FET Phase

TECHNOLOGY
Grade 8
Activity Book

Name: Class:

1
 INDEX

Contents
Frame structures & Roof trusses (pg.2) 4
Members of a roof truss (pg.3) 6
Forces that can be exerted on members of structures (pg.3-5) 8
Electrical pylons (pg.6-7) 10
Structures that span over space (pg.8-12) 12
Beams and columns (pg.8) 12
Structures that span over space (pg.8-12) 13
Bridges, Arches & Cantilevers (pg.9-12) 13
Structural failure (pg.13-14) 15
The purpose of graphics (pg.18-19) 17
Drawing conventions (pg. 20-22) 19
Drawing to scale & Dimensions (pg. 23-26) 20
Working & Isometric Drawings 21
Artistic drawing (pg.30-38) 23
Mechanical systems & mechanical advantage (pg.44-45) 25
Wedges (pg.46-48) 26
Wheels & Axles (pg.49-51) 27
Gears (pg.52-56) 28
Mechanisms that change the direction of movement: Cams & Cranks (pg.57-60) 30
Graphical skills: Drawing mechanisms (pg.61) 31
The positive impact of technology on society and the environment (pg.76-82) 32
What is plastic pollution? (pg. 78) 34
Recycling paper (pg. 85) 35
Packaging for a purpose (pg. 86) 36
Draw the development of an open container (pg. 90) 37
Revising levers & linkages (pg. 116-117) 38
Gear systems: Key concepts (pg. 128-133) 39
Gear systems: Key concepts (pg. 128-133) 41
Idler Gears 41
Bevel Gear 41
Mechanical advantage (pg. 136-142) 43
Levers 43
Mechanical advantage (pg. 136-142) 44
2
Gears 44
Representing gears and gear systems (pg. 146-147) 45
Drawing isometric projections of gear systems (pg. 150-153) 46
Sketching gear systems (pg. 156-157) 47
System analysis (pg. 158-160) 49
Systems diagrams (pg. 161-162) 50
The positive and negative impact of mining. Investigating impacts of mining. (pg. 166-174) 51
Revision of simple circuit connections (pg. 196-199) 52
Circuit diagrams and connections (pg. 200-201) 53
Energy Sources (pg. 204-206) 55
Electrochemical cells and photovoltaic cells (pg. 207-211) 56
Sources of energy for generating electricity (pg. 214-220) 57
Power distribution (pg.221-224) 58

3
Term 1 Chapter 1 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Frame structures & Roof trusses (pg.2)

A Frame structure is a structure having the combination of beam, column, and slab (member) to
resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually used to overcome the large
weight increase due to the applied loading.

A truss is a structure with straight pieces forming triangles to support a load. The members
of the triangles are placed under tension and compression but do not bend.
Questions

1. Use one word to replace “beam, column and slab”? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What is the main difference between a frame structure and a solid structure? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. A roof truss is what type of structure? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. List two main materials used to make roof trusses. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. What are the main advantages of using these two materials? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

4
6. Neatly draw three different basic roof truss designs. (5)

Total: (12)

5
Term 1 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Members of a roof truss (pg.3)

A truss can be thought of as a beam where the web consists of a series of separate members instead of a

continuous plate. In the truss, the lower horizontal member (tie beam) and the upper
horizontal member (rafter) carry tension and compression, fulfilling the same function as the flanges of an
I-beam.

Questions

1. What is the function of a roof truss? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Give another name to describe the angle of a roof and the size of the angle most commonly
used. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. A wall plate is made from what material? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. If you increase the hight of the king post in a roof truss, but the span does not increase, which part
of the truss will stay the same length? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

6
5. Draw an example of the most common design of a roof truss and indicate all the members used to
form it. (10)

Total: (15)

7
Term 1 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Forces that can be exerted on members of structures (pg.3-5)

Questions

1. List 4 main forces that can act on a member. (4)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. If a rope is being pulled on both sides, what type of force is acting on it? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between shear force and torsion force. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
8
4. The image below shows a force working on members a-g. Indicate the forces acting on each
member and state whether it is a tie or a strut. (14)

Member Force Strut/Tie

5. Do freehand drawings showing examples of both shear force and torsion force. (4)

9
 Total: (25)

Term 1 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Electrical pylons (pg.6-7)

A transmission tower or power tower (alternatively electricity pylon) is a tall structure, usually a
steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line. In electric power grids they are generally used
to carry high voltage transmission lines that transport bulk power from generating stations to electrical
substations; utility poles are used to support lower voltage sub transmission lines and distribution lines that
transport power from substations to electric customers. They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

Questions
1. Give 1 alternative name for an electrical pylon. (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. What do you call the forming of triangles in a structure? (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. The triangles in a structure serves what purpose? (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. Explain the difference between electrical pylons and utility poles. (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
5. Name two forces that act on a pylon. (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
6. Why is a triangular shape used to reinforce structures? (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

10
7. Draw three drawings showing how a triangular shape strengthens a structure. (6)

Total: (15)

11
Term 1 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Structures that span over space (pg.8-12)

Beams and columns (pg.8)

Beams and columns are two important types of structural elements that play a key role in creating a
safe load path to transfer the weight and forces on a structure to the foundations and into the
ground. ... Beams are usually horizontal structural elements that carry loads perpendicular to their
longitudinal direction.

Questions
1. What is the key role that beams, and columns play in a structure? (1)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

2. Explain the span of a beam. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Give the main reasons why the “I” shape beams are the most used beam. (3)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
4. What is a lintel’s purpose? (2)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
5. Name two materials lintels are made from. (2)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
6. Besides an I-beam. What other type of beam profile can also be used?
Name one. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Total: (10)

12
Term 1 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Structures that span over space (pg.8-12)

Bridges, Arches & Cantilevers (pg.9-12)

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without
closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle,
usually something that can be detrimental to cross otherwise.

Questions
1. Why does a bridge need to span over space? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. List two main differences between a beam-and-column bridge and a suspension
bridge. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
3. What do you think is meant when we reference to the word “span” in a suspension
bridge? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Name the two cables used in a suspension bridge and the one used in a
cable-stayed bridges. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Instead of stones. What type of material do we use to build an arch? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

13
6. Draw two examples showing the difference between a normal cantilever and a
cable-stayed cantilever. (4)

Total: (12)

14
Term 1 Unit 4

Date: Mark:

Structural failure (pg.13-14)

Loss of the load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a structure or of
the structure itself. Structural failure is initiated when the material in a structure is stressed to its
strength limit, thus causing fracture or excessive deformations.
Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to
support a designed structural load without breaking and includes the study of past structural
failures in order to prevent failures in future designs.

Questions
1. Name the three Ss of structural required for a safe structure. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. List three ways a structure can fail. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

15
3. If there is too much weight added on the top of the crane in the picture below,
what would happen to the structure? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. What do you think can be done to avoid the structural failure in question 3? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Explain what you can do to ensure that a structure does not topple over. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)

16
Term 1 Chapter 2 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

The purpose of graphics (pg.18-19)

Questions
1. What is the first thing you see when you focus on the design of something? Why is this the first
thing you notice? (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. List the three things a designer needs to include in their product, due to our
changing world. (3)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. In a working drawing there are aspects that need to be included. Name these
aspects. (3)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. Graphics serve more than one purpose in our society. What are they? (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

17
5. Design your own emergency shelter that will be used in the event of a natural
disaster (e.g. flood or hurricane). (5)
● Must be a floorplan
● Your shelter must be 10m by 5 m
● Your shelter must be able to house 3 people with a place to sleep and a place to prepare
and eat food.

Total: (15)

18
Term 1 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Drawing conventions (pg. 20-22)

Questions
1. What is the difference between an outline and a construction line? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Why do you think a construction line is important in a drawing? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Better explain the exact purpose of a hidden detail line. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. True or false. “Centre lines indicate the middle of a square.” Explain why. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Name the three views in a third-angle projection drawing. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

19
 Total: (10)
Term 1 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Drawing to scale & Dimensions (pg. 23-26)

In plain English, a scale drawing is a drawing which has been reduced or enlarged from its original
size, to a specified scale. (Defined by Collins English Dictionary). The scale is a ratio of the size of
the drawing to the size of the original object being drawn. This may be referred to as a scale ratio.

Questions
1. In a drawing that has a scale of 2:1. Which number represents the drawing and which number
represents the object? (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. What is a scale drawing? (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between scaling up and scaling down. (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. Give another word for a dimension. (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
5. Draw an example of how dimensions should be added. Include all additional
information. (4)

20
 Total: (10)
Term 1 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Working & Isometric Drawings

A scale drawing which serves as a guide for the construction or manufacture of something such as a
building or machine.
Questions
1. What information can be found on a working drawing? (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Is there any other information that you feel should be added to a working
drawing? If yes, what is missing? If no, motivate your answer. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Give an example of a weakness that both oblique and single vanishing-point
drawings share. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. An isometric and oblique drawing have the same hight and with.
Which measurement is different? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Redraw the following image on the isometric paper. (4)

21
22
Total: (12)

23
Term 1 Unit 4

Date: Mark:

Artistic drawing (pg.30-38)

Questions
1. Does a vanishing-point drawing give you an accurate measurement?
Explain your answer. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What type of line do we use when drawing to our vanishing-point? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Colour depends on ________ when added to a drawing. (1)
4. To make a wall surface look rougher you must add what? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

24
5. Draw a freehand circle by following the steps in your textbook. (5)

Total: (10)

25
Term 1 Chapter 3 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Mechanical systems & mechanical advantage (pg.44-45)

Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical
device or machine system. The device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces
against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force.

Questions
1. What is the main purpose of a “tool”? (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. Show the formula used to calculate mechanical advantage. (1)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. Calculate the mechanical advantage with a load of 10 and an effort of 5. (2)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. What happens to the strength of the force applied when the mechanical advantage is (>1), (<1)
and (=1). (3)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
5. List three tools that increase the force applied. (3)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Total: (10)

26
Term 1 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Wedges (pg.46-48)
Some examples of wedges that are used for separating might be a shovel, a knife, an axe, a pickaxe, a saw, a
needle, scissors, or an ice pick. But wedges can also hold things together as in the case of a staple, push
pins, tack, nail, doorstop, or a shim.

Questions
1. Name the main characteristic of a wedge. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. When the acute angle decrease, what happens to the slope and the distance? How does
this affect your task? (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. If a slope is in a spiral or zigzag form. Does this mean the effort applied increases?
Explain your answer. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. List two examples of a wedge we use every day. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Draw an example of a wedge. (2)

Total: (10)

27
Term 1 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Wheels & Axles (pg.49-51)

The wheel and axle is a machine consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts
rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other. A hinge or bearing supports the axle,
allowing rotation. It can amplify force; a small force applied to the periphery of the large wheel can move a
larger load attached to the axle.

Questions
1. What do you call the resisting force that starts working only when two surfaces
touch? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Explain the difference between having a fixed axle and having wheels fixed to
the axle. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. List the four requirements for a proper functioning wheel. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Name 5 places you see wheels in your everyday life. (5)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Neatly draw an object that requires a wheel too function. (3)

Total: (15)
28
Term 1 Unit 4

Date: Mark:

Gears (pg.52-56)
A gear or cog is a rotating machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel, inserted teeth (called
cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed,
torque, and direction of a power source. Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating
a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The teeth
on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are
called a gear train or a transmission.

Questions
1. A gear is mounted on an ________, also known as a _________. (2)
2. Explain in your own words what is meant by “counter rotation”. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What is the function of an idler gear? Does this gear have any influence on the speed of the gear
train? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. If the input is on a large gear and the output is on a smaller gear. Is my velocity increased or
decreased? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

29
5. Calculate the VR of the gears. (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

6. Determine the mechanical advantage in question 5. (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Total: (10)

30
Term 1 Unit 5 & 6

Date: Mark:

Mechanisms that change the direction of movement: Cams & Cranks (pg.57-60)
Questions

1. Name one similarity and one difference between a wheel and a cam. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What influences the movement of a cam follower? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Draw freehand sketches of three different cam designs. (3)

4. A crank system consists of a _________ and a ____________. (2)

5. If a cam can change rotary motion into reciprocating motion, what makes the
crank special? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)
31
Term 1 Unit 7

Date: Mark:

Graphical skills: Drawing mechanisms (pg.61)

Questions

1. Neatly draw an example the following:

● A wedge
● Wheel and axle
● A gear system
● A cam system
● A crank system (10)

Total: (10)

Term 2 Chapter 4 Unit 1

32
Date: Mark:

The positive impact of technology on society and the environment (pg.76-82)

One aspect of technology that has had a great impact on society is how it affects learning. It's made
learning more interactive and collaborative; this helps people better engage with the material that they are
learning and have trouble with. Also, it gets you better access to resources.

Some of the things with positive impact on the environment, include using material goods to the maximum
of their lifespan, refusing to use plastic based products, saving water and energy. Using public
transportation for every day commuting is also a good way to save our planet.

Questions

1. Why does technology keep improving at a high rate? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Aside from being light, what are the other two requirements for a lightweight
material? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Explain what is meant by a synthetic material. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. It is stated that nuclear energy can be bad for the environment. Explain why. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. What makes plastic such a versatile material? (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

New lightweight materials

33
A team of MIT researchers have created the world's strongest and lightest material known to man using graphene. Futurism
reports: Graphene, which was heretofore, the strongest material known to man, is made from an extremely thin sheet of carbon
atoms arranged in two dimensions. But there's one drawback: while notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it's
very difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene. Now, a team of MIT researchers discovered that
taking small flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not only retains the material's strength, but the
graphene also remains porous. Based on experiments conducted on 3D printed models, researchers have determined that this
new material, with its distinct geometry, is stronger than graphene -- making it 10 times stronger than steel, with only five
percent of its density. The discovery of a material that is extremely strong but exceptionally lightweight will have numerous
applications. As MIT reports: "The new findings show that the crucial aspect of the new 3-D forms has more to do with their
unusual geometrical configuration than with the material itself, which suggests that similar strong, lightweight materials could be
made from a variety of materials by creating similar geometric features."

6. List 3 benefits of using lightweight materials. (3)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
7. Why is it important for these materials to be strong as well? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
8. What are the advantages of using a 3-D printer to create shapes from graphene? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
9. Do you think graphene would be cheap to produce? Motivate your answer. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (20)

Term 2 Unit 1
34
Date: Mark:

What is plastic pollution? (pg. 78)

It’s plastic where it shouldn’t be. It’s in the sea and on the beach and it’s causing harm. We’re using more
plastic than ever, it’s durable, cheap to produce and we’re consuming it at staggering rates. Current
estimates show that at last 8 million pieces of plastic are entering the oceans every single day.

Questions

1. Why do you think plastic can be harmful to marine life? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Why do humans produce so much plastic? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What are some of the thing’s companies have done to minimize their contribution to
plastic pollution? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

4. What does it mean when something is biodegradable? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
35
 _________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Give your own opinion on plastic pollution. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)
Term 2 Chapter 5 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Recycling paper (pg. 85)

The advantages of recycling paper include saving energy, water and landfill space. Paper recycling reduces
greenhouse gas emissions and the recycled fibre is a sustainable, cost-saving resource for making new
paper products.

Questions

1. Why do you think paper can be a threat to the environment? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What are the most common uses for paper? (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What are the benefits of making use of recycled paper? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. What are one of the ways people are moving away from using paper? (1)

36
 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Why are trees so important in our society? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)

Term 2 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Packaging for a purpose (pg. 86)

A common use of packaging is marketing. The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage
potential buyers to purchase the product. Packaging is also used for convenience and information
transmission. Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package
or product.

1. List two different purposes that packaging can serve. (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What are the benefits of purpose made packages? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What negative habits do waste material feed into? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Name two products that have purposeful packaging. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Name two things you will find on all food packaging. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Total: (10)

Term 2 Unit 2
37
Date: Mark:

Draw the development of an open container (pg. 90)

Questions

1. Redraw the 3D box template on pg.90 into a 2D a drawing.

● Use your own measurements.
● Work neatly.

Total: (10)

Term 3 Chapter 6 Unit 1,2,3 & 4

38
Date: Mark:

Revising levers & linkages (pg. 116-117)

A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a
rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself.

Questions

1. Why are they called single leavers? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Name the different classes of single levers. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. When is mechanical advantage achieved in a lever? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Give the advantage and disadvantage of a single third-class lever. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. When a single first-class lever arm is in equilibrium, does it have a mechanical
advantage? Explain. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
6. Name one example of a linked first-class lever you see every day. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)

39
Term 3 Chapter 7 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Gear systems: Key concepts (pg. 128-133)

A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame, so the teeth of the gears
engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other
without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next.

Velocity ratio
Definition of velocity ratio: the ratio of a distance through which any part of a machine moves to that which
the driving part moves during the same time. Velocity ratios are calculated by dividing the driver gear by
the driven gear.

Questions

1. List tree things gears are used in. (3)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What is the formula for velocity ratio? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. How many teeth are on the driver gear? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. How many teeth are on the driven gear? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________

40
5. Calculate the velocity ratio of the spur gear system. (5)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________
6. Copy the table on pg. 131. (3)

Total: (15)

41
Term 3 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Gear systems: Key concepts (pg. 128-133)

Idler Gears
An idler gear is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more other gear wheels. The purpose of an
idler gear can be two-fold. Firstly, the idler gear will change the direction of rotation of the output shaft.

Questions

1. What is the term used to describe gears rotating in the same direction? (2)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
2. Give one example of the benefits of using an idler gear system. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Why does the type of materials used in a gear system play an important role in its
effectiveness? (2)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________

Bevel Gear

4. At what angle is a bevel gear cut? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

42
5. Neatly draw a freehand sketch of a spur gear system and a bevel gear system. (4)

Total: (10)

43
Term 3 Chapter 8 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Mechanical advantage (pg. 136-142)

Levers
Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device
or machine system. The device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement
to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. The model for this is the law of the lever.

Questions
1. What is the formula to calculate mechanical advantage of a lever using force as a
unit of measurement? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. The effort applied to a lever above is 50 newtons and the load is 250 newtons.
Calculate the mechanical advantage of the lever. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
3. What is a newton? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

4. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the lever if the effort arm is 50 cm and the
load arm is 10 cm. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________

44
 Total: (10)
Term 3 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Mechanical advantage (pg. 136-142)

Gears

Questions

1. What is the formula to calculate mechanical advantage of a gear using the number
teeth? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the gear system given above. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
3. What does tooth ratio refer to? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. What does the wheel diameters refer to? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. What does velocity ratio refer to? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
45
 _________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

6. Calculate mechanical advantage of the gear system if the driven gear was
20 cm and the driver gear was 32 cm. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
7. Determine the velocity ratio of the gears in the provided image using mechanical
advantage. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Total: (15)

Term 3 Chapter 9 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Representing gears and gear systems (pg. 146-147)

Questions

1. Draw the above gear system as circular discs and add all necessary information. (10)

46
 Total: (10)

Term 3 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Drawing isometric projections of gear systems (pg. 150-153)

Questions

1. Redraw figure 9.9 from pg. 153 using the instructions given on pg. 150-152. (10)

Total: (10)
47
Term 3 Chapter 10 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Sketching gear systems (pg. 156-157)

Questions

1. Redraw the following diagram of a spur gear system

(5)

48
2. Redraw the following diagram of a Bevel gear system.

(5)

Total: (10)

49
Term 3 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

System analysis (pg. 158-160)

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines system analysis as "the process of studying a procedure or
business in order to identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that will achieve
them in an efficient way".

Questions

1. Give a system analysis of the following bike:

● Pedal:____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
● Chain wheel on front
sprocket:__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
● Chain:____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
● Front gear
shifter:___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
● Cogs:_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
● Back gear
shifter:___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
(12)

50
 Total: (12)

Term 3 Unit 3

Date: Mark:

Systems diagrams (pg. 161-162)

Questions

1. Draw a system diagram of a gear system. Driver gear has 12 teeth and driven gear
has 24 teeth. (10)

51
 Total: (10)

Term 3 Chapter 11 Unit 1,2

Date: Mark:

The positive and negative impact of mining. Investigating impacts of mining.

(pg. 166-174)
Some advantages: provides materials necessary to modern (and not so modern) industry and
desired by many people (e.g. gold, diamonds, platinum). Makes some people rich.
Some disadvantages: Does grave damage to the environment and to many affected communities.

Questions

1. List three materials that are mined in South Africa. (3)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Name two negative things about mining and explain them. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
3. Explain in your own words what AMD is and why it is a bad thing. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
52
 4. Why is dust pollution a big negative for mining? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

5. Compare the negatives from modern mining to that of the iron age. Give your own opinion on
which one you think is better and why. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
6. What made it possible for mines to employ more women? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Total: (15)

Term 4 Chapter 12 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Revision of simple circuit connections (pg. 196-199)

The Basic Parts of an Electric Circuit
Every electric circuit, regardless of where it is or how large or small it is, has four basic parts:
an energy source (AC or DC), a conductor (wire), an electrical load (device), and at least one controller
(switch).

Questions

1. In your own words, explain the difference between an input and output device. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. Give another name for a control device. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Name an example of: a device that has both input and output functions.
a device that is both a process and control device. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. What happens to a cell when there is a short circuit? (1)
53
 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

5. How do we prevent disaster in a house when there is a short circuit? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (8)

Term 4 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Circuit diagrams and connections (pg. 200-201)

An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or
functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical
or electronic circuit.

Questions

1. Redraw tale 12.2 from your textbook and add a component and symbol that is not represented in
the table. (10)

54
2. Draw a circuit diagram of the following electrical circuit. (5)

55
 Total: (15)

Term 4 Chapter 13 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Energy Sources (pg. 204-206)

Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources.
These activities include production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, and for
the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted.

Questions

1. Why is energy seen as a necessity for humans? (2)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Explain the difference between electrical and non-electrical energy sources. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Which is safer electrical or non-electrical energy sources? Explain. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Give your own opinion on sharing of resources. Who should have priority
of electricity? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. List two forms of non-electrical energy. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)

56
Term 4 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

Electrochemical cells and photovoltaic cells (pg. 207-211)

An electrochemical cell is a device that can generate electrical energy from the chemical reactions
occurring in it, or use the electrical energy supplied to it to facilitate chemical reactions in it. These devices
can convert chemical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa.

A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also known as a solar cell, is an electronic component that generates electricity
when exposed to photons, or particles of light. This conversion is called the photovoltaic effect, which was
discovered in 1839 by French physicist Edmond Becquerel.

Questions

1. Between an electrochemical and photovoltaic cell. Which do you recommend and

why? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Name any device powered by an electrochemical cell. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Draw the symbol for both a parallel and series cell connection. (2)

57
 4. List both the advantages and disadvantages of parallel and series connections. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

5. Why would you say a photovoltaic cell is a long-term investment? (1)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (10)

Term 4 Chapter 14 Unit 1

Date: Mark:

Sources of energy for generating electricity (pg. 214-220)

Questions

1. There are four methods of thermal power production listed in the textbook.
Name them and give both an advantage and disadvantage of each. (8)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

58
 2. What makes non-thermal energy a better choice than most thermal energy
sources listed. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

3. In our society the “cleaner” energy usually has one big disadvantage.
What do you think that is? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. As in question 1. Non-thermal energy sources have two forms of production listed. Name both with
an advantage and disadvantage. (4)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
5. Give your opinion on air pollution caused by generating power using coal. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Total: (15)

Term 4 Unit 2

Date: Mark:

59
Power distribution (pg.221-224)

Questions

1. Why do we need to distribute power over such long distances in SA? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. What is the purpose of a step-up and a step-down transformer? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between AC and DC. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. What is the national grid? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Draw an example of the essential elements in our national grid. (4)

60
Total: (10)

61