Ch-3 Atoms and molecules

• John Dalton called particle by the name of atom

• Matter is called ‘Padarth’ In Hindi.

• The word atom means indivisible.

• The combine form of atom is called molecules.

• All matter is made up of small particle called atoms and molecules. different kind of atom and
molecule show different properties due to which different kind of matter also show different
properties
• Law of chemical combination
1. Law of conservation of mass

2. Law of constant proportion

LIST OF SCINTIST IN THIS CHAPTER

1. ANTOINE LAVOISIER

2. JOSEPH L.PROUST

3. JHON DALTON

4. JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

• According to the law of conservation of mass: matter is nither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction
• The substance which combine together in a chemical reaction are known as ‘reactants’

• The new substance formed as a result of chemical reaction are called products

Total mass of reactant = total mass to reactants

• The term ‘total mass’ of reactants and products includes solid liquid and gas including air that are
a part of the reaction

Calcium carbonate (heat) calcium oxide + calcium dioxide

(100g) 56g 44g = 100g
LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS
 The law of conservation of mass given by Proust in 1779.
 According to the law of constant proportion : a chemical compound always consist of same
element combined together in the proportion by mass.
 Example:- Water is a compound which always consist of the same element combine
together in the same proportion by mass.

1.Water = 1:8 (hydrogen and oxygen)

2.Ammonia = 14:3 (nitrogen and hydrogen)
3.Carbon dioxide = 3:8 (carbon and oxygen)

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles called atom, which participate in chemical
reaction.
2. Atoms are indivisible which cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
3. Atoms of given element are identical in mass and chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different element have different in masses and chemical properties.
5. Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole number to form compound.
6. The relative number and kind of atom are constant in a given compound.

JHON DALTON
 Born in 1766 on England.
 In 1808 Dalton presented atomic theory of matter.
 First to calculate the masses of several element.
 Died in 1844.

ATOMS
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in chemical a
reaction.
  Size of an atom is indicated by its radius which is called ‘atomic radius’.
 Atomic radius is measured in ‘nanometres’, symbol is ‘nm’.
 Hydrogen is smallest atom of all. Atomic radius is 0.037.

SYMBOL OF ELEMENTS

Daltons symbol of atom

 Dalton was the first scientist to use symbol to represent the element in a very specific
way

Hydrogen Zinc
 Carbon Copper
Lead
Oxygen

phosphorus Silver

Sulphur Gold

Iron Mercury

 It was first J.J Berzilius of Sweden who proposed that first letter of the name of an
symbol be use as its symbol.

MODREN SYMBOL OF ELEMENT

 The symbol of a element is the “first letter” or “first letter and another letter” of English
name of Latin name of the element

SYMBOL DERIVED FROM ENGLISH NAME OF THE

ELEMENTS
1. Hydrogen - H
2. Helium - He
3. Lithium - li
4. Boron - B
5. Carbon - C
6. Nitrogen - N
7. Oxygen - O
8. Fluorine - F
9. Neon - Ne
10. Magnesium - Mg
11. Aluminium - Al
12. Silicon - Si
13. Phosphorus - P
14. Sulphur - S
15. Chlorine - Cl
16. Argon - Ar
17. Calcium - ca
18. Manganese - Ma
19. Nickel - NI
20. Zinc - Zn
 21. Bromine - Br
22. Kryton - Kr
23. Iodine - I
24. Barium - Ba
25. Cobalt - Co
26. Uranium – U

SYMBOL DERIVED FROM LATIN NAME OF THE ELEMENT

English Symbol Latin
Sodium Na Natrium
Potassium K Kalium
Iron Fe Ferrum
Copper Cu Cuprum
Silver Ar Argentum
Gold Au Aurum
Mercury Hy Hydragyrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
tin Sn stannum