s¡-bm-W-h-cpsS Nn´. kz´w Ip«n-I-tfmSv kvt\lw
ImWn-¡m-¯-Xnsâ tJZw Chn-Ss¯ ae-bm-fn-IÄ XoÀ¡p-¶Xv
AsXÃmw t]c-¡p-«n-I-tfmSv ImWn-¨n-«m-Wv. PmXn-kv]À², aX-
hÀ¤o-b-X, {]mtZ-in-I-X, cmjv{So-b-]-£-]mXw XpS§n At\Iw
sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-IÄ DÅn Hfn-¸n¨v ]pd-ta¡v "`wKn-bmbn'
s]cp-am-dp-¶-hÀ ChnsS Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n-\p-−m-hpw. ae-bm-f-
¯n "`wKn-hm¡v' Fs¶mcp {]tbm-K-ap-−v. Dt±-in-¡m¯
Imcyw ]d-bpI F¶ "`wKn-sI«' ioe-¯n\v sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶
t]cm-Wn-Xv. kz´w Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n¶p Xs¶ DZm-l-c-W-§Ä
It−-¡mw. C¯cw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä ImWn-¡p-¶Xv \½-sf-{X-
\-¶mbn \pW-]-d-bp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. \½psS kwkvIm-c-¯n-\-
I¯v C¯cw s]mÅ-¯-c-§ÄIqSn IeÀ¶n-«p−v F¶-XmWv
hmkvX-hw.
4. tUmIvSÀam-cpsS tcmKw þ th−Xv kuµ-cym-ßI
hnZym`ymkw
(am-Xr-`m-j-bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ ka-cw)
]n. -]-hn-{X³
tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bn hS-I-c-bv¡-Sp¯v taap-−-bnÂ
P\-\w. Aѳ Sn.-F¨v Ipªn-cm-a³ \¼ymÀ, A½ -]n. -tZ-hn-b-
½. aS-¸Ån Kh.-tIm-tf-Pv, Xe-tÈcn {_®³ tImtf-Pv, tImgn-
t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-ime F¶n-hn-S-§-fn hnZym-`ym-kw. ImeSn
kwkvIrX kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw A[ym-]-I³.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ipä-k-½-Xw, Bim³ IhnX þ B[p-\n-Im-\-
´c ]mT-§Ä, {]Wb cmjv{Sobw (B-im³ IhnXm ]T-\-
§Ä), Fw.-F³.-hn-P-b³ F¶ tIc-fob Nn´-I³, amXr-`m-j-
bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ kacw F¶nh IrXn-IÄ.
kmln-Xy-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-þ-`mjm {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v
\½psS {i²sb \nc-´cw Xncn-¨p-hn-Sp¶ Hcp Nn´-I-\mWv ]n.-

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
]-hn-{X³. Xsâ Fgp-¯n-eqsSbpw {]`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sSbpw tIc-
fob kaq-l-¯n-\p-t\À¡v tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¡m-\pÅ
BÀÖhw ImWn-¡p-¶p-−-t±-lw. KXm-\p-K-Xn-I-Xz-¯nÂ
\n¶p-amdn kz´-amb Hcp \ncq-]W ka-hmIyw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-
bmWv Xsâ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. Bim³ ]T-\-§fpw
B[p-\nIXbpsS Ipä-k-½-X-hpw, amXr-`m-j-bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ
ka-c-hp-saÃmw CXp sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
tUmIvSÀam-cpsS tcmKwþth−Xv kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-
`ymkw F¶ teJ\w amXr-`qan Zn\-]-{X-¯n 2013 G{]n 24-
þ\p {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-bn. CXv ]n¶oSv amXr-`m-j-bv¡p-th-−n-
bpÅ kacw F¶ {KÙ-¯n ka-mlr-X-am-bn. kuµ-cym-ßI
hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ {][m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨mWv Cu teJ-\-¯nÂ
]d-bp-¶-Xv. Akn-Ìâv kÀP³amsc sXc-sª-Sp-¡m-\pÅ A`n-
ap-J-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¯-hÀ¡v kmam-\y-hn-Úm-\-an-söp
ImWn¨v ]n.-F-kv.-Fkn sNbÀam³ apJy-a-{´n¡v \ÂInb Hcp
dnt¸mÀ«n-s\-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−mWv teJ\w XpS-§p-¶-
Xv. ASn-b-´n-c-ambn \½psS {i² ]Xn-tb− Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-
bn-«mWv teJ-I³ CXns\ ImWp-¶-Xv. ap¼v `qX-t{]-X-]n-im-Np-
¡-fmWv AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fm-bn-cp-¶-sX-¦n Ct¸mÄ a[y-hÀ¤-
s¯bpw D]-cn-hÀ¤-s¯bpw _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ AÔ-hn-izm-k-am-
Wv saUn-¡Â-þ-F-©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImgvkp-IÄ. hnZymÀ°n-I-fpsS
Xmev]cyw t\m¡m-sX-bmWv ]e c£n-Xm-¡fpw Cu tImgvkp-
I-fn-te¡v a¡sf XÅn-hn-Sp-¶-Xv. km[m-cW ae-bm-fn-sb-¡mÄ
kmaqly t_m[-¯n hfsc Xmsg-bmWv Cu tImgvkp-I-
fnÂ\n¶v ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶-hÀ F¶mWv sNbÀamsâ dnt¸mÀ«v.
s]mXp-hn-Úm-\-]-co£ \S-¯n-bm am{Xw Cu Ipdhv ]cn-l-
cn-¡m³ Ign-bptam? F¶v teJ-I³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
\½psS hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-
amb Ipd-hp-I-sf-bmWv ChnsS FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶-Xv. Cw¥ojv
am[y-a-¯n-eqsS am{Xw ]Tn-¨p-h-cp¶ HcmÄ¡v, ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
Hcp ]{Xtam ]pkvX-Itam hmbn-¡m¯ Hcp _ncp-Z-[m-cnbv¡v
F§s\ tIc-f-¯nse kmaqly bmYmÀ°y-§Ä a\-Ên-
emIpw? tcmKn-bpsS `mj tUmIvSÀ¡v Adnbp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ
NnInÕ sXäp-sa¶p am{X-aà A]-I-Shpw kw`-hn-¡mw.
Hm¡m\w F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°-a-dn-bm¯ tUmIvSÀ AXv
hb-dp-th-Z-\-bm-sW¶v sXän²cn¨v acp-s¶-gp-Xn-sIm-Sp¯v
At\Iw kv{XoI-fpsS KÀ`w Ae-knb Imcyw ChnsS kqNn-¸n-
¡p-¶p-−v. saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw Xs¶ amXr-`m-j-bn-em-¡-

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
W-sa-¶mWv ]e hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw. F«mw-Xcwhsc-
sb-¦nepw amXr-`m-j-bn-em-bn-cn-¡Ww hnZym-`ym-k-sa¶v hnZym-
`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-ahpw ]d-bp-¶p-s−-¦nepw kÀ¡m-dnsâ
{i²-bn C¯cw Imcy-§Ä h¶n-«n-söpw At±lw Nq−n-
¡m-«p-¶p. CXp-t]m-se-¯s¶ {][m-\-amWv D¶X hnZym-`ym-k-
ta-J-e-bn kmln-Xy-apÄs¸-sS-bpÅ am\-hnI ]T\ taJ-e-
tbmSv ImWn¡p¶ Ah-K-W-\. D¶X hnZym-`ymk Iu¬knÂ
_ncp-Z-]-T-\-¯nÂ\n¶v kmln-Xy-]-T\w an¡-hmdpw Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-
cn-¡-bm-Wv. D¶X _ncp-Z-[m-cn-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯n Hcp
IrXn-t]mepw hmbn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Hcp hnZymÀ°n-bv¡pÅ Ipdhv
kmam\y hnÚm-\-¯n-tâ-Xp-am-{X-aÃ, kuµ-cy-t_m-[-¯n-
tâXpIqSn-bm-sW-¶mWv teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. kuµ-cym-ßI
hnZym-`ym-k-s¯-¸-än-sb-gp-Xnb s{^U-dnIv jnÃ-dpsS ‘kuµ-cym-
ßI hnZym-`ym-k-s¯-¸än’ F¶ IrXn-bnse hmZ-§sf ]n´p-
SÀ¶p-sIm−v, _p²n-sIm−p am{X-aà a\p-jy³ Pohn-¡p-¶Xv
F¶pw hnIm-c-a-Þ-es¯ hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw ka-Im-en-I-am-
¡p-¶Xpw kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ym-k-amWv F¶v hni-Z-am-¡p-
¶p. _u²nI hnZym-`ymkw hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ws¯ am{X-amWv
ASn-Øm-\-am-¡p-¶-sX-¦n kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ymkw hnIm-
c-a-Þ-e-s¯-bmWv kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. kaq-l-¯n icn-
bmb coXn-bn CS-s]-Sm³ sshIm-cnI hnImkw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
`uXnI hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ Ipdhv ]cn-l-cn-¡m³
Bßob hnZym-`ymkw aXn F¶v aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw Bßob
{]Øm-\-§fpw hmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. F¶m aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw Hcn-
¡epw kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v ]I-c-am-hp-¶n-Ã. saUn-
¡Â F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImgvkp-I-fn kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ym-
k-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww. a\p-jy-t\mSpw `qan-tbmSpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-
amb _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶ tUmIvSdpw F©n-\o-bdpw AXp-h-gn-
bmWv ]pd-¯p-h-cn-I. Cu Xncn-¨-dnhv ]mÝm-XyÀ¡v D−mbn
XpS-§n-bn-«p-s−¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. _m_dn akvPnZv hn[n
Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¨p-sIm−v Ncn-{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw hyh-tO-Zn¨v
And-bm-¯-XmWv C¶v ]e tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fnepw ImWm³ Ign-
bp-¶Xv F¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. C§s\ FÃm aÞ-e-§-
fnepw ss\Xn-IX Dd-¸m-¡m³ kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v
am{Xta Ign-bq. kuµ-cym-ßI hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw
Gdn-h-cp-¶-Xns\ ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶-XmWo teJ-\w.

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
samUyqÄ-þ2
hnhÀ¯\w
AÀ°w \jvS-s¸-SmsX Bibw Hcp `mj-bnÂ\n¶v
asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v amäp-¶-Xns\ hnhÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bp-
¶p. AXm-bXv Hcp `mj-bn-epÅ hmt¡m hmIy-§tfm asämcp
`mj-bn-te¡v Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯-\w. ]cn-`mj,
`mjm-´-c-Ww, samgn-am-äw, XÀÖa F¶o ]Z-§fpw ae-bm-f-
¯n kam-\mÀ°-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Cw¥o-jnÂ
Translation F¶ ]Zw X¯p-ey-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
GXp `mj-bnÂ\n-¶mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv B
`mjsb t{kmX-`mj (Source Language) F¶pw GXp `mj-bn-
te-¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv B `mjsb e£y-`mj
(Target Language) F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p.
hnhn[ \nÀh-N-\-§Ä

1. ‘AÀ°w \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m−v asämcp `mj-bn-te-¡pÅ

amäw’ þ tUm: kmap-h tPm¬k¬

2. ‘{]mY-an-I-ambn AÀ°-X-e-¯nepw c−m-aXv ssien-

bnepw t{kmX-`m-j-bnse ktµ-i-t¯mSv Gä-hp-a-Sp¯
kzm`m-hnI ka-aq-eyX e£y-`m-j-bn krjvSn-¡-emWv
hnhÀ¯\w’ þ bpPn³ ss\U.

3. ‘Hcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hns\ asämcp `mj-bnse

X¯p-ey-amb ]mTw-sIm−v BtZiw sN¿p-¶-XmWv
hnhÀ¯\w’ þ Iymävt^mUv

4. ‘t{kmX-`m-j-bnse im_vZnI {]Xo-I-§sf e£y`m-j-

bnse im_vZnI {]Xo-I-§ÄsIm−v hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-
XmWv hnhÀ¯\w’ þ tdma³ Pmt¡m-_vk¬

5. ‘AÀ°w Im¯p-kq-£n-¨p-sIm−v asämcp `mj-bn-te-

¡pÅ amä-amWv hnhÀ¯\w’ þ F.-F-¨v.-kvan-¯v.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 16

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
s]mXp-X-Xz-§Ä
GsXmcp hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\pw Nne s]mXp-X-Xz-§Ä
_m[-I-am-Wv. Hcp amXr-Im-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v Xmsg ]d-bp¶
KpW-§Ä D−m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

1. kmcfyw (Simplicity):þ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n `mj-bpsS

kmcfyw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. A\m-h-iy-amb `mjm IkÀ¯p-
IÄ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n Hgn-hm-¡-Ww. \o− ka-kvX-]-Z-§Ä,
alm-hm-Iy-§Ä, Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ NnÓ-¡-kÀ¯p-IÄ F¶nh
Hgn-hm-¡-Ww. kc-fhpw efn-X-hp-amb `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡-Ww.

2. IrXyX (Exactness):þ hm¡p-IÄ sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-

Xn hf-sc-b-[nIw {i²n-¡-Ww. ZzbmÀ°-ap-ÅXpw kµn-Kv[X
tXm¶n-¡p-¶-Xp-amb hm¡p-IÄ Dt]-£n-¡-Ww.
3. hnhÀ¯-\-`m-j-bpsS Po\n-b-Êp-ambn CW¡w:þ
GXp `mj-bn-te-¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv B `mj-bnÂ
hnhÀ¯-I\v AKm-[-amb ]mÞnXyw thWw. `mjm-tijn
am{Xw D−m-bm t]mc, B `mj-bpsS Po\n-b-äp-ambn \Ã
CW¡w hnhÀ¯-I\v D−m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. imkv{X hnhÀ¯-\-
¯nsâ Imcy-¯nepw kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nepw C¯cw
Imcy-§Ä {i²n-¡-Ww.
BßmÀ°-Xbpw kXy-k-Ô-Xbpw hnj-b-t_m-[hpw
HuNn-Xy-hp-saÃmw hnhÀ¯-I\v Ahiyw D−m-bn-cn-t¡−
KpW-§-fm-Wv.
hnhÀ¯\ coXn-IÄ
]e coXn-I-fn-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-§-fp−v.
1. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnhÀ¯\w
t{kmX-`mjm]mTt¯mSv At§-bäw \oXnbpw hnizm-
ky-Xbpw ]peÀ¯n-s¡m−v ]Z-¯n\v X¯pey ]Zw F¶
a«n \S-¯p¶ hnhÀ¯-\-am-Wn-Xv. aX-{K-Ù-§Ä, imkv{X-Ir-
Xn-IÄ, sshÚm-\nI IrXn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v ]Zm-\p-]Z
hnhÀ¯\w A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
2. kzX{´ hnhÀ¯\w
t{kmX-`m-j-bnse {][m\ Bibw \jvS-s¸-SmsX
kz´w ssien-bn \S-¯p¶ hnhÀ¯\w.
3. Bi-bm-\p-hmZw
e£y-`m-j-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bv¡n-W-§p-¶-hn[w t{kmX-
`m-jm-]m-Ts¯ cq]m-´-c-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-¡p¶ coXn. AXm-
bXv e£y-`m-j-bpsS kwkvIm-c-¯n\p tNÀ¶-a-«n ]p\x-kr-
jvSn-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
4. Bi-b-hn-hÀ¯\w
t{kmX-`m-j-bnse IrXn-bpsS Bibw e£y-`m-j-bnÂ
sXäp-Iq-Sm-sXbpw IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bm-
Wn-Xv.
5. b{´-hn-hÀ¯\w
b{´-k-lm-b-¯m t{kmX-]m-Ts¯ e£y-]m-T-am¡n
amäp¶ {]{In-b-bmWv b{´ hnhÀ¯-\w. I¼yq-«-dn-sâbpw aäp
kmt¦-XnI D]-I-c-W-§-fp-sSbpw hc-thmsS b{´-hn-hÀ¯-\-
¯n\v henb km[y-X-bp-−m-bn. thsdbpw [mcmfw hnhÀ¯-\-
co-Xn-IÄ D−v.
en]y-´-cWw
Hcp `mj-bpsS en]n asämcp `mj-bn Fgp-Xp¶XmWv
en]y-´-c-Ww. AXm-bXv en]n-Xe¯n am{Xw \S-¡p¶
hnhÀ¯-\-amWv en]y-´-cWw F¶p ]d-bmw. CXns\ Hcp
bYmÀ° hnhÀ¯-\ambn ImWm-\m-hn-Ã.
hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI [À½w
hnhÀ¯\w kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-
cn-¡p-¶p. ImcWw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn
At`-Zy-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xm-Wv. Hcp `mj-bnÂ\n¶pw asämcp
`mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ AhnsS kwkvIm-cw-X-
s¶-bmWv sh¨pamä-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. hnhn[ P\-X-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-
§Ä hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. B

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
\nebv¡v hnhÀ¯\w Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-\-am-Wv.
hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS hniz-km-lnXyw F¶ k¦-ev]w-Xs¶ cq]-
s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-cp-I-fn-ÃmsX, Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯n-sebpw
kmwkvIm-cnI X\n-a-IÄ ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw AXp-hgn
hnhÀ¯\w AXnsâ [À½w \nÀh-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
A§s\ hniz-am-\-hn-I-Xbpw hniz-kw-kvIm-chpw ]pe-cm³
hnhÀ¯\w Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p.
1. A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w
sI.-]n. i¦-c³
1939-þ ss]¦pfw Im¼p-d¯v s]mXp-hm-«n \mcm-b-W-
s¸m-Xp-hm-fn-sâbpw {iotZhn s]mXp-hm-f-kym-cn-sâbpw aI-\mbn
P\-\w. Fkv.-_n. tImtfPv N§-\m-tÈ-cn, tIc-f-hÀ½
tImtfPv XriqÀ, doPy-WÂ tImtfPv Hm^v FUyp-t¡-j³,
ssakqÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. tIcf
kmlnXy A¡m-Zan P\-d Iu¬kn AwK-ambn {]hÀ¯n-
¨p. A\p-io-e\w F¶ IrXn¡v tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan
AhmÀUv t\Sn. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bpsS Xp©³ {]_-
Ô-k-½m-\-¯n\pw At±-l-¯nsâ Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-¡p-dn-s¨-gp-Xnb
{]_Ôw AÀl-am-bn. `mcy Ia-em-tZ-hn.
{][m\ IrXn-IÄ
aªp-XpÅn (G-Im-¦-§Ä), kao-]-\w, EXp-]-cn-hÀ¯-
\w, \h-Iw, A\p-io-e-\w, A`n-hm-Zyw. H«-\-h[n IrXn-IÄ¡v
Ah-Xm-cn-I-IÄ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v. bp.-BÀ. A\-´-aqÀ¯n-bpsS
kwkvIm-c-bpsS hnhÀ¯-\-¯n ]¦m-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kpµ-chpw {]k-¶-hp-amb Hcp KZy-ssi-en-bn hmÀ¶p-
ho-gp¶ KZy-amWv sI.-]n. i¦-csâ cN-\-I-fn ImWp-I.
auen-I-Xbpw ss\Xn-IX-bp-amWv sI.-]n. i¦-csâ Fgp-¯nÂ
{]Xn-^-en-¡p-I. A\m-h-iy-amb ]mÞn-Xy-`mcw Hcn-¡epw B
cN-\-I-fn \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bn-Ã. sI.-]n. i¦-csâ Fgp-
¯p-ssi-en-bpsS \sÃmcp \nZÀi-\amWv "A{]m-]y-amb Hcp
hnXm\w' F¶ teJ-\w. _joÀ IrXn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯-\-
§sf ap³\nÀ¯n Fgp-Xn-bn-«pÅ H¶m-Wn-Xv. _mey-Im-e-k-
Jn, âp¸q-¸m-s¡m-cm-t\-−mÀ¶v, ]m¯p-½-bpsS BSv þ Cu
aq¶v IrXn-I-fpsS anI¨ hnhÀ¯\w BÀ.-C. Bjdpw Iqcpw

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 19

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-Ibpw AXv FUn³_tdm kÀÆ-I-em-ime {]km-
[\w \S-¯p-I-bp-ap-−m-bn. bp\-kvtIm-bpsS C´y³ IrXn-I-
fpsS tiJ-c-¯n-te¡v AXv kzoI-cn-bv¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-ap-−mbn.
AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Cu D]-lm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \ymb-ambpw A`n-
am-\n-¡p-Ibpw AËm-Zn-¡p-I-bp-am-hmw. hnhÀ¯-\-¯n t\cn«
_p²n-ap-«p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v BjÀ Xs¶ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn ]d-bp-
¶p-−v. Hcp {]tXyI `mj-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-
¯nsâ D¸-¶-amb kÀ¤m-ß-I-km-lnXyw asämcp `mj-bn-
te¡pw kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-¯n-te¡pw ]IÀ¯p-t¼mÄ
t\cn-Sp¶ _p²n-ap-«p-IÄ¡v Bhp-¶{X ]cn-lmcw Is−-¯n-bn-
«pÅ hnhÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wn-Xv. F¶m Cu ]cn-lm-c-§Ä, Ch
Is−-¯m-\pÅ bXv\-§Ä FÃmw A´n-a-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ
\s½ \bn-¡p-¶Xv aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS \nkvXq-e-X-bn-te-¡p-X-s¶.
AXn-\pÅ Hcp-Zm-l-cWw teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.
kpl-dbpw aPoZpw X§-fpsS kwhm-Z-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶
kwt_m-[\ "sNdp-¡³' F¶pw "s]®v' F¶pamWv. Ch
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bnse khn-ti-j-k-µÀ`-§-fnse `mh-cpNn
H¶p thsd-¯-s¶bm¡p¶pap−v. F¶m Cu `mh-cp-Nnbpw
AXp cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ `mj-bpsS eb-hp-sam¶pw hnhÀ¯\-
¯n F¯n-¸n-Sn-¨n-«n-Ã, F¶pam-{X-aà AXn-\pÅ bXv\w-
t]mepw \S-¶n-«nà F¶mWv teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. {]Y-a-]p-cp-
j-\n (Third person) ]cm-aÀi-¯nt\m hnh-c-W-¯n-t\m, Hs¡
DX-Ip¶ ]Z-§Ä Ft¶ [cn-¡q. Chsb EPp-hmbn a[y-a-]p-cp-
j-\n (second person) kwt_m-[-\-IÄ F¶ \nebv¡v amän
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡-bmWv _joÀ. C§-s\-sbmcp `mjm-X{´w
_mey-Im-e-kJn DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xmbn \mw Hcp]t£ {i²n-¨n-
cn-bv¡-bn-Ã. {]Xy-£-¯n A{Xbpw efn-X-am-W-Xv. teJ-
Isâ {i²-bn CXv s]«Xv hnhÀ¯-\-¯n Cu Xew \jvS-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶pthm F¶ H¯p-t\m-t¡-−n-h-¶-t¸mÄ am{X-am-
Wv.
hnhÀ¯-I-cm-h-s«, Cu hiw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bnt« Dt−m
F¶p kwi-b-am-Wv. Cw¥o-jnse a[y-a-]p-cp-j-kÀÆ-\maw (you)
]Icw sh¨p-sIm-−mWv AhÀ {]mtbW IS-¶p-t]m-hp-¶-Xv.
Hcn-S-¯p-am-{X-amWv H«p-amäw ImWp-¶-Xv. IY AXnsâ timI-
]-cn-Wm-a-§-fn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pÅ ]¯mw JÞ-
¯n Ducp-Np-än-a-S-§n-sb-¯nb aPoZpw X\nbv¡p lnX-I-c-a-
Ãm¯ Hcp hnhm-l-_-Ô-¯nÂ\n¶pw HmSn-t¸m¶ kplvdbpw
X½n I−p-ap-«p-t¼mÄ aPoZv GsX-¦nepw kv{Xobp-ambn ]cn-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 20

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
N-b-s¸-«n-cpt¶m F¶-dn-bm-\pÅ kplvd-bpsS Ip¯n-Ip-¯n-
bpÅ tNmZyw-tI«v aPoZv "Fs´mcp s]®v' F¶v AÀ°-k-¼p-
jvS-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. AXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn Xm¡oXv
sN¿p¶ kzc-¯n kplvd-bpsS "sNdp¡m' F¶ hnfn
A{Xbpw km{µ-amb H¶m-Wv. Cusbmcp kµÀ`-¯n am{X-
amWv B hnfn-bpsS km{µ-Xbpw khn-ti-j-Xbpw Ipd-s¨-¦nepw
hnhÀ¯-IÀ DÄs¡m-−n-«p-Å-Xv. AhnsS "you' F¶-Ã, "you
reprobate' F¶mWv hnhÀ¯-\w. Cu kµÀ`-¯n-sem-gn¨v
hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-ep-S-\ofw "sNdp-¡³' hnfn-bpsS `mh-km-{µX
tNmÀ¶p-t]m-hp-¶-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw.
]t£, CXnÂ\n¶pw Cu hnhÀ¯\w ]cym-]vX-aÃ
F¶v hcp-¯m³ hà ]gpXpw tXSn-¸n-Sn-¡-bmWv Xm³ F¶v
sXän-²-cn-¡-cp-sX¶pw teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p-−v. kÀ¤m-ß-I-hn-
hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ shÃp-hn-fnsb Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡pI am{X-am-Wn-
hnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-¯nsâ kwK-Xn-
sbms¡ t]ms«, `mjm-{]-tbm-K-¯n-te¡v km[m-c-W-bn¡-
hnª Nne km{µ-Xbpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Bhm-ln-¡pI
F¶-Xm-WtÃm kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS Ak-µn-Kv[-amb Hcp e£-
Ww. Cu Bhm-l\w hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v hg-§m³ ]e-t¸mgpw
hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶p.
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bnse `mh-km-{µX Xpfp-¼p¶ Cu
{]tbm-K-§-fpsS kc-f-Xbpw k^-e-Xbpw sIm−mhmw ""CXp-
t]m-semcp at\m-lm-cnX Xm³ asä§pw I−n-«nÃ'' F¶v
amcmÀ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. \fn-\n-bnse Nne kµÀ`-§sf
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bn-te-Xp-ambn teJ-I³ X«n-¨p-t\m-¡p-¶p-−v.
AXp-t]mse XI-gn-bpsS t\mh-emb sN½o-\nsâ Ne-¨n-{X-]-cn-
`m. aqe-Ir-Xnsb AXn-i-bn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶n-sb¶pw
F¶m Nne A]qÀÆ-X-e-§Ä Ne-¨n-{X-¯n\v A{]m-]y-am-bn-
cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn I−p. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbmSv Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ
]e Dt]m¸-\-§-fp-sSbpw AhØ CXm-Wv. A{Xbpw
kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn, kc-f-ambn kÀ¤m-ß-IXzw km£m-XvI-cn-
¡p¶ Nne hnXm-\-§sf aäp-amÀ¤-§-fn-eqsS F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m³
{ian-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn\v A]-cym-]vXX t\cn-SpI Akm-[m-c-W-a-
Ã. Cu hkvXpX kaÀ°n-¡p¶ asämcp ZrjvSm-´-amWv
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Bjdpw Iq«cpw \S-¯nb XÀÖ-a.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 21

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
2. hymP-kq-N-\-IÄ
aue\m Pem-ep-²o³ dqan
(hn-hÀ¯\w þ sI. Pb-Ip-amÀ)
dqan F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Pem-ep-±o³ apl-½Zv dqan Pem-ep-
±o³ _mÀIznw F¶pw hnfn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Ct±lw 13-þmw \qäm-
−n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Hcp t]Àjy³ Ihn-bm-Wv. 1207 sk]vXw-
_À 30\v A^vKm-\n-Øm-\n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ P\-\w. 1273
Unkw-_À 17\v SÀ¡-nbn sh¨v A´-cn-¨p. kq^n ]mc-¼-cy-
¯nÂs¸« Hcp Ihn-bmb Ct±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-IÄ teI-
sa§pw hmbn-¡-s¸-«p. C¶pw hmbn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]e temI-`m-
j-I-fn-te¡pw hym]-I-ambn dqan IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-
s¸-«p. ae-bm-f-¯nepw [mcmfw hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn. dqan-
bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f-¯n D−mb \à hnhÀ¯-\-§-
fn H¶mWv sI. Pb-Ip-am-dnsâ "dqan-bpsS \qdp Ihn-X-IÄ'.
CXn DÄs¸« Hcp sNdnb Ihn-X-bmWv "hymP-kq-N-\-IÄ'.
tZi-þ-Im-e-§-fpsS AXnÀh-c-¼p-IÄ ewLn-¡p¶ Ihn-
X-I-fmWv dqan-bp-tS-Xv. \nc-h[n ]mÝm-Xy-þ-]u-ckvXy cmPy-§-
fnse kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-IÀ¡v dqan C¶pw {]nb-I-hnX-bm-Wv.
2007-þÂ "Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {]kn-²-\mb Ihn' F¶mWv
dqan hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v Gsd ]cn-Nn-X-\mWv
dqan, Hcp kp^n-an-Ìn¡pw Ihn-bp-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ. Bßo-b-
amb kvt\tlm-Zm-c-Xbp-sSbpw k¦p-NnXXzw sXm«p-Xo-−n-bn-«n-
Ãm¯ ssZhm-h-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw k¦oÀ¯\-§-fmWv dqan
Ihn-X-IÄ. kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmb ssZhs¯ A\p-`-hn-¡m³ lrZ-
bs¯ kÖo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Bßm-hns\ hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw
Ah-t_m-[s¯ DWÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-sb-¶-XmWv kq^n-k-
¯nsâ k¯. Cu k¯-bpÄs¡m-−p-sIm-−pÅ Ihn-X-I-
fmWv dqan-bp-tS-Xv.
C´y³ XXz-Nn-´-bnse "Alw-{_-Òmkvan' F¶ ZÀi-
\w-X-s¶-bmWv kq^n-kn-¯nse "A\ÂlJv' F¶-Xv. {]]-
©s¯ Xm³ Xs¶-bmbn ImWm³ Ign-bpI AXnse Hmtcm-
¶nepw Xm³ Xs¶-bm-Wp-ÅXv F¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bpI þ
AXp-X-s¶-bmWv hymP-kq-N-\-IÄ F¶ Ihn-X-bn-epw, aäv dqan
Ihn-X-I-fnset¸mse-Xs¶ ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. hymP-amb
kqN-\-IÄ [mcmfw In«n-s¡m-−n-cn¡pw F¶m icn-bmb

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 22

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
kXzm-t\zjn AXn-s\-sbm¶pw Imcy-am-¡msX BXy-´n-I-ambn
kXys¯ tXSns¡m-−n-cn-¡pw. A§s\ FÃmän\pw AXo-X-
amb Htc Hcp kXy-¯n AbmÄ sNs¶-¯p-I-Xs¶ sN¿pw.
{]]-©-¯nse FÃm-än-s\bpw Adnªv AXn-seÃmw Xs¶-¯-
s¶bpw I−v "t\Xn t\Xn' F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-thm-Sp-IqSn Ah-
km\w Ft¯-−n-S¯p-Xs¶ sNs¶-¯p-¶p. bmsXmcp t`Z-hp-
an-Ãm¯ ]c-a-amb ssa{Xn-bnÂ, kvt\l-¯nÂ, Bßob {]W-
b-¯nÂ, Aeu-In-Im-\-µ-¯n F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xnsâ kqN\
Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-−v. "\osb-´mWv IncoSw NqSm-¯-Xv kqcy-\m-
Im³ \n\¡p Ign-bp-¶p-−tÃm AÃtbm lrZ-bta þ Ih-N-
§Ä¡v kam-\-amb Nnd-Ip-I-fn ]d-¶p-b-cp¶ \o Fs´m-c-
ÛpX ]£n-bm-Wv. ic-XvIm-e-am-cp-X-s\m¸w Nqäm³ t]mIp¶
\osb-s´mcp kp[o-c-]p-jv]-am-Wv. temI-¯nsâ ta¡q-c-
bn ag-bmbv s]¿p-¶Xpw \obm-W-tÃm, hm¡p-I-fpsS s\m¼-
c-¯nÂ\n-s¶m-gnªv \nÈ-_vZ-am-bn-cn-¡pI Aeu-In-Im-\-µ-¯n-
te-¡pÅ ]mX i_vZ-¯n-sâ-XÃ au\¯nsâXmW-tÃm.
C{Xbpw kvt\l-hm-bv]pÅ an{X-¯n A`bw tXSnb \o Dd-
§m-Xn-cn-¡pI ssZhn-I-kvt\-l-¯nsâ D¶-X-am-b-X-e-amWv
an{X-`m-h-\-an-{X-ambn AsÃ-¦n {]W-bn-bmbn ssZhs¯
k¦Â]n¡pI þ `àn-{]-Øm-\-Im-hy-§-fnepw aäw kq^n-I-hn-
X-I-fn-ep-sams¡ C¯cw BJym-\-§Ä ImWmw. Aeu-In-Im\-
µ-¯n-te-¡pÅ DWÀÆmbn ChnsS ssZhm-\p-`hw amdp-¶p.
3. F¨nÂ
Hmw{]-Imiv hmevaoIn
1950þÂ D¯-{]-tZ-inse apkm-^-dm-_mZv PnÃ-bnÂ
_mÀe-{Km-a-¯n-emWv Hmw {]Imiv hmevao-In-bpsS P\-\w.
lnµn Ihnbpw ZenXv Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. 2013-þÂ A´-
cn-¨p. kmZn-tbmIm k´m-]v, _kv, lpXvtlm NptIm A_v
HmÀ \ln F¶o IrXn-Ifpw PqT³ F¶ Bß-IYm cN-\bpw
{it²-b-am-Wv. PqT³ F¶ Bß-IY an¡ {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-
fn-te¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«p. ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡p
samgnamäw \S-¯n-bXv \nj.-sI. \mbÀ BWv. F¨n F¶
t]cn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸« Cu IrXn-bn Hcp ZfnXv Pohn-
X-¯nsâ Xocm-th-Z-\-Isf \¶mbn ]IÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
D¯À{]-Z-inse Hcp ZfnXv hn`m-K-amb Nplvc PmXn-
bn P\n¨ Xsâ ]oVm-\p-`-h-§-fmWv Hmw {]Imiv hmevao-In-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 23

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
bpsS Bß-I-Y-bn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Xsâ _mey-Im-es¯ A\p-
`-h-§-fpsS kXy-k-Ôhpw BßmÀ°-hp-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-
amWv ]mTy-k-µÀ`w. hnZym-e-b-¯n NplvcIÄ t\cn« ]oVm-
\p-`-h-§Ä Xsâ Ip«n-¡mew apX `b-¯n am{Xw Ign-bm-
\n-S-bm-¡n-b-Xn-s\-¸än CXn ]d-bp-¶p. C¡m-e-¯p-t]mepw
PmXn-bpsS t]cn \S-¡p¶ {Iqc-X-IÄ, Ah-K-W-\-IÄ H¶pw
th−{X tNmZyw sN¿-¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. At¸mÄ A¶s¯ Ime¯v
F´m-bn-cn¡pw AhØ F¶Xv Nn´n-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åq.
C´y-bn Xmgv¶-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ F¶pw th«-bm-S-s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-
¡p-¶p. C´y-bn {]tXy-In¨pw bp.-]n.-bn \n¶v C¯cw
hmÀ¯-IÄ \nc-´cw tIÄ¡p-¶p. Cub-Sp-¯-Im-e¯v bp.-]n-
bnse lmYvd-kn a\oj hmevaoIn F¶ s]¬Ip«n {Iqc-
ambn _emÂkwKw sNbvXp sImÃ-s¸« kw`hw henb
hmÀ¯-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw kw`-h-§Ä C¶p hmÀ¯-b-Ãm-Xm-
bn-¡-gn-ªp.
{Kma-¯n-\p-]p-d-¯pÅ XymKn CâÀtIm-tf-Pnse ]T-\-
Im-e-¯p-−mb A\p-`-h-amWv Cu `mK¯v hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ahn-Ss¯ Imbn-Im-[ym-]-I³ ^pÂknMv XymKn-bnÂ\n¶pw
aäpw hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡-\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h¶ {Iqc-amb ]oV-\-§Ä
Hmw{]-Imiv hmevaoIn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. B A[ym-]-I³ ¢mÊnÂ
F¯p-t¼mÄXs¶ FÃm-hcpw t]Sn¨p acn-¨-Xp-t]m-se-bm-hpw.
Bsc-¦nepw sNdp-Xmsbm¶v A\-§n-bmÂt]mepw henb
in£-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Imep-ap-«p-a-S-¡msX aWn-¡q-dp-I-tfmfw Ip\n-
¨p-\nÀ¯p-I, IqSmsX ASnbpw CSnbpw sXmgn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p
Ft¸m-gpw. Ft¸m-gmWv AbmÄ¡v Ien-_m-[n-¡pI F¶-dn-
bmsX ASn-apSn hnd-¨mWv Ip«n-IÄ ¢mÊn-en-cp-¶-Xv. kvIqfnse
{]mÀ°-\m-k-a-b-¯pw, Akw-»n-bn-ep-sams¡ A§-s\-¯-s¶-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp-Zn-hkw {]mÀ°-\m-k-a-b¯v AbmÄ ]Xn-hn-e-
[nIw {Ip²-\m-bn-cp-¶p. ¢mÊv tamWn-«À dmwknwKv Bbn-cp-¶p
Akw-»n-bn Gähpw ap³\n-c-bn \n¶n-cp-¶-Xv. sXm«p-]n-
¶n Hmw{]-Imipw AXn-\p-]n-¶n At±-l-¯nsâ ama-bpsS
aI-\mb kpÀP-\pw. Ch-cpsS \nc-bpsS he-Xp-h-i¯v ]¯mw
¢mÊnse Xe-sX-dn¨ ]ntÅ-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS A`ym-k-
§ÄI−v AS-§n-\n¡m³ dmwkn§v ]d-ªp. AXp-I−
^pÂkn§v Icp-Xn-bXv dmwkn§v A¨-S¡w sXän-¡p-I-bm-sW-
¶m-Wv. ""FSm, Ime-am-Sm, AS-§n-sbm-Xp§n \n¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ
\nsâ tXmep Rm³ Dcnbpw'' F¶-bmÄ dmwkn-§n-\p-t\sc
Ae-dn. "Ime-amSm' F¶ hnfn-tI«v Ip«n-I-sfÃmw IqIn-¨n-cn-
¡m³ XpS-§n. AtXmsS ^pÂkn-§nsâ tIm]w Cc-«n-¨p. Nncn-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 24

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
¨-Xn\v AbmÄ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bXv kpÀPs\ Bbn-cp-¶p. kqÀPs\
AbmÄ {Iqc-ambn aÀ±n-¨p. AXp-I-−mÂ, Hcp A[ym-]-I³
hnZymÀ°nsb in£n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶Ã tXm¶p-I, sXcp-hp-Kp−
\nc-]-cm-[n-Isf XÃn-¨-X-bv¡p-I-bm-sW-¶m-Wv. ASn-tbä
kpÀP³ \new-]-Xn-¨n«pw Xsâ _Âäq-cnbpw AbmÄ ASn-bv¡p-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v AbmÄ A«-l-kn¨ Hcp hmNIw
hmevaoIn HmÀ¡p¶p þ ""FSm Nplc k´-Xo, \o NmIp-t¼mÄ
Fs¶ Adn-bn-¡v. hÃy cmh-W-\m-sW-¶mWv hnNm-cw. \nsâ
tcmaw Rm³ ]ngp-sX-Sp¡pw''. At¸mÄ kpÀP³ \ne-¯vIn-S¶v
Rc-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ip«n-I-sfÃmw sR«n-¯-cn-¨p-\n-¶p-t]m-bn.
F¶m aä-[ym-]-I-cm-hs« Hcp {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-an-ÃmsX GtXm
ImgvN-Im-Wp¶ a«n \nÈ_vZw \n¶p. Xsâ tNmc-tbm-«w-
Xs¶ \ne-¨p-t]m-b-t]m-se-bmWv hmevao-Inbv¡v A\p-`-h-s¸-«-
Xv. B kw`-h-¯n-\p-tijw Ip«n-bmb At±-l-¯n\v t]Sn-kz-
]v\-§Ä ]Xn-hm-bn. Ft¸mgpw a\-Ên Fs´m-s¡tbm `b-
§Ä. BtcmSpw kwkm-cn-¡m³ tXm¶m-¯-hn[w a\Êv IÃn-¨p-
t]m-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw Nncn-¨n«pw kpÀPs\ am{Xw {]l-cn-
¡m³ ImcWw \à Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-¯n \n¶p-h-cp¶ Hcp
Nplvcbm-bn-cp¶p Ah-s\-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. kl-]m-Tn-IÄ¡pw
A[ym-]-IÀ¡pw, Ah-t\mSv A\n-jvS-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. "Nplvc
sN¡\v C{Xbpw Katbm' F¶ tNmZyw Ah-cpsS apJ¯v apg-
¨p-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Cu kw`-h-¯n-\p-tijw kpÀP\v ]T-\-¯nÂ
Xme-]-cyw-Xs¶ sI«p-t]m-bn. sslkvIqÄ t_mÀUv ]co£
Ignªv Ah³ sUdm-Uq-Wn-te¡v aS-§n-t¸m-bn. ^pÂkn-§n-
t\mSv {]Xn-Imcw sN¿m-\pÅ hmRvO Ah-\n ià-am-bn-cp-
s¶-¦nepw AXn\v Ah³ Ai-à-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Imew Ahsâ
apdn-hnsâ thZ-\-bn acp-¶p-]p-c-«n-bn-cn¡mw F¶v hmevaoIn
kam-[m-\n-¡p-¶p.
C§s\ Xsâ _mey-Iu-am-c-§Ä C¯cw A[ym-]-I-
sc-bmWv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨-Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ \ng-en-s\-
t¸mepw t]Sn-¡p¶, Bß-t_m-[-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-Xp-Ån-
t]mepw sI«p-t]mb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp¶p Xsâ-sX¶v hmevaoIn
]d-bp-¶p. sImSpw-\o-N-amb kwkvImcw \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p-¶n-S-
¯m-bn-t¸mbn Xsâ ]nd-hn-sb¶v At±lw Icp-Xn.
{_Pv]mÂkn§v XymKn F¶ A[ym-]-Isâ Bh-iymÀ°w
Hcp Nm¡v tKmX¼v Abm-fpsS ho«nÂ\n¶pw sIm−p-h-cm³
Sn¡p-dm-ansâ IqsS ssk¡n-fnÂt]mb A\p-`hw CXn ]d-bp-
¶p-−v. BZyw hfsc \Ã-co-Xn-bn s]cp-am-dnb {_Pv]m-ensâ
ho«p-ImÀ X§Ä Nplvc PmXn-¡m-cm-sW-¶p-tI-«-t¸mÄ sR«n-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 25

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
s¯-dn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AhnSs¯ Imc-W-hÀ Hcp ap«³hSn
hens¨Sp¯v ]nim-Np-I-b-dn-h-s\-t¸mse ASn-¡m\pw tI«m-e-d-
bv¡p¶ sXdn-]-d-bm\pw XpS-§n. Abm-fpsS AeÀ¨-tI«v Ipsd-
t]À XSn-¨p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Ahsc sI«n-bn-S-W-sa¶pw ac-
¯nÂsI«n Xq¡-W-sa-¶p-sams¡ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p−mbncp-¶p.
Ah-cpsS ]nSn-bnÂ\n¶pw Hcp-hn-[-am-bn-cp¶p c£-s¸-«p-t]m-¶-
Xv. hcpw-h-gnbpw ]e IjvS-¸m-Sp-IÄ D−m-bn. Sn¡p-Xs¶ X\n-
sb-hn«v _kvIb-dn-t¸m-b-Xn-\m thZv]mÂamÌ-dpsS apdn-bnÂ
A`-bw-tX-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v cm{Xn-bn AhnsS Hcp
kv{Xosb thZ-]mepw kplr¯pw amdn-amdn t`mKn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-
¶-Xn\v km£n-bm-th-−n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcn-¡Â IW-
¡nse kwibw tNmZn-¡m³ {_Pv]mÂam-Ì-dpsS ho«n-te¡v
sN¶p-sIm-Åm³ ]d-bp-Ibpw, sN¶-t¸mÄ tKmX¼v s]mSn-
¡m³ Ab-bv¡p-I-bp-am-Wp-−m-b-Xv. C§s\ FÃm-bn-S-¯p-
\n¶pw Ah-K-W-\-bpsS Ibv]p-\oÀ IpSn-t¡−n h¶p. ]co-
£-bnÂt¸mepw PmXn-I-S¶p h¶n-cp¶p F¶-t±lw ]d-bp-¶p-
−v.

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä (References)
1. Fw.-F³. Imc-tÈ-cn, Xmbvsam-gn, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tImgn-
t¡m-Sv, 2009.
2. tUm. sI.-Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cyÀ, `mjbpw a\-Èm-kv{X-hpw,
tIcf `mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 1999.
3. tUm. sI.-F. tImin, `mjbpw `mjm-´-c-W-hpw, Un.-kn.
_pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 1994.
4. sI.-]n. i¦-c³, \h-Iw, ]qÀ® ]»ntjgvkv, tImgn-
t¡m-Sv, 1938.
5. Hmw {]Imiv hmevaoIn, F¨nÂ, (hn-hÀ¯-\w, \nj,
sI. \mbÀ)
6. sI. Pb-Ip-amÀ, dqan-bpsS 100 Ihn-X-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv,-
Xr-iqÀ
7. kn.-hn. hmkp-`-«-Xn-cn, \Ã ae-bm-fw, en]n
]»nt¡j³kv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 2008.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 26

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
8. ]n. ]hn-{X³, amXr-`m-j-bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ ka-cw, amXr-
`qan _pIvkv.
9. ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw 4, {]kn-²o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-¡äv
kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, tXªn-¸-ew, 2021.
10. tUm. sI.-hn. tXma-kv, hnhÀ¯-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
hpw, en]n ]»n-t¡-j³kv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 2014.

11. wikipedia

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 27

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
samUyqÄ 3
Adn-hnsâ ^e-§Ä
Fw. tKmhn-µ³
Ihn,. \ncq-]-I³, kmwkvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-I³, kPo-h-
cm-jv{Sob {]hÀ¯-I³, lyqa-\nÌv F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw {]i-
kvX-\m-bn-cp¶p Fw. tKmhn-µ³. ]{Xm-[n-]À F¶ \ne-bnÂ
{]hÀ¯n¨v \nc-h[n Fgp-¯p-Imsc hfÀ¯n-s¡m−p h¶
[nj-Wm-im-en-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse
s]m¶m-\n-¡-Sp¯v 1919-þÂ P\n¨ At±lw 1989-emWv A´-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv. B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hgn-Im«n F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸« ZmÀi-\n-I-hy-àn-Xz-am-bncp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-
Xv. Hcp s]m¶m-\n-¡m-csâ at\m-cm-Pyw, \m«p-sh-fn-¨w, Fw.
tKmhn-µsâ Ihn-X-IÄ XpS§n Ht«sd Imhy-k-am-lm-c-§fpw
\o a\p-jys\ sImÃ-cp-Xv, sNIp-¯m\pw a\p-jycpw Hky¯v
F¶o \mS-I-§fpw dmWn-bpsS ]«n, _jo-dnsâ ]p¶m-c-aq-jn-
I³, kÀ¸w XpS-§nb IYm-k-am-l-c-§fpw At±-l-
¯nsâXmbp-−v. ]pXnb a\p-jy³ ]pXnb temIw F¶ D]-
\ym-k-k-am-lm-c-¯nÂ\n-s¶-Sp-¯-XmWv Adn-hnsâ ^e-§Ä
F¶ ]mT-`m-Kw.
lyqa-\n-k-¯nsâ hàm-hmb Fw. tKmhn-µ³ a\p-
jys\ {]Ir-Xn-bnse tI{µ-_n-µp-hmbn I−mWv Adn-hnsâ
^e-§Ä FgpXn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ssZh-amWv FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§-
tfbpw krjvSn-¨-sX¶pw ]cn-N-cn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sa-¶pÅ
hnizm-ks¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-Ibpw Cu hnizm-ks¯ Xnc-kvI-
cn-¨v Xsâ kzmX-{´ys¯ {]Jym]n¨Xp-sIm-−mWv a\p-jy-
Ipew Xs¶ C¡m-e¯v t]mcmSn \n¡p-¶-sX¶v kaÀ°n-
¡p-¶-XmWv Cu D]-\ymkw. tNmZyw sN¿m\pÅ khn-ti-j-
amb kn²nbpw kzmX-{´y-¯n-\pÅ AS-§m¯ B{K-l-hp-
amWv a\p-jys\ apt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. aX-§-fn-epÅ AÔ-
amb hnizmkw Ahs\ Hcn-¡epw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡v sIm−p-
t]m-bn-«n-Ã. ImcWw \qäm-−p-IÄ¡v ap³]v ]nd¶ aX-§Ä¡v
Hcp PUm-h-Ø-bp-−v. CXns\ adn-I-S-¡p¶ a\p-jy-\mWv
PohnX ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-«p-Å-sX¶v Fw. tKmhn-µ³ Cu D]-
\ym-k-¯nsâ BsI-¯p-I-bmbn ]d-ªp-h-bv¡p-¶p.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 28

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
blq-Z-a-X-¯n-tebpw {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-tebpw CÉmw-a-X-
¯n-tebpw an¯p-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]e kmay-§fpw
ImWmw. Ch hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]pXnb Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bn-eqsS
AXn-sem-fn-ªn-cn-¡p¶ Imcy-§sf ]pd¯p sIm−p-h-cp-t¼m-
gmWv kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp ]pXnb ]mTw krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv. [oj-Wm-im-en-I-fmb a\p-jyÀ C¯cw ]mT-§Ä \nÀ½n-
s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. AÃm-¯-hÀ an¯p-IÄ Dev]m-Zn-¸n¨ hnizm-k-§-
fn Pohn¨p acn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS ta¸-dª aq¶p aX-§-fnepw
Hcp-t]mse an¯mbn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ "BZ-'s¯bpw "lÆ-
'sbbpw ]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm-−v, Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xs¯ hni-I-e\w
sNbvXp-sIm−v Fw. tKmhn-µ³ C¡mcyw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p.
ssZhw Xsâ tXm«-¯n a[p-c-^-e-§fpw at\m-l-c-
amb ImgvN-Ifpw Hcp-¡n-h-¨n-«mWv BZs¯ krjvSn-¨-Xv.
Abmsf shdp-sam-cp tXm«-¡m-c-\m-t¡− F¶p IcpXn lÆ-
sb-¡qSn krjvSn-¨p. AhÀ kpJ-ku-I-cy-§-tfmsS AhnsS
Pohn-¨p. {]W-bn¨pw CjvS-s¸« `£Ww Ign¨pw at\m-l-c-
amb {]Ir-Xnsb Bkz-Zn¨pw Pnhn-¨p. dntam«v AaÀ¯n-bmÂ
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶t]mse Ah-cpsS FÃm Imcy-§fpw t\m¡m³
ssZhw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. ssZh-¯n\v Hcp D]m-[n-am-{Xta D−m-bn-
cp-¶p-Åq. "Adn-hnsâ ^ew' HgnsI Cu tXm«-¯nse F´pw
\n§Ä¡v Ign-¡mw. BZ-¯n\v B ^ew Ign-¡m³ `b-am-bn-cp-
¶p. F¶m lÆ-bpsS \nÀ_-Ô-¯n\p hg§n c−p t]cpw
Adn-hnsâ ^ew `£n-¨p. CX-dnª ssZhw Ip]n-X-\mbn
{]Xy-£-s¸-«p. Xs¶ Xnc-kvI-cn¨ BZ-s¯bpw lÆ-sbbpw
ssZhw i]n¨v `qan-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p. Cu an¯ns\ Fw. tKmhn-
µ³ Adn-hnsâ ^e-§-fn s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xp-¶p. i]n-¡-s¸«v
`qanbn-se-¯nb AhÀ bYmÀ°-¯n Dev]m-Z-IÀ Bhp-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. Dev]-Zm\w F¶m krjvSn-¡pI F¶-XmWv.
bYmÀ°-¯n ssZh-¯ns\ Xnc-kvI-cn¨Xpaqew temIw apgp-
h-\p-apÅ a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯ krjvSn-¡m³ AhÀ¡v km[n-¨p.
ka-tcm-·p-J-amb PohnXw \bn¨v AhÀ th−-sXÃmw \nÀ½n-
s¨-Sp-¯p. Irjn-sNbvXpw Imen-Isf hfÀ¯nbpw \nÀ½m-W-
{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn GÀs¸«pw AhÀ `qan-bn kzÀ¤w ]Wn-Xp
F¶p ]d-ªm \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xns\ ]nSn¨p hm§p-Ibpw
kzmX{´yw {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw ASn-aXzw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-t¼mÄ `bw CÃm-Xm-Ip-Ibpw henb km[y-X-IÄ Xpd-¡-
s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh¶v Fw. tKmhn-µ³ Cu an¯ns\ hni-
I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. ssZh--am-bm t]mepw \ap¡v tNmZn-¡Ww
F¶p tXm¶p¶ Imcyw tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw kzoI-cn-¡m³ ]äm-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 29

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
¯h Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw thWw F¶ kzmX-{´y-{]-Jym-]\w
BZhpw lÆbpw \S-¯n-b-Xp-sIm-−mWv a\p-jy-kaqlw
C¶p \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. \·-Xn-·-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ssZhw Ah\v
Adnhp sImSp-¯n-«p-−m-bn-Ã. AXv `pan-bnse PohnXw sIm−v
]Tn-s¨-Sp-¯-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Adn-hnsâ ^ew `£n-¨-Xp-sIm-
−mWv Ah\v kzmX{´yw e`n-¨-Xv. Akzm-X-{´y-amWv ssZh-
s¯-t]mepw [n¡-cn-¡-m³ Ahsc {]m]vX-\m-¡n-b-Xv.
ssZhw kzÀ¤-¯nÂ\n¶pw BZ-t¯bpw lÆ-tbbpw
]pd-´-Ån-b-tXmsS kzÀ¤-cm-Py-¯nsâ AkvX-a-bhpw a\p-jy-
Ip-e-¯nsâ DZ-b-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-bn. DZym-\-]m-e-I-\m-bn-cp¶
Ah³ `qan-bn Irjn-¡m-c-\m-bn. s]mSn-bmbn amdpw F¶p
ssZhw i]n¨ Ah³ s]mSn-bnÂ\n¶v Ah-\n-jvS-s¸« ^e-§-
sfÃmw Irjn-sN-bvXp-−m-¡n. AXv Ah\v CjvSw-t]mse Adp-
s¯-Sp¯v `£n-¨p. Ah³ IÀj-I-\m-bn Imc-W-h-cm-bn.
A²zm-\-¯n \n¶m-Wv, AXnsâ al-Xz-¯n \n¶mWv
Ah³ IqSp-X cpNn-bpÅ t`mPy-§Ä krjvSn-¨Xv. A§s\
s\än-bnÂ\n¶pw hnbÀs¸m-gp¡n Pohn-¡-W-sa¶ ssZh-¯nsâ
im]s¯ Ah³ adn-I-S-¶p. A§s\ kzmX-{´yhpw Blm-c-
hpw Ahsâ Pohn-X-¯n ka-RvP-kz-ambn kt½-fn-¨p-sh¶v
Fw. tKmhn-µ³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXmWv kzmX-{´y-¯nsâ
Dev]-¯n. AXnsâ XpS¡w Ipdn-¨hÀ BWv BZhpw lÆbpw
F¶v Fw tKmhn-µ³ ]d-bp-¶p.
\½Ä C¶p ImWp¶ kwkv¡m-chpw hnIm-khpw a\p-
jy-Ip-e-¯n\v cq]s¸«ph¶Xv BZ-¯n-tâbpw lÆ-bp-tSbpw
kzmX-{´y-{]-Jym-]-\-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. `bw aqew ASn-a-I-fmbn
Pohn-¡m³ AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦n a\p-jy-Ipew
`qan-bn DS-se-Sp-¡p-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. C¶p ImWp¶ hk-´m-
`-bmÀ¶ PohnXw `qan-bn-ep-−m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. `q-an-bnÂ
kzÀ¤w krjvSn-¡m³ BÀ¡pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. kzÀ¤-ap-
s−¶v CXp-hsc sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ã. `qan kzÀ¤-am-sW-¶Xv
Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. Xnc-kvI-cn-¡m\pw tNmZyw sN¿m-\p-
apÅ tijn-bmWv a\p-jysâ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb Pohn-X-¯n-\-
Sn-Øm-\w F¶v tKmhn-µ³ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

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 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
tNmZy-§Ä
1. Adn-hnsâ ^e-§-fn kzmX-{´y-{]-Jym-]-\-amWv a\p-
jysâ hfÀ¨¡v ASn-Øm\ F¶v Fw. tKmhn-µ³ ]d-
bp-¶-sX-´p-sIm−v?
2. BZw, lÆ F¶ an¯ns\ tKmhn-µ³ s]mfn-s¨-Sp-¡p-
¶Xv F{X-am{Xw IrXy-amWv? hnh-cn-¡pI?

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 31

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
hyàn-\m-a-]-T-\-§Ä
tUm. Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xncn
tIc-f-¯nse {]apJ \mtSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\o-b-]-Þn-X-\m-
bn-cp¶p tUm.-Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn. 1939 Â P\n¨
At±lw 2019 amÀ¨n A´-cn-¨p. Ac \qäm-−p-Imew
t^mIvtemÀ Kth-j-Whpw Z¯-ti-J-c-Whpw {]kn-²o-I-c-
Whpw \S-¯n. \mS³]m-«p-Ifpw tXmäw ]m«p-Ifpw tiJ-cn-¡p-
Ibpw sX¿-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]T-\-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-−v.
tIc-f-t^mIvtemÀ A¡m-Z-an-bpsS sNbÀam-\m-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-
kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn \n¶pw tUmIvS-tdäv t\Snb At±lw
hnhn[ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fn Kth-j-W-amÀK-ZÀin-bmbn
{]hÀ¯n-¨p. 1995 apX ImeSn kwkvIr-X-kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-
bpsS ]¿-¶qÀ {]mtZ-in-I-tI-{µ-¯n ae-bmfw hIp-¸p-X-e-h-
\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨p. tImf-gn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ
t^mIvtemÀ hIp¸p Xe-h-\mbn hnc-an-¨p. t^mIvtemÀ \nL-
−p, tIc-f-¯nse \mtSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\o-b-¯n\v Hcp apJ-hp-c,
s]m«-\m-«w, apJ-ZÀi-\w, ]pÅp-h-]m-«pw \mKm-cm-[-\-bpw, \mtSm-
Sn-hn-Úm-\o-bw, ]qc-¡-fn, hS-¡³]m-«p-I-Y-IÄ Hcp ]T-\w,
tXmä-¼m-«p-IÄ Hcp ]T-\w, sX¿w, Kth-jW {]th-in-I,
t^mIvtemdpw P\-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\hpw XpS§n \mtSm-Sn-hn-Úm-
\o-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v A¼-¯n-aq¶v IrXn-IÄ At±lw cNn-
¨p. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan sF.-kn. Nmt¡m F³tUm-
hvsaâv AhmÀUv, ]«-¯m-\w AhmÀUv, tIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, ]n.-sI. Imf³ AhmÀUv (tI-cf
kÀ¡mÀ) tI{µ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-Ip-¸nsâ ko\n-bÀ s^tÃm-
jn¸v F¶o ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä At±-l-¯n\p e`n-¨p.
\m«-dnhpw \ma-]-T\hpw F¶ IrXn-bnse teJ-\-amWv
hyà-\m-a-]-T-\w. Hmtcm a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw t]cv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xnsâ ]n¶nse Imcy-§fmWv Cu teJ-\-¯n At\z-jn-¡p-
¶-Xv. XnI¨pw hyàn-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-§-fmWv CsX¶v hmb-
\-¡m-c\v tXm¶p¶ Xc-¯n-emWv CXnse hmZ-§Ä apt¶m«p
sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. hyàn-\m-a-]-T\w C¡m-e¯v ka-{K-ambn
\ne-\n¡p-¶p-−v. Hcp hyàn-bpsS \maw Abm-fpsS hyàn-
Xz-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. Hcm-fpsS hyànXzw F¶p ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ tIc-f-¯n PmXnbpw aX-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«m-Wv.
Ipd¨pIqSn ]n¶n-te¡v t]mbm Hcm-fpsS t]cn \n¶v Abm-
fpsS PmXn-a-X-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p-−v. AsXmcp

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 32

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
bmYmÀ°y-hp-am-Wv. Hcp hyàn-bpsS t]cv cq]w sImÅp-¶Xv
Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-]-Ým-¯-e-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«m-Wv. hnhn[
k¦-ev]-§fpw hnizm-k-§fpw hne-¡p-Ifpw ]cn-tXm-hm-Ø-
Ifpw t]cv cq]w sImÅm³ Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-−v.
Hcm-fpsS kz¯hpw Ah-Im-ihpw IS-¸m-Sp-I-fp-saÃmw
Abm-fpsS t]cp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp hyàn-bpsS
t]cp tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ Abm-fpsS am\-kn-I-L-S-\bpw
imco-cn-I-L-S-\bpw kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[-hp-saÃmw Abm-fpsS t]cn-
eq-sS-bmWv \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. t]cv tami-am-sW-¦n BÄ
\Ã-h-\m-bn«pw Imcy-anà F¶ AÀt°m¸m-Z\w ChnsS
D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. Hcm-fpsS t]cv tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄXs¶
aäp-Å-hÀ Abmsf hne-bn-cp¯n Ign-bpw. `mtjm¸¯n
apX¡p-¯s¶ t]cnsâ Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s¸-«n-cp¶p
F¶v teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. ]g-b-Im-es¯ t]cp-
ambn _Ô-s¸« NS-§p-IÄ C¶v Ipd-hp-−v. ]gb t]cp-Ifpw
C¶v A{]Xy-£-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ime-¯n-\\p-k-cn¨v \ma-I-c-W-
{]-{In-b-bn amä-§Ä h¶n-«p-−v. {Zhyhpw {Zhy-\m-ahpw
t]mse Xs¶ hyànbpw hyàn-\m-ahpw X½n ASp-¯-_-Ô-
ap-−v. kaq-l-¯n Hcp hyàn-bpsS \ma-I-c-W-¯n\v hfsc
{]m[m\yw I¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. Hmtcm PmXn-k-aq-l-§fpw
hyXykvX NS-§p-I-fmWv CXn-\p-th−n BN-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
aplqÀ¯w t\m¡p-¶Xpw aäpw CXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« NS-§p-I-
fm-sW¶p ImWmw. Ime-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v \ma-I-c-W-{]-{In-b-
bn amä-§Ä h¶n-«p-−v. ]e ]gb t]cp-Ifpw C¡m-e¯v
Nncn¡v hI \ÂIp-¶-Xmbn amdp-¶p-−v. AXn-\m¯s¶
]gb t]cp-IÄ ]eXpw C¡m-e¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-s−-¦n Xs¶ ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-eq-¶nb hnizm-k-
¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw AXv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶
Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn \ma-I-cWw F¶ {]{In-b-bn h¶ amä-
§sf ]T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-sW¶v hnjvWp-\-¼q-
Xncn ]d-bp-¶p. hyà-n-\ma]T\w F¶Xv kmaq-ln-I-hn-Úm-
\-¯n-sâbpw \c-hw-i-hn-Úm-\-¯n-tâbpw aÞ-e-¯n-se-¶-
Xp-t]mse t^mIvtemÀ cwK¯pw hfsc {]k-à-ambn C¶v
amdp-¶p-−v.
Hcm-fpsS t]cv Abm-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn-¡p-¶p-−v.
ap¯-Ñ-tâtbm A½m-hsâtbm t]cv B¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw ap¯-
Èn-bpsS t]cv s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw hnfn-¡p¶ ]Xnhpw \ap-¡p-
−v. A[n-Im-c-A-h-Imiw, kz¯-h-Imiw, _ÔpXz Ah-Im-iw,

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 33

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
]n³Xp-SÀ¨-mh-Imiw, Bßo-bm-h-Imiw XpS-§nb ]e D]m-[n-
Ifpw Hmtcm t]cn\pw t]cn-S NS-§n\pw ]n¶n \ne-
\n¡p-¶p-−v.
FÃm aX-§-fn-sebpw ssZh-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ Ipªp-
§Ä¡v \ÂIm³ Bfp-IÄ Xev]-c-cm-Wv. lnµp ssZh-§-fpsS
t]cp-I-fmb inh³, kp{_-Ò-Wy³, KW-]Xn XpS§n FÃm
ssZh-\m-a-§fpw Bfp-I-fpsS t]cmbn amdp-¶p-−v. {InkvXphpw
\_n-bp-saÃmw CXp-t]mse Hmtcm hy-àn-bp-sSbpw t]cnÂ
IS¶p hcp-¶p-−v. \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzÀ®-¯n-tâbpw t]cp-
Ifpw ]cym-]-Z-§fpw s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS t]cmbn hcm-dp-−v.
bpa-\, KwK, kc-kz-Xn, X¦w, X¦-aWn XpS-§nb t]cp-IÄ
CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. C§s\ t]cp-IÄ a\p-jy³ Pohn-¨p-
t]m¶ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ [z\n-I-fmbn amdp-¶p-−v. ZpÀtZ-h-X-I-
fpsS t]cp-t]mepw Nne-t¸mÄ a\p-jy-cpsS t]cmbn h¶p-t]m-
Ip-¶p-−v. AXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-]-cnkc§-fnÂ\n¶v e`n-¡p-
¶tXm aäp kaq-Zmb taem-f-·mÀ NmÀ¯n sImSp-¯tXm
BImw. "Idp¯' F¶p t]cpÅ BÄ Nne-t¸mÄ shfp¯
\nd-apÅ Bfm-hmw. "shfp¯' F¶p t]cpÅ BÄ Nne-
t¸mÄ Idp¯ \nd-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-bm-fm-hmw. F´m-bmepw t]cp-
sIm-−p-am{Xw Hcm-fpsS apgph³ Imcy§fpw Duln-s¨-Sp-¡m-sa-
¶Xv Dutlm-t]mlw am{X-am-sW-¶Xv ]pXnb Ime¯v Hcp
bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. hyàn-\m-a-]-T-\-§-fn teJ-I³ ]d-bp¶ Imcy-§sf
hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
2. \maw Hcm-fpsS hyàn-Xz-¯n F{X-am{Xw kzm[o\w
sNep-¯p¶p?
a\p-jy-scÃmw tkmZ-cÀ
s{]m^. Fw. sI. km\p
ae-bm-f-¯nse {]ikvX kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-I-\mWv
s{]m^. Fw.-sI.-km\p A[ym-]-I³, Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, Nn´-I³,
{]mkw-Kn-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fn {]i-kvX-\m-Wn-t±-lw. 1928 Â
Be-¸p-g-bn P\-\w. kvIqf-[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen-bn {]th-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 34

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
in¨ At±lw \mep hÀj-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-¯nse hnhn[
Kh¬saâv tImtf-Pp-I-fn A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1958-þÂ
At±-l-¯nsâ BZy {KÙw A©p imkv{X-\m-b-I-·mÀ
]pd¯ph¶p. 1960-þÂ Imäpw shfn-¨hpw F¶ hnaÀi-\-]-T-\-
{KÙw ]pd-¯n-d-§n. 1983Â At±lw A[ym-]-\-Po-hn-X-
¯nÂ\n¶v hnc-an-¨p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-kw-L-¯nsâ {]kn-
U-−m-bn-cp-¶p. 1987-þÂ Fd-Wm-Ipfw \nb-a-k-`-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ
\n¶pw CS-Xp-]-£-kz-X-{´-Øm-\mÀ°n-bmbn aÕ-cn¨v hnP-bn-
¨p. "IÀa-KXn'bmWv At±lw cNn¨ Bß-I-Y. hnaÀi-\w,
hymJym-\w, _me-km-ln-Xyw, Poh-N-cn{Xw XpS-§nb kmln-Xy-
im-J-I-fn-embn \mev]-tXmfw IrXn-IÄ cNn-¨p. ktlm-Z-c³
sI A-¿-¸³, Fw. tKmhn-µ³, arXyp-RvPbw Imhy-Po-hn-Xw,
N§-¼pg IrjvW-]n-Å t£{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\w, Dd-
§m¯ a\ojn XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv IrXn-IÄ. tIc-f-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan ]pc-kv¡m-cw, hb-emÀ AhmÀUv, ]ß-{]-`-]p-c-kvIm-
cw, tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pckvIcw Fgp-¯-ѳ ]pc-
kvImcw F¶nh e`n-¨p. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzman F¶ Poh-N-cn-
{X-¯nse Hcp A[ym-b-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw.
tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯nse {]k-à-amb CS-§sf
]qcn¸n¨ hyàn-Xz-amWv {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp. At±-l-¯nsâ
Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv Fw.-sI. km\p ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.
"Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v' F¶ XXzw A£-cmÀ°-
¯n Pohn-X-¯n ]men¨p t]m¶ Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p Kpcp.
FÃm a\p-jy-tcbpw Hcp t]mse ImWm\pw Ah-tcm-sSm¸w
tNcm\pw At±-l-¯n\p km[n-¨p. lnµp-a-X-¯n\p ]pd-¯pÅ
aX-hn-izmkvk-I-sfbpw At±lw kzk-tlm-Z-c-§fmbn Icp-Xn.
FÃm PmXn-bnepw aX-¯nepw s]Sp¶ a\p-jyÀ H¶m-sW¶v
Hmtcm Ah-k-c-¯nepw At±lw sXfn-bn-¨p. acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂ
At±lw \o− [ym\w \S-¯n. Bfp-IÄ Ipd-hm-bn-cp¶
AhnsS [ym\-\n-c-X-\mbn Ccp¶v temIs¯ a\-Ên-em-¡n.
{Kmao-WÀ At±-ls¯ Is−¯n Hcp Znhy³ F¶-t]m-se-
bmWv AhÀ Kpcp-hns\ I−-Xv. \mSmsI Kpcp acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂ
[ym\n-¡p-¶Xv hmÀ¯-bm-bn. At±-l-¯nsâ ASp-t¯bv¡v
Bfp-IÄ {]h-ln-¡m³ XpS§n. [ym\-¯n\v hnLmXw kw`-hn-
s¨-¦nepw At±-ls¯ ipNo{µw t£{X-¯n-te¡v ame-bn«v
AhÀ sIm−p-t]m-bn. AhÀ At±-ls¯ Bcm-[n-¡m³ XpS-
§n. P\-¯nsâ Cu kvt\l-_-lp-am-\-§Ä At±-ls¯ ]p\-
cm-tem-N-\bv¡v hnt[-b-\m-¡n-bn-cn-¡-Ww. [ym\-¯nsâ GIm-
´X \jvS-am-bmepw a\p-jy-cpsS B´-cn-I-amb Bh-iy-§Ä

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 35

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
\nd-thän Ahsc hna-eo-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶v At±lw B{K-ln-¨p.
FÃm a\p-jy-cn-te¡pw Adnhv ]I-cWw F¶ Nn´ Cu ka-
b¯v Kpcp-hn-\p-−m-bn. At±lw FÃm-Xcw a\p-jy-cn-te¡pw
Cd-§n-s¨¶v AhÀ¡n-S-bn Pohn-¨p, a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs¯
A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-ªp. Ah-tcm-sSm¸w Ah-cpsS `£Ww Ign-¡p-
Ibpw aäpw sNbvXp. Xoc-tZ-is¯ ap¡p-h-¡p-Sn-ep-I-fnÂ\n¶v
At±lw A`n-am-\-t¯msS ao³I-dn-Iq«n Blmcw Ign-¨p.
AhÀ At±-ls¯ kvt\ln-¡p-Ibpw Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. IS-enÂt]m-Ip-t¼mÄ ao³ ]nSn-¡p-¶-h-e-bn Kpcp
kv]Àin-¨m [mcmfw ao³ In«p-sa¶ hnizm-kw-hsc AhÀ¡p-
−m-bn-cp-¶p. Kpcp-hns\¡p-dn¨v Znhy-amb Hcp ]cn-thjw Ah-
cpsS a\-Ên DS-se-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p.
BZy-Im-e-I-Ym-Im-c-\mb aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³ At±-l-
¯nsâ I¯p-I-fn Kpcp-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v.
At±lw Kpcp-hns\¡pdn¨v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb Hcp-Imcyw
XangvhwiPcmbn-cp¶p At±-ls¯ IqSp-X-embn Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-
¶-sX-¶m-Wv. ]e Bfp-Ifpw Kpcp-hns\ _lp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ
F¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p-−v. AXn tUm. ]¸p-hnsâ ho«p-
Im-sc-IqSn At±lw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. PmXn-bn Xmgv¶-h-
\m-b-Xp-sIm−v \mbÀ hn`m-Khpw At±-ls¯ BZ-cn-¨n-Ã.
Nn¯-{`-a-apÅ Hcm-fmbn ]cn-lm-k-t¯msS At±-ls¯ I−-h-
cp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-Im-cWw At±lw FÃm-h-scbpw kzoI-
cn-¡p-Ibpw FÃm `£-Whpw Ign-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-Wv.
{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Blmcw Ign¨v Ah-tcm-sSm¸w IgnªXp-
saÃmw ]eÀ¡pw Zln-¨n-Ã. AXp-t]mse aX-]-c-amb GI-Xm-
\X t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ apÉnw-§-tfm-sSm¸w At±lw Pohn-¨p.
Ah-cpsS _ncn-bm-Wnbpw Nn¡³I-dnbpw Ah-tcm-sSm¸w
BtLm-jt¯msS Ign-¨p. C{]-Imcw `qan-bnse kI-e-a-\p-
jycpw H¶m-sW¶ kzImcyw At±lw ]c-ky-s¸-Sp-¯n. Hcp-
PmXn Hcp-aXw Hcp-ssZhw a\p-jy\v F¶ Nn´m-]-²Xn {]N-cn-
¸n¨v a\p-jysc At±lw \thm-°m-\-¯n-te¡v ]dn-¨p-\-«p.
kc-k-Ihn aqeqÀ At±-l-¯nsâ kvac-W-§-fn Kpcp
Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v Pohn-¡p-t¼mÄ ap¸tXm \mev]tXm \mgnI
\S-¶mepw Imen-s\m¶pw Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-Ãm¯ Btcm-Ky-Zr-V-
Km-{X-\m-bn-cp-s¶¶v HmÀ¡p-¶p-−v. Ahn-Ss¯ apkÂam³am-cp-
ambn H¶n¨p Pohn-¡p-Ibpw Kpcp sNbvXp-t]m-¶p.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 36

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
teJ-\-¯nsâ c−mw-`m-K-¯n Kpcp-hnsâ Pohn-X-
ZÀi\w F´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv Fw.-sI. km\p hyà-am-¡n-X-
cp-¶-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ alXzw ]qÀ®-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡m³
BÀ¡pw Ign-bnà F¶mWv Fw.-sI. km\p A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv. Kpcp Pohn-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ hnNmcw F´m-
sW-¶p-t]mepw Duln-¡m³ apXncp¶Xp-Xs¶ henb kml-k-
am-bn-tXm-¶p-sa-¶mWv km\p-amjv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. Pohn-
X-¯nsâ AJ-Þ-X-bn Kpcp hnizm-k-aÀ¸n-¨n-cp¶p F¶p-Å-
Xn BÀ¡pw XÀ¡-ap-−m-In-söv At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Imew apXÂ Nne A\p-{K-loX \nan-
j-§-fnse ZÀi-\-§-fn-eqsS Pohn-ssX-Iys¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶
khn-tij t_m[w At±-l-¯n\v D−m-bn-«p-−v. FÃm a\p-
jycpw FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§fpw X½n AXn-Km-V-amb hn[-
¯n ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-X-cm-sW¶pw Htc Poh-ssN-X-\y-amWv
Ah-cn FÃm-h-cnepw kv^pcn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Kpcp hniz-kn-¨n-cp-
¶p. hfsc sNdp-¸-Im-ew-Xp-S§n At±-l-¯n CXv cqV-aq-e-
ambn ]Xn-ªn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm hyànbpw Cu `qJ-Þ-¯nse
Ahn-`m-Py-amb Hcw-i-am-sW¶v Kpcp Icp-Xn-t¸m-¶p. Hmtcm aX-
¯n-sebpw BNm-c-§Ä hyXy-kvX-am-b-Xp-sIm−v AX-
\pjvTn¡p¶ a\p-jy-scÃmw ]c-kv]cw thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-
Wv. aX-¯nsâ Ad-I-fn-emWv a\p-jy³ Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah\v
]c-kv]cw k¼À¡-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ AXv hnLm-X-ambn
\n¡p-¶p-−v. Cu BNm-c-§-sfÃmw a\p-jys\ ]c-kv]cw
AI-äm³ am{Xta klm-bn-¡p-¶p-Åq. F¶m Cu hn`n-¶-X-
IÄ¡n-S-bnepw -FÃm a\p-jy-cnepw a[p-c-X-c-amb a\p-jyXzw
\ne-\n¡p-¶p-−v. CXmWv Kpcp-hn-tâ-Xmb Pohn-X-ZÀi-\w.
Cu a\p-jy-Xzs¯ X«n-bp-WÀ¯m-\pÅ kml-Ncyw D−m-h-W-
sa¶v Kpcp Nn´n-¡p-¶p. AXn\v a\p-jyÀ {]_p-Ô-cm-h-Ww.
A§s\ kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ PmXnbpw aX-hp-saÃmw ]pdta
AWn-bp¶ Ip¸m-b-§Ä am{X-am-sW¶pw AXn-\p-]n-¶n a\p-
jy-scÃmw H¶m-sW¶pw t_m[y-am-Ipw. C§s\ FÃm a\p-
jycpw {]_p-²-cm-hp-I-bnà FÃm-hÀ¡pw PmXn-a-X-§-fnÂ\n¶v
c£-t\-Sm-\p-am-hnÃ. AXp-sIm−v C§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ ]c-kv]cw
kl-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp kml-Ncyw D−m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-I-
bmWv th−-Xv. Cu kml-Ncyw krjvSn-¡m-\mbn ià-amb
kwL-S-\m-{]-hÀ¯\w IqSntb Xocq F¶p-Å-XmWv Kpcp Bh-
iy-s¸-«n-cp¶ Imcyw. AXmWv kwL-S-\-IÄ cq]o-I-cn-¡m\pw
kwL-Sn¨p ià-cm-Im\pw Kpcp DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¨-Xv.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 37

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
Pohn-X-¯n {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Nne XXz-§Ä a\-Ên-cp-
¯n-sIm-−mWv Kpcp Acp-hn-¸p-d-s¯-¯p-¶-Xv. s\¿m-dnsâ
Xoc-¯pÅ Acp-hn-¸p-d¯v Db-c-¯n-epÅ ]md-s¡-«n-emWv Kpcp
Xsâ [ym\-a-\-\-§Ä¡m-bpÅ Øew Is−-¯n-b-Xv.
{]IrXnkpµ-c-amb B {]tZ-i¯v Hgp-In-ho-gp¶ shÅ-¨m-«-¯n-
\-Sp¯v At±lw \ne-sIm-−p. Zqsc-bp-Å-sXÃmw Chn-sS-bn-cp-
¶m ImWmw. Chn-sS-bn-cp¶v a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
k¦oÀ®-X-Isf Kpcp \nco-£n-¨p. euIn-I-_-Ô-§-fpsS
Xmgv¶-Øn-Xn-bn \n¶p-bÀ¶v A²ym-ßnI ZÀi-\-§-fpsS
koam-Xo-X-ta-J-e-I-fn-emWv At±lw hnl-cn-¨-Xv. Xsâ ktlm-
Z-c-cmbn ]nd¶ a\p-jy-cpsS I®o-cnÂ\n¶v ZrjvSn ]n³h-en-
¡m³ At±-l-¯n\p a\-Êp-h-¶n-Ã. AXv Bizm-ky-hp-aÃ
AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ ]cn-k-c-¯pÅ a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-¯n-
te¡v At±lw \nc-´cw {i²n-¨p. {]IrXn kpµ-c-ambn ]¨-b-
Wnªv ]c-¶p-In-S-¡p-¶Xpw AIse BImiw XmWp-Xm-Wp-
h¶v `qan-sb BtÇ-jn-¡p-¶Xpw N{I-hmfw {]im-´-am-hp-¶Xpw
CXn-\n-S-bn a\p-jy-Po-hnXw am{Xw F´mWv? F¶ Nn´-bnÂ
Hcp-\n-anjw Kpcp s\Sp-hoÀ¸n«p F¶n-S-¯mWv teJ\w Ah-
km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. Kpcp a\p-jys\ Ahsâ PmXn¡pw aX-
¯n\pw AXo-X-ambn apt¶m«p \bn-¡m³ \nc-´cw {ian¨p
F¶mWv Fw.-sI. km\p "\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzman' F¶ Cu
teJ-\-¯n ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶-Xv.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. a\p-jy-cpsS a[y-¯n-te¡v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Cd-§n-h-
cm\p−mb kml-N-cy-sa´v?
2. Hcp PmXn Hcp aXw Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v Cu XXzw
Kpcp F§-s\-bmWv Pohn-X-¯n ]men-¨Xv?
3. a\p-jyÀ AWn-ªn-cn-¡p¶ BS-bm-`-c-W-§Ä F¶-Xp-
sIm−v {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp AÀ°-am-¡n-b-sX´v?

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 38

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
samUyqÄ 4
t\mhÂ
A\p-`-h-§Ä
\´-\mÀ
]n.kn. tKm]m-e³ F¶ \´-\mÀ ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse
A§m-Sn-¸p-d¯v P\n-¨p. 1942 apXÂ 1964 hsc ]«m-f-¯nÂ
kná hn`m-K-¯n tPmen t\m¡n. 1967-þ At±lw
^mIvän tPmen-bn-en-cnt¡ 1974-þ ]me-¡ms« Hcp
temUvPn 48-þm-as¯ hb-Ên Bß-lXy sNbvXp. "A\p-`-
h-§Ä' F¶ t\mh FgpXn {]km-[-I\v ssIam-dn-b-ti-j-
amWv At±lw ac-W-¯n-te¡v t]mb-Xv. Ggp t\mh-ep-Ifpw
Hcp \mS-Ihpw ]Xn-s\m¶v IYm-k-am-lm-c-§fpw \´-\mÀ cNn-
¨n-«p-−v. _mey-Im-ew-ap-XÂ Xm³ A\p-`-hn-¨dnª Pohn-X-
¯nsâ {]iv\-§fpw k¦oÀ®-X-Ifpw At±lw Xsâ IrXn-I-
fn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä km[m-c-
W-¡mcpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-W§n \n¡p-¶-hcpw lrZ-b-ss\Àa-
ey-ap-Å-h-cp-am-Wv. ae-_mÀ Iem-]hpw C´y ]mIv hn`-P-\hpw
lnµp-apÉnw el-fbpw \´-\mÀ IY-I-fpsS Pohn-kv]-µ-\-§-
fmbn amdp-¶p-−v. ]«m-f-Iym-¼nse Zpcn-Xhpw bp²-¯nsâ `oI-
c-Xbpw ]e IY-I-fnepw iàn tI{µ-ambn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xp
ImWmw. Bßm-hnsâ t\mhp-IÄ F¶ t\mh Cw¥o-jn-
te¡pw lnµn-bn-te¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-«p-−v. Bßm-
hnsâ temIw, A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS temIw, D®n-¡p-«sâ Hcp Znh-
kw, D®n-¡p-«³ kvIqfnÂ, D®n¡p-«³ hf-cp-¶p, aª-sI-«n-Sw,
BbncwhÃn-¡p-¶nsâ Xmgvhc-bnÂ, A\p-`-h-§Ä F¶n-h-
bmWv t\mh-ep-IÄ. tXm¡p-IÄ¡-Sn-bnse Pohn-Xw, \njvI-f-
¦-X-bpsS Bßmhv sIm¶-¸q-¡Ä, Cc XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv sNdp-
I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-§Ä. 1963-þ "Bßm-hnsâ t\mhp-IÄ'¡v tIc-
f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p.
A\p-`-h-§Ä Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IY-bmWv 1950-I-
fmWv Cu t\mh-en ImWm³ Ign-bp¶ Ime-L-«w. A§m-Sn-
¸p-d-sa¶ t\mh-en-Ìnsâ tZi-amWv ChnsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-
Sp-¶-Xv. hni¸pw GIm-´-Xbpw AXp-−m-¡p¶ kwLÀj-§-
fp-amWv A\p-`-h-§-fnse tI{µ-{]-ta-bw. ]«m-f-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
ImWm-¸p-d-§Ä \ap¡o t\mh-en ImWm³ Ignbp¶p. ]«m-f-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 39

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
¡-Y-I-sf-gpXn {]i-kvX-cmb Hcp-]mSp t\mh-en-Ìp-Isf ae-bm-f-
km-ln-Xy-¯n \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bpw. \´-\mÀ A\p-`-
hn¨ Pohn-X-¯nsâ kXy-k-Ôhpw [oc-hp-amb Bhn-jvImcw
Cu t\mh-en \ap¡v hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡mw. ZpÀL-S-amb ]mX-bn-
eqsS k©-cn¨ t\mh-enÌv Xsâ {]Xn-`m-hn-emkw sIm−v
AsXÃmw lrZy-amb coXn-bn t\mh-en tNÀ¯p-sh-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶p. hmb-\-¡m-cs\ kwLÀj-¯n-em-¡n-bmWv Cu t\mh-
ense Hmtcm A[ym-bhpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. t{Im[w, Bß-
\n-µ, cXn, {`jvSv F¶n-h-sbÃmw IS-¶p-h-cp¶ kwLÀj-]q-cn-X-
amb temIw t\mh Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hni-¸nsâ \ne-hnfn
tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb tKm]n-bn \n¶p Xs¶ apg§n tIÄ¡p-
¶Xv AkzmØyw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶XmWv. `£Wt¯¡mÄ a[p-c-
X-c-ambn asä-´p−v Cu temI-¯n F¶ \ne-hnfn kz´w
Pohn-X-¯n t\mh-enÌv A\p-`-hn-¨-Xm-sW¶p ImWmw. hni¸v
F{X Bg-¯n-emWv a\p-jys\ th«-bm-Sp-¶-sX-¶-sX¶v IrXy-
ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p Cu t\mhÂ.
t\mh kw{Klw
A\p-`-h-§Ä F¶ t\h Zcn-{Z-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS
Pohn-X-amWv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A¼-Xp-I-fnse tIc-fob
a[y-hÀ¤-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§Ä \ap¡v Cu t\mh-
en ImWmw. tKm]n F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯n-eq-sS-
bmWv t\mh hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. tKm]nbpw A½bpw hey-
½bpw tN«³ cmhp-®nbpw A\p-P³ cma³Ip-«nbpw A\p-P¯n
amfp-¡p-«n-bp-ap-−v. tN«³ cmhp-®n¡v tKm]n-tb-¡mÄ ]Xn-\-
©n-e-[nIw hbÊv IqSp-X-ep-−v. A½-bpsS BZy-hn-hm-l-
¯nse k´-Xn-bm-W-bmÄ. A\n-b\pw A\n-b-¯nbpw
ASp¯ ho«n-se-¯n-bmWv `£Ww Ign-¡mdp-Å-Xv. ]«m-f-
¯n tPmen-bpÅ tN«sâ klm-b-sam¶pw B ho«n-te¡v
In«p-¶n-Ã. tKm]nbpw A½bpw apgp ]«n-Wn-bn-em-Wv. ASp¯
ho«nse Nmb-N-−n-sIm-−p-h¶v AhÀ Nmbbp−m¡n ]¸Sw
Np«v AXn-t\m-sSm¸w Ign-s¨m-s¡-bmWv AhÀ Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Zmcn{Zyw kln¡ h¿msX ]cn-N-b¡mc\n \n¶v c−p N{Iw
tKm]n ssI\o«n hm§p-¶p-−v. Zmcn{Zyw kln¡ h¿msX ac-
W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-t]mepw tKm]n Nn´n-¡p-¶p-. hni-¸nsâ thZ\
kln-¡m³ Ign-bmsX cm{Xn AbmÄ¡v Dd¡w \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p-
−v. ktlm-Z-c-§Ä `£Ww Ign-¨-Xp-sIm−v AhÀ kpJ-ambn
Dd-§p-¶p-−v. tN«³ cmhp-®n¡v tKm]n-tbmSpw aäp-Å-h-tcmSpw
]I-bm-bn-cp¶p a\-ÊnÂ. AXp-sIm−v A½sb cPn-kv{Sm-^o-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 40

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
kn sIm−p-t]mbn H¸n-Sp-hn¨v AbmÄ kz¯p-¡Ä hnäv
[qÀ¯-Sn-¨p. XpSÀ]T-\-¯n\pth−n tN«sâ ap³]n \n¶v
At]-£n-s¨-¦nepw acn-¨p-t]mb Xsâ AÑs\ Bt£-]n¨v
tKm]nsb AbmÄ Cd¡n hn«p. Bdmw ¢mÊp-Im-c-\mb
X\n¡v F´p- tPm-en-bmWv In«pI F¶v tKm]n Btem-Nn-¡p-
¶p. s\Sp-§m-Sn-bpsS ASp¯v Syqj\p t]mbn ASn-In«n aSp¯v
AXv \ndp¯n AXn Ip]n-X-\mbn tN«³ Ic-W-¯-Sn¨p
t_m[w sI«p hoW tKm]nsb AbmÄ tImWn-¸-Sn-bn-eqsS Dcp-
«n-bn-«p. \o AXns\ sImt¶m F¶v A½ hnXp-¼n. Ch-\n\n
]Tn-¡m-\pw H¶pw t]mh-−m. `mkvI-c-¡p-dp¸v ]T\w XpS-cm³
tKm]nsb klm-bn-¨p. AXn-\m A©psImÃw ]Tn-¡m³
Ign-ªXv tKm]n HmÀ¯p.
Zmcn-{Zy-¯nsâ ]nSp-¯-¯nÂ\n¶v c£ t\Sm-\m-hmsX
tKm]nbpw A½bpw hen-b-½bpw sNdn-b-½bpw A§s\
apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn. CXn-\n-S-bn {]mb-¯n-tâ-Xmb Nne _Ô-
§Ä tKm]n-¡p-−m-bn. Gsd¡me-¯n-\p-tijw tN«³
cmhp®n ]«mf¯n \n¶v Xncn-s¨-¯n. tKm]n¡v HmÀ½
h¶Xv tN«sâ ASn-bp-sSbpw Ah-tl-f-\-¯n-tâbpw ]mSp-I-
fm-Wv. Abm-fmsI hnIm-c-hn-h-i-\m-bn. tN«³ `mcybp-sam¯v
Xma-kn-¡p¶ ho«n-te¡v t]mbn t\m¡m³ A½ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p.
hmKzm-Z-\-§Äs¡mSp-hn tKm]n tN«sâ ho«n-se-¯n. tN«sâ
Ip«nsb Ifn-¸n¨p tZjy-saÃmw t]mbv ad-ª-Xp-t]mse
tXm¶n. tN«³ F´n-\mWv h¶-sX¶v tNmZn-¨p. A½sb
At\z-jn-¨p. Pohn-¨n-cn-¸p-s−¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bm³ AbmÄ¡v
tXm¶n. Ah-tl-f-\-t¯msS tN«³ h¨p \o«nb ]Ww ssI¸-
ämsX tKm]n Xncn-¨p-t]m-¶p.
Imcy-Ø-\mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp¯v Hcp-]mSv ]Ww k¼m-Zn¨v
`mcy¡pw aIÄ¡pw henb k¼-¯p-−m¡n sImSp¯ i¦-
c³\m-bÀ¡v ]ng-¨p. Abm-fpsS `mcy Ahn-ln-X-_-Ô-¯n-
teÀs¸-Sp-¶Xv AbmÄ¡v ImtW−n h¶p. AtXmsS AbmÄ
{`m´-\mbn amdn. Hcn-¡Â hncp-¶p-Im-c-\mbn AbmÄ AbÂ]-
¡s¯ a\-bv¡-se-¯n. tKm]n-tbmSv AbmÄ¡v hmÕeyw
tXm¶n. kwkm-c-saÃmw FÃm-h-scbpw No¯ ]d-bp¶ a«n-em-
Wv. hr¯n-bn-Ãm¯ {]Ir-Xapff i¦-c³\m-bÀ {`m´v A`n-\-
bn-¡p-I-bmtWm F¶v tKm]n¡v kwibw tXm¶n. tKm]n-
bpsS aq¡v sN¯n-I-f-bp-sa¶v i¦-c³\m-bÀ CSbv¡v ]dªp
sIm−n-cp-¶p. `£Wk-a-b¯v Ce-bn«v `£Ww hnf-¼n.
tKm]n AXp-I−v taml-t¯msS t\m¡n \n¶p-t]m-bn.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 41

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
C«n-¨n-A-½-bpsS a¡Ä \m«n \à \S-¸n-Ãm-¯-h-cmbn
Adn-b-s¸-«p. AhÀ ]e-cp-sSbpw D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-hmbn amdn.
kv{XoIÄ F§-s\bmWv D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-hmbn amdp-¶-sX¶pw
kw_Ôw AXn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p¶-sX-§-s\-sb¶pw t\mhÂ
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. C«n-¨n-c-bpsS Cf-b-a-IÄ ao\m-£n-¡p-«n-
tbmSv tKm]n¡v sNdp¸w apXte Hcp Xmev]-cy-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.
Ahsf ImWm³ AbmÄ ]e-t¸mgpw AhnsS Npän-¡-d-§m-dp-
−v. B ho«n-te¡v ]e-t¸mgpw AbmÄ Ib-dn-s¨Ãpw \nÀÆ-Nn-
¡m-\m-hm¯ Hcp _Ôw ao\m£n¡p«n-bp-ambn tKm]n¡v
D−m-bn-. Abm-fnse ]¨ a\p-jysâ `mcw ]e-t¸mgpw kam-
[m\w Is−-¯n-bXv Ah-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. tKm]n-sbt¸mse ao\m-
£n-¡p-«nsb ImWm³ kn\nam Hm¸-td-äÀ \mbÀ Ahn-sS-¡-b-dn-
bn-d-§n. kw`hw FÃm-hcpw I−-dn-ªp. tKm]n ao\m-£n-¡p-«n-
tbmSv Abm-sf-¡p-dn¨v tNmZn-¨p. ""tKm]n Fs¶ IÃymWw Ign-
¡m³ t]mIp-¶pt−m?'' F¶ adp-tNmZyw AhÄ tNmZn-¨p.
AXn\v AbmÄ¡v D¯-c-ap-−m-bn-Ã. AhÄ ]dªp CÃ
AtÃ! kn\nam Hm¸-td-äÀ \mbcpw Fs¶ IÃymWw Ign-¡m³
t]mIp-¶n-Ã. ]ns¶-´n-\mWv \n§Ä tZjy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶-hÄ
tNmZn-¨p. AXn-\p-tijw AhÄ IShv ASn-¨p-hm-cm³ XpS-§n.
]n¶oSv ao\m-£n-¡p-«n-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v tKm]n Ahsf
kvt\ln-¡p-¶p-sh¶v ]d-bm³ XpS-§n. At¸m-tg¡pw hni¸v
Abmsf Iog-S¡n XpS-§n. hni¸v Hcp thZ-\-bmbn hf-cp¶
Ah-Ø. ao\m-£n-¡p«n Xsâ I¿n A¼-e-¯nse ]mb-k-ap-
s−¶pw IqsS-h-¶m Xcm-sa¶pw ]d-ªp. BZyw aSn-¨p-\n-
s¶-¦nepw asäÃmw ad¶v AbmÄ Ah-fpsS ]pdtI \S-¶p.
ho«n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ ao\m-£n-¡p«n sImSp¯ apgp-h³ ]mb-
khpw AbmÄ Xn¶p-XoÀ¶p. Abm-fpsS hni-¸p-am-dn. AhnsS
Bcp-an-söv AhÄ Abmsf [cn-¸n-¨p. AhÀ¡v H¯p-tN-cm-
\pÅ ka-b-am-Wn-sX¶v AhÀ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. C§s\ hni¸pw
Ima-hp-amWv ]¨-bmb a\p-jysâ {][m\ {]iv\-§-sf¶v \µ-
\mÀ Cu A[ym-b-¯n-eqsS sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. kvt\lw-t]mepw
ASn-Øm\ Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-än-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-−m-Ip-¶-Xm-
sW¶v Cu kµÀ`-¯nsâ A\p-`-h-§-fn-eqsS sXfn-bp-¶p.
tKm]n-bpsS AÑsâ A\n-bs\ AbmÄ tIi-h-·m³
F¶mWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xd-hmSv hnäp-I-f-ª-Xp-ap-XÂ At±lw
tlm«Â Imjy-dmbn a{Zm-kn-emWv tPmen-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. A½bpw
tN«\pw acn-¨-Xn-\p-tijw Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mb tIi-h-·m³ c−p-
hÀj-¯n-sem-cn-¡-emWv \m«n hcp-¶-Xv. Nn«-bpÅ Pohn-X-

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 42

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
amWv At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. tKm]n¡pw A\n-b\pw A\n-b-¯n¡pw
k½m-\-§-fp-am-bmWv tIi-h-·m³ hcn-I. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶
FÃm-hÀ¡pw B hchv Hcp ckwXs¶-bm-Wv. hey-½bpw sNdn-
b-½bpw tIi-h³ Hcp IpSpw-_-kvt\-ln-bm-sW¶v ]d-bpw. Hcn-
¡Â AhÀ tKm]n-bpsS Aѳ ]¦p-®n-\m-btc¡mÄ anSp¡pw
Btcm-Ky-hp-ap-−m-bn«pw FÃm kz¯pw \in-¸n-¡m³ Imc-W-
¡m-c-\mb ]¦p-®n-\m-bsc H¶pw sN¿m-Xn-cp-¶Xv tIi-h-\m-bn-
«mWv F¶p-]-d-ªp. acn-¨p-a-®-Snª AÑs\ ]ns¶bpw AhÀ
]cn-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km\w
tKm]n Ah-tcmSv s]m«n-s¯-dn-¨p.
ao\m£n¡p«nsb Ipfn-¡-S-hnÂh¨v tKm]n I−p.
AhÄ¡v \sÃmcp `À¯m-hns\ thW-sa¶v AhÄ B{K-ln-
¡p-¶p-−m-In-tÃ. ]W-¯n-\p-th−n kn\nam Hm¸-tdäÀ \mb-
tcbpw kwXr-]vXn-¡p-th−n Xs¶bpw AhÄ kw_-Ôn-¡m-dp-
−v. ]IÂsh-fn-¨-¯n I−-t¸mÄ ao\m-£n-¡p«n Hcp kpµ-cn-
X-s¶-sb¶v AbmÄ¡v t_m[y-s¸-«p.
Ah-km\ A[ym-b-¯n tKm]n ]«n-Wn-bnÂ\n¶v
tamN\w t\Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. {Smh-tegvkv _w¥m-hn h¨v
]«m-f-¯n-te¡v Bsf FSp-¡p-¶-Xmbn tKm]n Adn-ªp. cma³
\¼q-Xn-cn-tbmSv AbmÄ ]«m-f-¯n tPmen t\Sm³ ]äptam
F¶v Bcm-ªn-cp-¶p. {Smh-tegvkv _w¥m-hnÂt]m-Ip¶ Imcyw
cma³ \¼q-Xn-cn-tbmSv am{Xw ]d-ªp. \¼q-Xncn ssZhw
tKm]nsb A\p-{K-ln-¡p-sa¶v ]d-ªp. ]«m-f-¯n-se-Sp-
¡m³th− Xq¡w, s\©-fhv CsXms¡ F{X-bm-sW-¶-dn-
ªp-IqSm F´m-bmepw t]mbn t\m¡mw. a\-Êmse cma³\-¼q-
Xn-cn-tbmSv bm{X-tNm-Zn-¨p. t]mIp-¶-Xn-\p-ap³]v sNdn-b-½-tbmSv
Ccp-\mgn Acn ISw-hm-§n. A½ tN¼n³Xm-fp-sIm−v ]pfn-¦-dn-
bp-−m¡n tNmdpw sh¨p. DuWp-I-gn¨v hni-¸-I-än. A½-bpsS
Im¡ hoWv A\p-{Klw hm§n. A½-bpsS I®p-\n-d-ªp-
t]m-bn. _w¥m-hnse sXc-sª-Sp-¸n ]s¦-Sp-¯p. \m«nse
\m\m-PmXn aX-Ø-cmb bphm-¡Ä ]«m-f-¯n tNcm³th−n
AhnsS H¯p-Iq-Sn. sXc-sª-Sp-¯-h-cpsS t]cp-IÄ hnfn-¨p-Xp-S-
§n. tKm]n Bh-emXntbmsS ImtXmÀ¯p-\n-¶p. kwLÀj-
§Ä¡-h-km\w amS-¼-¯p-]-d-¼n tKm]n-\m-Y³ F¶v AhÀ
hnfn-¨p. sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«-h-sc-sbÃmw _Ên I®qÀ¡v
sIm−p-t]m-Im³ XpS-§n. Fsâ Xncp-am-Ômw-Ip-¶n-et½ c£n-
¡tW F¶v tKm]n {]À°-\m-\n-c-X-\m-bn.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 43

 MAL4A10 : ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4
tNmZy-§Ä
1. 1950 Ifnse tIc-f-¯nse CS-¯-c-¡m-csâ Zcn-{Z-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ Bhn-jv¡m-c-ambn A\p-`-h-§Ä
amdp¶sX§s\?
2. tKm]n F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ hyànXzw Ah-tem-
I\w sN¿p-I.
3. ]«m-f-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ IYm-Im-c³ F¶ \ne-bn \µ-\m-
cpsS {]kàn A\p-`-h-§Ä F¶ t\mh-ens\ B[m-c-
am¡n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
4. tIc-fob {Kma-Po-hn-X¯nsâ A\m-Nm-c-§fpw
kwLÀj-§fpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ t\mh-emWv A\p-`-h-
§Ä. hnh-cn-¡p-I.

School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 44