Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter One
Chapter One
Chapter One
1.0 INTRODUCTION
storage resources.
dynamics. processing The first very high power electronic devices were
1
substantial amounts of electrical such energy are processed. (rectifier)
computers, battery chargers, etc. The power range is typically from tens
motor. The power range of VSDs starts from a few hundred watts and
classified according to the type of the input and output power AC to DC.
The converter
In basic terms, string inverters connect an array of multiple solar panels, and
2
micro inverters, which are always roof-mounted directly under the solar panel
it serves. For microinverter servicing, a panel must first be located and then
system downtime.
as built-in string combiners and disconnects are helpful for installers and can
also help better manage PV system costs through reduced equipment and
circuit interruption (AFCI). The National Electrical Code NEC 2011 requires
due to fire.
3
Other innovations, such as SunSpec Alliance’s MODBUS communication
New utility requirements for advanced control are on the horizon and string
inverters will play an important role, especially with the growth of the smart
grid. For example, advanced power control functionality allows for a higher
Although the solar industry has seen many improvements, it does still see
some challenges that string inverters can address. For example, the National
the 2014 Rapid Shutdown requirement, which has to do with the safety of
from all sources within 10 seconds of when the utility supply is de-energized.
This presents a challenge for all inverter designers, including those that
manufacture string inverters, because they now have to design units so that
4
responders can safely and easily de-energize the system in a very short
amount of time.
The primary aim of the project is to design and construct a electrical device
and finish the project was not enough and secondly, this is our first
5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.
through the center tap of the priory windings. A switch is rapidly switched back
and forth to allow current to flow following two alternate paths though one end
of the primary winding and then the other end. The alternation of the direction
electrical equipment of the car, home or office for mobile Applica at ion,
variable voltage and antenna the DC gain of the inverter constant1, on the
other hand, if the DC input voltage is fixed, a variable output voltage can be
Power inverters are great for camping at parks and picnics where electricity is
not or rarely available. The toaster, bender, and printer can all still be used. In
a utility outage, a power inverter can be used for emergency electricity. The
6
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTER
Inverter can be classified into many types based on their output, source, type
of load etc.
1. Series Inverter
7
2. Parallel Inverter
There are three most common types of inverters used for powering AC loads
include:
(1) pure sine wave inverter used for general applications (2) modified square
wave inverter used for resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads and (3) square
CSI (Current Source Inverter) – In current source inverter input current is
kept constant. CSI is fed with adjustable current source from a DC voltage
source of high impedance. The magnitude of output voltage and its waveform
8
frequency of 50HZ or 60Hz a nominal voltage. Here Nominal voltage
papers, films, coated cloths, laminates, and tapes for core, barrier, layer, and
and wire mesh help transfer heat away from components. Electrical tape with
aluminium and copper backings for grounding, bonding, and EMI shielding as
"true" or "pure" sine wave), modified sine wave (actually a modified square
Sine Wave
9
A sine wave is what you get from your local utility company and (usually) from
advantage of a sine wave inverter is that all of the equipment which is sold on
the market is designed for a sine wave. This guarantees that the equipment
will work to its full specifications. Some appliances, such as motors and
microwave ovens will only produce full output with sine wave power. A few
appliances, such as bread makers, light dimmers, and some battery chargers
require a sine wave to work at all. Sine wave inverters are always more
A modified sine wave inverter actually has a waveform more like a square
wave, but with an extra step or so. A modified sine wave inverter will work fine
with most equipment, although the efficiency or power will be reduced with
some. Motors, such as refrigerator motor, pumps, fans etc will use more
power from the inverter due to lower efficiency. Most motors will use about
20% more power. This is because a fair percentage of a modified sine wave is
higher frequencies - that is, not 60 Hz - so the motors cannot use it. Some
fluorescent lights will not operate quite as bright, and some may buzz or make
clocks will often not operate correctly. Many appliances get their timing from
the line power - basically, they take the 60 Hz (cycles per second) and divide it
10
wave is noisier and rougher than a pure sine wave, clocks and timers may run
faster or not work at all. They also have some parts of the wave that are not
60 Hz, which can make clocks run fast. Items such as bread makers and light
dimmers may not work at all - in many cases appliances that use electronic
temperature controls will not control. The most common is on such things as
variable speed drills will only have two speeds - on and off.
Square Wave
There are very few, but the cheapest inverters are square wave. A square
wave inverter will run simple things like tools with universal motors without a
problem, but not much else. Square wave inverters are seldom seen anymore.
3. Induction heating
Regular Inspection:
11
Regular inspection can be done as often as possible. It is suggested that
inspection be daily and that the operator maintains a daily log of the
the inverter is installed. Check for dust, humidity, gas, any unusual
temperature.
the environment. For the batteries, check for the indicators for their
terminals.
3. It is also advised to check the operation data, that is the voltage, current
user manual. It is advised that you the operator, intimate yourself with
them.
4. The liquid level on the batteries should be checked at least once every
week. They may not need filling but it is important to check them
everyday.
12
PERIODICAL INSPECTION:
batteries hold a liquid electrolyte with sulphuric acid which can cause serious
burns. Protective clothing should be worn when working on the battery. Acid
spilt on the floor or equipment must be diluted with water and neutralised with
sodium bicarbonate. Keep all personal protective equipment and other safety
Most importantly, make sure that the inverter is from the mains when
1. You are advised to check if any wire terminals are loosened. If any,
2. Make sure visually that there is neither poorly clinched part nor
internal parts.
13
REPLACEMENT OF DAMAGED PARTS:
entirely replaced after a specified number of years. Otherwise, the inverter has
expendable parts, like the cooling fan or any other part of the circuit which
point. Continual use of such parts may cause the inverter itself to deteriorate
The lifespan of the inverter is not necessarily fixed, there are a number of
factors which determine how long an inverter will last, which of course,
includes how it is being used. installations since are still working optimally.
Installation environment.
Etc.
It is the electrician that will decide which part to replace following a failure.
recommended.
14
BATTERY MAINTENANCE:
1. Batteries are to be used regularly and not kept idle for a long time as
2. The battery is not to be charged with very high rate of current because
4. Some inverters are able to carry up to 110% overload soon after they
to ensure that only the designed loads are connected to the system.
5. The job of the operator is to ensure that only the equipment on the
design sheet is plugged into the system, and this equipment is only
used for the number of hours that the designer indicated as part of the
operation data.
6. The water level should be maintained. If the electrolyte level inside the
battery cell comes down, it must be filled with distilled water up to the
level marked on the cell itself. This is to compensate for the loss of
15
7. The batteries are constructed so there is a reservoir above the plates,
but this must be checked frequently, and the cells topped with water
whenever needful.
not to be used because of minerals and impurities which affect the life
10. The battery terminals should be kept corrosion and rust free. When
corroded, use hot water and baking soda solution to clean the terminals.
13. System owners should read and fully understand the manufacturer’s
manual for their battery bank accessible at all times and kept near the
battery bank.
14. The battery should be refilled with fresh electrolyte once in three years
16
17
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY.
to obtain the working principles and circuit diagram after which a design
18
CHAPTER FOUR
The design and development of the inverter begins with the step-up
transformer design in general terms (Fitzgerald et al., 1994; Maris, 1980). The
desired power rating for the inverter system is 2000 VA (Volt-Amperes). The
maximum primary input voltage available from the four batteries connected in
both parallel and series, of 12V each, is 24V dc (direct current). Although the
two Solite N200Z batteries used in this design are rated 12V 200AH each but
between 220V and 240V when the batteries are fully charged or when new).
The desired frequency is 60Hz single phase. The cooling device for the
inverter is a direct current 12V 500mA suction fan. Output power of the
Power
factor.
But P I V s s s = (2)
For Ps
= 9.1A.
19
Substituting the value of Cosθ into (1), the output power
( ) 1802 2002 .
0.9
outputpower in Watts VA
Cosθ = =
2.002 10 MVA −
The frame size of the transformer is obtained from the transformer equation
(Gottles, 1985):
2.002 10 4
6.673 10 MVA
20
Moreover, the core area (Afe) = 2 K SA
15cm which is used for the inverter step-up transformer construction. Voltage
per turn
VpVsVpVs\frac{V_{p}}{V_{s}}=
NpNsNpNs\frac{N_{p}}{N_{s}}VP=
NSNPNSNP\frac{N_{S}}{N_{P}} x VSVP =
where f = frequency, Bm = flux density, Afe = core area. The material chosen
for the magnetic circuit of the transformer is Silicon Steel because of its higher
magnetizing quality. Its flux density is between 0.4 – 0.8 Tesla (Nadon, 1989).
However, for safe operation without saturation, 0.6Tesla is selected for this
21
Since the Voltage per turn is 1V, the number of primary turns is calculated
from
turns in the primary winding and N=24 turns (minimum) To reduce heat loss
and overloading of the primary coil as well as for improved and high efficiency,
the primary coil winding is increased in multiple of 24. The primary turns used
in this design is 72 turns (24 turns x 3). 2.5 Magnitude of the secondary turns
Given,
Secondary turns N2 = ?
According to formula,
frac{V2HV1}=frac{N2HN1})
N2 200 * 33/220
N2 30
must be 30 turns.
22
where Es = Output Voltage of the inverter and Ns = Number of turns in the
secondary winding. Although the actual Ns=240 but for safety reasons and for
(Ns). The secondary turns in this design is 720 turns (240 turns x 3).
Thus
Choosing from the American table for standard wires gauge (Gottles, 1985),
SWG 17(gauge-17) is suitable an has been chosen for this design. (ii) The
secondary conductor size also depends on the current that will flow through it.
Again from the American table for standard wires gauge, SWG 25(gauge-25)
23
4.1 EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSFORMER.
The resistance of the primary winding is 0.10Ω and both are copper wires.
The heat loss by the secondary winding copper wire is given by:
The efficiency (E) of the output stage of the transformer is given by (Maris,
1980):
=93.5%.
24
DIAGRAM OF AN INVERTER SYSTEM .
25
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF AN INVERTER SYSTEM.
26
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
inverter and to have suitable power supply that can supply the power to be
And also to have a good inverter that is sufficiently powered no matter the
material used in the construction and to solve the problem of power outages in
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
transmitting power. And also to expose students to some other fields of study
the same time reflecting that the study of electricity should be encouraged in
Mechanical engineering.
27
REFERENCES
http://www.maxim IC TC 4066BP.
Nelson, J. C. (1986). Basic Operation Amplifier, London, Butter Worth and Co.
Limited.
28