MicroBio Lec Transes (Module 8-10) I. Oxidation-reduction reaction a.k.a.

redox rxns

Module 8: Microbial Metabolism

Metabolism

 Sum of all chemical reaction within a living

organism – a life support process.
o A. Catabolism – energy-releasing class of
chemical reactions where complex
organic compounds are broken down
into simpler forms.
 Hydrolytic II. ATP Generation
 Exergonic a. Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)
o B. Anabolism – energy-requiring building
of complex organic molecules from 2 1,3 2 3-
simpler ones. diphosphogllyceric diphosphogllyceric
 Dehydration synthesis acid + 2 ADP acid + 2 ATP
 Endergonic
o Coupled
E.g. In glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof
Parnas Pathway)

b. Oxidative or electron transport level

phosphorylation (ETLP)

E.g. In electron transport chain

c. Photophosphorylation

Energy Production:

General aspects of ATP generation

ATP generation - Phosphorylation E.g. in photosynthesis: photosystem I

 Glycolysis Process Legend: *Phase 1 Phase 2

Mnemonic Substance Reaction Enzyme Mnemonic

Good Glucose ATP > Hexokinase Helen
ADP
Guys Glucose-6-phospate Phosphoglucose Paints
isomerase
Favour Fructose-6-phosphate ATP> Phosphofructokinase-1 Pictures
ADP
Big Butts Fructose-1-6- Aldolase Along the
bisphosphate
Good Glyceraldehyde-3- Triose-phosphate Training
phosphate / isomerase
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Boys 1-3- NAD+ > Glyceraldehyde-3- Grounds
bisphosphoglycerate NADH phosphate
dehydrogenase
Prefer 3-phosphoglycerate 2 ADP > 2 Phosphoglycerate Praying
ATP kinase
Pretty girls 2-phosphoglycerate H2O Phosphoglycerate People
in mutase
Pink Phospho-enol 2 ADP > 2 Enolase Enjoy
pyruvate ATP
Pyjamas Pyruvate Pyruvate kinase Paintings
Net Reaction
Glucose (2ATP) + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O

The citric acid (Tricarboxylic) cycle

Pyruvate
Acetyl group
Malate Acetyl
Oxaloacetate NADH
dehydrogenase CoA
Citrate Synthase
NADH produced is sent to ETC

Malate NADH Citrate

Mnemonic:

Fumarase Aconoitase Can I keep selling substances

for money, officer?

Fumarate Isocitrate Mnemonic:

Succinic NADH
So at disco, devil sipped
dehydrogenas Isocitrate down five drinks!
e NADH dehydrogenase
S- Synthase
FADH2
Succinate α-ketoglutarate
D- Dehydrogenase
Succinyl
Succinyl CoA CoA α-ketoglutarate
synthase dehydrogenase 2A-CoA + 6 NAD + 2 FAD + 2 CoA → 6 NADH +2H+ + 2
FADH + 4 CO2 + 2 ATP + 4 CoA
Electron Transport Chain

Result of ETC

 As a consequence, protons move from the inside of the

membrane to the outside and OH- accumulates in the
cytoplasm.
 H+ nor OH- acmulates on the opposite sides, creating a
pH and a charge gradient.
 This build up is proton motive force and is used by the
cell for may task including; transport, flagell, movement and
ATP synthesis (by chemiosmosis).

ATP Yield aerobic respiration of 1 glucose molecule

Prokaryotes = 38 ATP
Eukaryotes = 36 ATP

Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is converted to an organic product

 Involves glycolysis only.

 Use organic molecules as final electron acceptor instead of oxygen; May occur in the presence of oxygen.
 Produces only small amount of ATP.
o No TCA and ETC.
 E.g. Lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

Alcohol fermentantion

Inputs: Step 2 outputs:

o 1 glucose o 2 CO2
o 2 acetaldehyde
Step 1 outputs:
(input for Step 3)
o 2 pyruvic acid (input for o Step 3 outputs:
step 2): o 2 ethanol
o 2 ATP
o 2 NADH (input for Step 3)

Lactic acid fermention

Inputs:

o 1 glucose

Step 1 outputs:

o 2 pyruvic acid (input for step 2):

o 2 ATP
o 2 NADH (input for Step 2)

Step 2 outputs:

o 2 lactic acid
Anaerobic Respiration Alternative to Glycolysis…

o The final electron acceptor is an inorganic  Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose

o substance other than oxygen i.e. Monophosphate Shunt)
o Nitrate ion for P. aeruginosa o Breaks down glucose and pentoses
o Sulfate to form H2S o Provides intermediate for nucleic acid
o Carbonates for methanogens synthesis (ribulose 5-phosphate), glucose
o Amount of ATP varies with type organisms. and amino acids (erythrose 4-phosphate)
o Only part of Krebs cycle operate. o Net of 1 ATP for each glucose
o o B. subtilus, E. coli, L. mesenteroides, E.
o Not all electron carriers participate. faecalis

Alternative…

 Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
o Metabolize glucose without glycolysis or
pentose-phosphate
o Differ in some steps in glycolysis
o Rhizobium, pseudomonas, Agrobacterium

A. ETC of Aerobic respiration vs. B. ETC of Anaerobic

o Note how more protons are translocated per two

electrons oxidized aerobically during electron
transport reactions than anaerobically with NO - as
electron acceptor. The aerobic terminal oxidase (cyt
o) pumps two protons – resulting in more ATP in A.
o Nitrate ion (NO3−) as a final electron acceptor;
reduced to a nitrite ion (NO2−) nitrous oxide (N2O),
or nitrogen gas (N2).
o Sulfate (SO42−) as the final electron acceptor =
hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
o Carbonate (CO32−) = methane (CH4)
Catabolism of Various Organic Compounds. Light Reactions

* Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids can all be sources of
electrons and protons for respiration. These food
molecules enter glycolysis or the Krebs cycle at various
points.
 Light strikes chlorophyll in Photosystem to
excite electrons
 Bacteriochlorophyllsin some bacteria.
 Chlorophylls aregrouped into photosystems.
 Phosphorylation can be cyclic or noncyclic (for
oxygenic)

Photosynthesis

A. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria usewater as a

hydrogen donor, releasing O2 .

light energy+ 6CO2+12H2O -> C6H12O6+ 6O2 + 6H2O

Cyclic photophosphorylation
(photo) + (autotrophs) + (litotrophs) (oxygenic)

B. Purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria use H2S as a

hydrogen donor, producing sulfur granules.

light energy + 6CO2 +12H2S -> C6H12O6+ 12S + 6H2O

(photo) + (autotrophs) + (litotrophs) (anoxygenic)

Overview of two steps

in photosynthesis:

 Light (light
dependent
Dark Reactions
reactions)
 Dark (light  Also known as Calvin-Benson cycle
independent  Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate serves as acceptor
reactions) molecules for CO2
 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is
needed to make 1 molecule of glucose.
  Biosynthesis of amino acids.

Metabolic Pathways ofEnergy Use - Anabolism

 Biosynthesis of polysaccharides  Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine

nucleotides.

 Biosynthesis of simple lipids.

Module 9: Microbial Genetics

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Site of DNA Protoplasm Nucleus
Replication
Site of Protoplasm Nucleus
transcription
Site of RNA RARE Nucleus
Splicing
Site of Protoplasm Cytoplasm
translation
Site of Protoplasm Nucleus
recombination