Tutorial 1: EEN 206

Power Transmission and Distribution

1. In Fig. find the line currents provided the supply is balanced 100 V, 50 Hz and 3-Φ supply. The
impedance of all phases is same; Z = 6 + j8.

Solution:

2. A 6.4 kV single-phase feeder provides service to a load of 1200 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging.
(a) Compute the load current at 6.0 kV assuming the load is modeled as constant power.
(b) Compute the load current at 6.0 kV assuming the load is modeled as constant impedance.
(c) Compute the load current at 6.0 kV assuming the load is modeled as constant current.
Solution:
3. I) Consider a transmission line supplying to a constant load with a voltage V1, current I1, resistance
of the conductor R1, conductor cross section area A1. What are changes for the following parameters
if the transmission line voltage increases by N time.
a) Conductor cross section area.
b) Power loss.
c) Efficiency.
II) For a constant complex power in the transmission line with sending end voltage V, the real
power loss is proportional to.

Solution:

I) Initial case: V1, I1, R1, A1

Final case: V2, I2, R2, A2
V2 =N*V1
V2/V1 = N
S1=S2 (since load is same)
V2*I2 = V1*I1
I2 = (V1/V2) *I1
I2 = I1/N
a) I α A1, I2 α A2 for same J
I2 = I1/N
Therefore, A2 = A1/N
Area is reduced by N times

b) At design stage
Ploss1 α A1
Ploss2 α A2
 Ploss2 = Ploss1 /N
Reduced by N times
Output
c) Efficiency =
output+Ploss
As Ploss is reduced by N times but efficiency is not reduced by N times

II) Ploss = I 2 R, S = VI
I= S/V
S 2
Ploss = ( ) *R
V
1
Ploss α V2

4. For the given circuit, R1 = 100 Ω and Z2 = 10+j20 Ω. Find out the following
a) Total real & reactive power, power factor at the source, and the total current.
b) C as to improve the overall power factor to 0.8 lagging.

Solution:
a) I1=2A, I2=4-j8 A, S1 = (400+j0) VA, S2 = 200*(4+j8) =(800+j1600) VA
Total S=S1+S2=1200+j1600=2000∠53.13deg VA
I = (S/V) *=10∠ − 53.13
p.f. = cos (53.13) =0.6 lagging

b) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.8) = 36.87 𝑑𝑒𝑔

𝑄 ′ = 𝑃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1200*tan (36.87) =900 Var
𝑄𝑐 = 1600 − 900 = 700 𝑉𝑎𝑟
Zc = −𝑗57.14 Ω
C=1/(2*pi*60*Zc)=46.42 microF

5. The diagram depicts a three-phase balanced (Y-Y) circuit with a line-to-line (L-L) voltage of 199
V rms. At a leading power factor (pf) of 0.85, the total power consumed by the load is 541 W.
Determine the value of impedance Z.
Solution: RMS Line to line voltage (VL) = 199 V
Total power absorbed by load (P) = 541 W
Operating power factor = 0.85 leading

Power absorbed by 3 phase loads,

We know in star connection,

                

Approximate value of Z

                   

6. Three loads, each of resistance 30, are connected in star to a 415 V, 3-phase supply. Determine
(a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current. 
 Solution: A ‘415 V, 3-phase supply’ means that 415 V is the line voltage, VL
 
(a) For a star connection, VL =√3Vp Hence phase voltage, Vp = VL/√3
= 415 /√3
= 239.6 V or 240 V

(b)             Phase current, Ip = Vp/Rp

= 240/30
= 8 A

(c) For a star connection, Ip = IL Hence the line current, IL = 8 A

7. Three identical coils, each of resistance 10 ohm and inductance 42 mH are connected (a) in star
and (b) in delta to a 415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine the total power dissipated in each
case.

Solution:

(a) Star connection

Inductive reactance,

X L =2πf L =2π (50) (42×10−3) =13.19

Phase impedance,
Zp =√(R 2 +X L2 ) =√(102 +13.192) =16.55

Line voltage, VL =415 V

And phase voltage,

VP =VL /√3=415/√3=240 V.

Phase current,

IP =VP/ZP =240/16.55=14.50 A.

Line current,

IL =IP =14.50 A.

Power factor = cos φ = R P /ZP =10/16.55 = 0.6042 lagging.

Power dissipated,

P =√3 VL IL cos φ =√3 (415) (14.50)(0.6042) = 6.3kW (Alternatively,

P =3I 2 R =3(14.50)2(10)=6.3kW)

(b) Delta connection: VL = VP = 415 V,

ZP = 16.55_, cos φ = 0.6042 lagging (from above). Phase current,

 Ip =VP/ZP =415/16.55=25.08A. Line current,

IL =√3Ip =√3(25.08)=43.44A.

Power dissipated,

P =√3 VL IL cos φ = √3 (415)(43.44)(0.6042) = 18.87kW

(Alternatively, P =3I 2 R =3(25.08)2(10) =18.87 kW)

 Tutorial 2: EEN 206
Power Transmission and Distribution

1. A single-phase line has two parallel conductors 1 meters apart. The diameter of each
conductor is 1.4 cm.
(a.) Calculate the external inductance per km of the line.
(b.) Calculate the loop inductance per km of the line.
(c.) Calculate the loop inductance per km if the diameter of one conductor is doubled.
Solution:
Spacing of conductors, d = 1 m = 100 cm
Radius of conductor, r = 1·4/2 = 0·7 cm
(a.) External inductance per km = 0.2 × ln⁡(100/0.7)
100
(b.) Loop inductance per km = 2 × (0.05 + 0.2 × ln ( 0.7 )) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟒⁡𝒎𝑯/𝒌𝒎
100
(c.) 𝐿1 = (0.05 + 0.2 × ln ( 0.7 )) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟐⁡𝒎𝑯/𝒌𝒎
100
𝐿2 = (0.05 + 0.2 × ln ( 1.4 )) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑⁡𝒎𝑯/𝒌𝒎
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙⁡𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓⁡𝒎𝑯/𝒌𝒎

2. A single-phase line has two parallel conductors 2 meter apart. The diameter of conductor
“a” is 1.2cm and conductor “b” is 0.6cm. Calculate the following in mH/km:
a) The inductance of conductor “a” and “b” due to internal flux.
b) The inductance of conductor “a” and “b” due to external flux.
c) The inductance of conductor “a” due to internal and external flux.
d) The inductance of conductor “b” due to internal and external flux.
e) The total inductance of complete circuit.
f) The total inductance of the circuit when the diameter of conductor “a” is halved.
Solution:
𝑚𝐻
a) 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.05 𝑘𝑚
b) 𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0.2 × ln⁡(𝐷/𝑟)
𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑎,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.6) = 1.1618 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑏,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.3) = 1.3005 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
c) 𝐿⁡ = 0.05 + ⁡0.2 × ln⁡(𝐷/𝑟)⁡ 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑎 = 0.05 + 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.6) = 1.2118 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
d) 𝐿𝑏 = ⁡0.05 + 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.3) = 1.3505 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
e) 𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ⁡ 𝐿𝑎 + ⁡ 𝐿𝑏 = 2.5623⁡ 𝑘𝑚
 𝑚𝐻
f) 𝐿𝑎,𝑒𝑥𝑡,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.3) = 1.3005 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑎,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = ⁡0.05 + 0.2 × ln⁡(200/0.3) = 1.3505 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ⁡ 𝐿𝑎 + ⁡ 𝐿𝑏 = 2.701⁡
𝑘𝑚
3. Calculate the loop inductance and reactance per kilometre of single-phase line comprising
of two parallel conductors one meter apart and 1 cm in diameter when the material of
conductor is 1) Copper 2) Steel with relative permeability 50.

Solution:

4. A current-carrying conductor of diameter 1.2cm and length 45m is kept in free space with
uniform current density. The current flowing in the conductor is 2A. [Use frequency=50Hz,
if required]
Calculate the differential flux linkage for a small region of thickness 0.2cm at a distance of
0.25cm from the centre of the conductor.
Calculate the reactance of the conductor due to internal flux linkage.
Calculate the total flux linkage between two points 0.2cm & 0.5cm from the surface of the
conductor.
Calculate the total flux linkage of the conductor.
Calculate the total reactance of the conductor.
Solution:
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑥 3
𝑑𝜆 = ⁡
4
𝑑𝑥
𝜇
2𝜋𝑟
Xint = 2*pi*f*Lint*length=2𝜋𝑓 ∗ 8𝜋𝑜 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐷 +𝑟
𝜆𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ⁡⁡2 ∗ 10−7 𝐼 (ln 𝐷2+𝑟) ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (Unit: Wb)
1
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝜆 = (𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝜆𝑒𝑥𝑡 ) ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 8𝜋
𝑋 = 𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑋𝑒𝑥𝑡
5. The conductors of a 10km long, single phase, two wire line are separated by 1.5m. The
diameter of each conductor is 1cm.If the conductors are of copper, calculate the inductance
of the circuit?
Solution:
𝑑
Inductance of a 1-phase circuit with copper conductors is: 𝐿𝑎𝑏 = 2𝐿𝑎 =2*0.2ln (𝑟 ′ )
Distance of the separation of the conductors: d=1.5m
radius of the conductors: r=0.5cm
calculation of the effective radius of the conductor:
𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10−2 𝑚
1.5
𝐿𝑎𝑏 = 0.4 ln ( ) 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.7788 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10−2
2.38𝑚𝐻
𝐿𝑎𝑏 =
𝑘𝑚
For the 10km length of line: 𝐿𝑎𝑏 = 2.38 ∗ 10𝑚𝐻 =23.8mH

6. A 20-km single-phase transmission line having 0.823 cm diameter has two-line conductors
separated by 1.5 meter. The conductor has a resistance of 0.311 ohm per kilometer. Find
the loop impedance of this line at 50 Hz.

Solution:

Loop length = 20 km = 2 × 104 ⁡𝑚

Total loop inductance is L = 2 × 104 ⁡(µ/π loge (D/r) + µi / 4π ) henry
Here, D = 1.5 m; r = 0.823/2 = 0.412 cm = 4.12 × 10−3 ⁡𝑚
Assuming µr = 1 for copper conductors since they are non-magnetic and taking µr = 1 for
air, we have:

= 8 × (10−3) (5.89 + 0.25) = 49.12 × 10−3 H

Reactance X = 2π × 50 × 49.12 × 10−3= 15.44 Ω.
Loop resistance = 2 × 20 × 0.311 = 12.44 Ω 
Loop impedance = √ (12.442 + 15.442) = 19.86 Ω

7. (a.) Find the loop inductance and reactance per kilometre of single-phase overhead line
consisting of two conductors, each 1.213 cm diameter. The spacing between conductors is
1.25 meters and the frequency is 50 Hertz.
Solution:

Diameter=1.1213cm; r=0.6065cm=0.6065×10−2m; D=1.25m

(b.) A wire 4 mm in diameter is suspended at a constant height 10 m above sea level which
constitutes the return conductor. Calculate the inductance of the system per km.

Solution:

Diameter=4mm; Height=10m above sea level

Using method of images

 Tutorial 3: EEN 206
Power Transmission and Distribution

1. A three-phase line is designed with equilateral spacing of 16 feet (𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷13 ). It is
decided to build the line with horizontal spacing (𝐷13 = 2𝐷12 = 2𝐷23 ). The conductors
are transposed, what should be the spacing between adjacent conductor to obtain the same
inductance as in original design.

Solution:
𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷13 = 16 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
16
𝐿1 = 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝑟′
When the conductors are placed horizontally with spacing,
𝐷13 = 2𝐷12 = 2𝐷23
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = (𝐷 × 𝐷 × 2𝐷)1/3 = 1.26𝐷
1.26𝐷
𝐿2 = 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝑟′
Given, we want to obtain the same inductance; 𝐿1 = 𝐿2
16 1.26𝐷
2 × 10−7 ln ( ′ ) = 2 × 10−7 ln ( ′ )
𝑟 𝑟
𝐷 = 12.69 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡

2. For the transmission line given; Diameter = 21 mm, frequency = 50 Hz.

 Calculate inductive reactance per phase per km of the line.

Solution:
21
𝑟= = 10.5 × 10−3 𝑚
2

𝐷𝑒𝑞 = (3 × 5 × 3.6)1/3 = 3.7797 m

The inductance of line is:
𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln ( ) = 1.227 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.7788 × 𝑟
The inductive reactance per phase per km:
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 1.227 × 10−6 = 0.385 Ω/𝑘𝑚
3. A 3-phase untransposed transmission line and a telephone line are supported on the same
tower as shown in the given figure. The power line carries a 60-Hz balanced current of 200
A per phase. The telephone line is located directly below phase b. Assuming balanced 3-
phase currents in the power line, find the voltage per kilometer induced in the telephone
line. (Assume: for positive sequence, phase-a as reference & abc as phase sequence).

Solution:
4. Determine the inductance of a single-phase transmission line consisting of three conductors
of 2.5 mm radii in the ‘go’ conductor and 5 mm radii in the return conductor. The
configuration of line is as shown below. (a) L = 1.42mH/km; (b) L = 1.485mH/km]
 Solution:
(a ) GMRA = 3 GMRa  GMRb  GMRc
GMRa = GMRc = 3 0.7788  0.0025  6  12 = 0.51947 m
GMRb = 3
0.7788  0.0025  6  6 = 0.4123m
GMRA = 3
0.51947  0.4123  0.51947 = 0.4809m
GMRB = 4
( 0.7788  5  6 )( 0.7788  5  6 ) = 0.1528m
GMDA = GMDB = 6
9  10.81  9  10.81  10.81  15 = 10.74m
10.74
LA = 2  10−7 ln = 0.62mH / km
0.4809
10.74
LB = 2  10 −7 ln = 0.8mH / km
0.1528
L = LA + LB = 1.42mH / km

(b) GMRA = 3 GMRa  GMRb  GMRc

GMRa = GMRc = 3 0.7788  0.0025  4  8 = 0.3964m
GMRb = 3
0.7788  0.0025  4  4 = 0.3146m
GMRA = 3
0.3964  0.3146  0.3964 = 0.367m
GMRB = 2
( 0.7788  5  4 ) = 0.1248m

GMDA = GMDB = 6
68  10  68  10  68  10 = 8.7936m
8.7936
LA = 2  10−7 ln = 0.635mH / km
0.367
10.74
LB = 2  10−7 ln = 0.85mH / km
0.1248
L = LA + LB = 1.485mH / km

5. A 3-phase 50 km long single circuit 66 kV transposed overhead line has horizontal spacing
with 3 m between adjacent conductors and 6 m between outer conductors. The conductor
diameter is 2 cm. Find the Inductance per phase?
Given: ( l=50km, D=3m between adjacent conductors, D=6m between outer conductors,
Diameter = 2 cm)

Solution:

Effective radius of the conductor can be calculated as

r’ = 0.7788×1×10−2m = 7.788×10−2 𝑚
 GMD of the three-phase conductor are given by
3
√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 =3.776993

The inductance is
3
√𝑑12 𝑑23 𝑑31
L=2× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝑟′

L=1.236× 10−6 𝐻/𝑚

L=1.236× 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚

𝐿50 = 1.236 × 10−3 × 50=0.0618H

6. A single phase 60 Hz overhead power line is symmetrically supported on a horizontal

crossarm. Spacing between the centers of the conductors (say a and b) is 2.5m. A telephone
line is also symmetrically supported on a horizontal crossarm 1.8m directly below the
power line. Spacing between the centers of these conductors (say c and d) is 1.0m.
Show that mutual inductance per unit length between circuit a-b and circuit c-d is given
by:
𝐷𝑎𝑑 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐻
4 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛√ .
𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑑 𝑚

Compute the mutual inductance per km between power line and telephone line.

2.5m b
a

1.8m

c d
1m
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝐼𝑎 = −𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼 𝐴(𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑑 = 0)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∑ 𝐼 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝,

1 1 1 1
𝜆𝑐 = 2 × 10−7 (𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ′ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 )
𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝑟𝑐 𝐷𝑑𝑐
𝐷𝑏𝑐
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝜆𝑐 = 2 × 10−7 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑡/𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑐
𝐷𝑏𝑑
𝜆𝑑 = 2 × 10−7 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑡/𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑑
𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑎𝑑
𝜆𝑐𝑑 = 𝜆𝑐 − 𝜆𝑑 = 2 × 10−7 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑡/𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑑
𝜆𝑐𝑑 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑎𝑑 𝐻
𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 4 × 10−7 × 𝑙𝑛 .
𝐼 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑑 𝑚

B. 𝐷𝑎𝑐 = √(1.25 − 0.5)2 + 1.82 = 1.95 𝑚.

𝐷𝑎𝑑 = √(1.25 + 0.5)2 + 1.82 = 2.51 𝑚.

2.51 𝐻
𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 × 10−7 × 𝑙𝑛 = 1.01 × 10−7 .
1.95 𝑚

7. Find the inductance per phase per km of double circuit 3-phase line shown in Fig.
The conductors are transposed and are of radius 0·75 cm each. The phase
sequence is ABC.
Solution:
 Tutorial 4: EEN 206
Power Transmission and Distribution

1. A single circuit 460 km line using two bundled conductors per phase is shown in the figure.
The radius of each conductor is 2 cm, and the sub-conductor distance is 20 cm. Calculate
the surge impedance loading (SIL), if 100 KV is travelled along the line.

Solution.
Calculation of Inductance:
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = (8 × 8 × 16)1/3 = 10.079 𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = (𝑟′ × 𝑠)1/2 = (0.7788 × 2 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 ) = 0.055 𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 × ln( ) = 1.042 × 10−6 𝐻/𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝐺𝐷𝑀
Calculation of Capacitance:
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = (8 × 8 × 16)1/3 = 10.079 𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = (𝑟 × 𝑠)1/2 = (2 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 ) = 0.063 𝑚
2𝜋𝜀𝑜
𝐶= = 1.096 × 10−11 𝐹/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln( )
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝐺𝐷𝑀
Characteristic Impedance:

𝐿 1.042 × 10−6
𝑍𝐶 = √ = √ = 308.33 Ω
𝐶 1.096 × 10−11

𝑉2 1002
𝑆𝐼𝐿 = = = 32.43 𝑀𝑊
𝑍𝐶 308.33
2. A three-phase voltage of 11 KV is applied to a line having 𝑅 = 10 Ω and 𝑋 = 12 Ω per conductor.
At the end of line is a balanced load of P KWs at leading power factor (PF). At what value of P, the
voltage regulation is zero when PF of the load is 0.85.

Solution:

When, 𝑃𝐹 = 0.85 = cos (𝜃𝑅 ) => 𝜃𝑅 = 31.78𝑜

 After solving the condition for zero voltage regulation we get:
𝜋 𝐼𝑅. 𝑍 𝑋
𝜃𝑅 = − 𝜃𝑧 + sin−1 ( ) ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑧 = tan−1 ( )
2 2𝑉𝑅 𝑅
𝜋 𝐼𝑅 × 15.6
31.78𝑜 = − 50.19𝑜 + sin−1 ( 3
)
2 2 × 6.53 × 10
𝐼𝑅 = −113.57 𝐴𝑚𝑝
Current is flowing from Receiving end to sending end. Hence, no solution of P is possible for
zero regulation.
 3. A 50 Hz transmission line 300 km long has a series impedance of 40 j125 ohms and a
total shunt admittance of 10-3 mho. The load draws 50 MW at 220 kV with 0.8 pf
lagging. Find the sending end voltage, current and power factor using (a) Short line
approximation and (b) Nominal π method.
Solution:
Z = 40 + j125 = 131.272.3 
Y = 10−3 90 
The receiving end load is 50 MW at 220 kV,0.8 pf lagging.
50
 IR =  − 36.9 = 0.164 − 36.9 kA
3  220  0.8

(a)Short line approximation:

VS  1 Z  VR 
 I  = 0 1   I R 
 S 
VS = 127 + 0.164 − 36.9 131.272.3 = 1454.9
VS line
= 251.2 kV
I S = I R = 0.164 − 36.9 kA
Sending-end pf = cos (4.9 + 36.9 = 41.8) = 0.745 lagging
Sending-end power = 3  251.2  0.164  0.745 = 53.2 MW

(b) Nominal- method:

1 1
A = D = 1 + YZ = 1 +  10−3 90 131.272.3
2 2
= 1 + 0.0656162.3 = 0.9381.2
B = Z = 131.272.3
1 1
C = Y (1 + YZ ) = Y + Y 2 Z
4 4
1 −6
= 0.00190 + 10 180 131.272.3 = 0.00190
4
VS = 0.9381.2 127 + 131.272.3 0.164 − 36.9
= 119.11.2 + 21.535.4 = 137.46.2
VS line
= 238 kV
I S = 0.00190180 131.272.3 = 0.00190
VS = 0.9381.2 127 + 0.9381.2 0.164 − 36.9
= 0.12790 + 0.154 − 35.7 = 0.1316.5
Sending-end pf = cos (16.5 − 6.2 = 10.3) = 0.984 leading
Sending-end power = 3  238  0.13  0.984 = 52.7 MW
 4. The single-phase transmission line of length 50 km is now supplying 8 kV to an 800
kVA, 0.9 PF lagging single-phase load. The transmission line has the resistance of 2.1
ohms and reactance of 32.3 ohms.
(a) What is the sending end voltage and current of this transmission line?
(b) What is the efficiency of the transmission line under these conditions?
(c) What is the voltage regulation of the transmission line under these conditions?
Solution:
At 50 km length, we can treat this transmission line as a “short” line and ignore the effects
of the shunt admittance. The corresponding equivalent circuit is shown below.

The transmission line is supplying a voltage of 8 kV at the load, so the magnitude of the
current flowing to the load is

(a) If we assume that the voltage at the load is arbitrarily assigned to be at 0° phase, and
the power factor of the load is 0.9 lagging, the phasor current flowing to the load is

The voltage at the sending end of the transmission line is then

(b) The complex output power from the transmission line is

Therefore, the output power is

The complex input power to the transmission line is

Therefore, the input power is

The resulting efficiency is

 (c) The voltage regulation of the transmission line is

5. A 500-KV, three-phase transmission line is 250 km long. The series impedance is z =

0.045+j0.4 ohm/phase/km and the shunt admittance is y=j4*(10^-6) siemens/phase/km.
Evaluate the equivalent pi-model and the transmission matrix.
Answer:
ABCD = [0.9504+j0.0055 10.8778+j98.3624; -0.0000+j0.0010 0.9504+j0.0055]
Z= 10.8778+j98.3624
Y = 0.0000+j0.0010
6. The single-phase transmission line is operating with the receiving side of the line open-
circuited. The sending end voltage is 8 kV at 50 Hz. How much charging current is
flowing in the line? The total series impedance of this line is Z =2.1+ j32.3 Ω and 𝑌𝑠ℎ =
𝑗8.95 × 10−5 𝑆
Solution:
The charging current can be calculated by open circuiting the output of the transmission line
and calculating 𝐼𝑆
𝑌𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆
𝐼𝑆 = +
2 1
𝑍+
𝑌/2

(𝑗8.95×10−5 𝑆)(8000∠0𝜊 ) 8000∠0𝜊

𝐼𝑆 = + 1
2 Z =2.1+ j32.3 Ω +
𝑗8.95×10−5 𝑆/2

𝐼𝑆 = 0.358∠90𝜊 𝐴 + 0.358∠90𝜊 𝐴 = 0.716∠90𝜊 𝐴

7. A three phase 110kV, 50 Hz transmission line has flat horizontal spacing with 3.5m
between adjacent conductors. The conductor diameter is given as 1.05 cm. Find the
capacitance to neutral and charging current per kilometer of line.
Solution:
1
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = (3.5 × 3.5 × 7)3 = 4.4𝑚

0.0242 0.0242
𝐶𝑛 = = = 0.00826 𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑞 440
log ( 𝑟 ) log ( )
0.525
1 106 106 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑋𝑛 = = = 0.384 × 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜔𝐶𝑛 314 × 0.00826 𝑘𝑚
 𝑉 (110/√3)×1000
Charging current = 𝑋𝑛 = = 0.17 𝐴/𝑘𝑚
𝑛 0.384×106

8. Question: The horizontally placed conductors of a single-phase line operating at 50 Hz

are having outside diameter of 1.6 cm, and the spacing between centers of the conductors
is 6 m. The permittivity of free space is 8.854 × 10–12 F/m. The capacitance to ground per
kilometer of each line is
Solution: Capacitance to ground/m of each line
2π∈0
C= F/m
D
In
r

Where D is spacing between conductors and r is the radius of conductor.

2π × 8.854 × 10-12
⇒C= F/m
600
In
0.8

= 8.4 × 10-12 F/m

⇒ C = 8.4 × 10-9 F/km
 Tutorial 5: EEN 206
Power Transmission and Distribution

1. At an industrial substation with a 4 MW load a capacitor of 2 MVAR is installed to

maintain the power factor of 0.97 lag. If the capacitor goes out of service, find the load
power factor.
Solution:

𝜃𝑅 = 14.06𝑜
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑅 ) = 4 × tan(14.06) = 1 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Now,
𝑄𝑅 + 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐷
𝑄𝐷 = 1 + 2 = 3 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑗𝑄𝐷 = 4 + 𝑗3 = 5∠36.86𝑜
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = cos(36.86𝑜 ) = 0.80 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
2. A single motor is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply. The motor draws a current of 31.7
Amp at a power factor of 0.7 lag. The capacitance required in parallel with motor to raise
the power factor to 0.9 lag is _____ 𝜇𝐹.
Solution: Active power drawn by motor, 𝑃 = 400 × 31.7 × 0.7 = 8876 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑄 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 400 × 31.7 × sin(cos−1 (0.7)) = 9055.31 𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = cos(𝜃2 ) = 0.9 => 𝜃2 = 25.842𝑜
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝜃2 = 8876 × tan(25.842) = 4298.855 𝑉𝐴𝑅
So, reactive power that must be compensated by capacitor,
𝜃𝐶 = 9055.31 − 4298.85 = 4756.46 𝑉𝐴𝑅

3. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 500-kV lossless transmission line is 300 km long. The line inductance
and capacitance are 0.97 mH/km per phase & 0.0115 microFarad/km per phase,
respectively. Determine the following:
 a) The line phase constant β, the surge impedance, velocity of propagation and the line
wavelength.
b) The sending end quantities & the voltage regulation with the receiving end rated load
given as 800 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging at 500 kV.
Solution: a)

𝛽 = 𝑤√𝐿𝐶

𝐿
𝑍𝑐 = √
𝐶

1
𝑣=
√𝐿𝐶
𝜆 = 𝑣/𝑓
b) receiving end power, S(3-phase) = (800/0.8)∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8=800+j600 MVA
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝐼𝑅 = 1154.7∠ − 36.87 𝐴
𝑉𝑆 = cos(𝛽𝑙) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝑐 sin(𝛽𝑙) 𝐼𝑅
1
𝐼𝑆 = j sin(𝛽𝑙) 𝑉𝑅 + cos(𝛽𝑙) 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝑐
𝑆𝑆 = 3𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆∗
Percent, VR = ((Vs-Vr)/Vr)*100
4. (a) An 800 kV transmission line has a maximum power transfer capacity of 400MW. When
operated at 400 kV with the series reactance unchanged, the new maximum power transfer
capacity is approximately
𝑃1 𝑉12
Solution: =
𝑃2 𝑉22

400 8002
=
𝑃2 4002
P2= 100MW
(b) A load is supplied by a 230 V, 50 Hz. The active power P and the reactive power Q
consumed by the load such that 1 kW ≤ P ≤ 2 kW and 1 kVAR ≤ Q ≤ 2 kVAR. A capacitor
connected across the load for power factor correction generates 1 kVAR reactive power.
The worst-case power factor after power correction is
Solution: For worst case pf,

Q = Reactive power must be maximum and P = Real power must be minimum

 Q = QL – QC = 2 – 1 = 1KVAR

Q = 1kW

Tan(ϕ)=(Q/P) =1

ϕ=45degree

pf = cos(ϕ) = 0.707 lag

5. A 138 kV, 200 MVA, 50 Hz, three-phase, power transmission line is 100 km long, and
has the following characteristics:
r = 0.103 Ω/km
x = 0.525 Ω/km
y = 3.3 × 10-6 S/km
If the series resistance and shunt admittance of the transmission line are ignored, what
would the value of the angle δ be at rated conditions and 0.90 PF lagging?
Solution:
Vs = VR + jXI R
Vs = 79.6700 kV + ( j52.5)(837 − 25.80
Vs = = 106.421.80

Since  is the angle between Vs &VR  =21.8

6. A 132 kV transmission line has the following data: Wt. of conductor = 680 kg/km; Length
of span = 260 m; Ultimate strength = 3100 kg; Safety factor = 2. Calculate the height above
ground at which the conductor should be supported. Ground clearance required is 10
metres.
Solution.
Wt. of conductor/metre run, w = 680/1000 = 0·68 kg
Ultimate strength
Working tension, T = = 3100/2 = 1550 kg
Safety factor

Span length, l = 260 m

wl2 0.68 X (260)2
Sag = = =3.7m
8T 8 X 1550

∴ Conductor should be supported at a height of 10 + 3·7 = 13·7 m

7. A 275 kV transmission line has the following line constants: A = 0.85 ∠ 5° and B = 200
∠75°. Determine the power at Unity Power Factor (UPF) that can be received if the voltage
profile at each end is to be maintained at 275 kV.
Solution:
Concept:
The reactive power flow in a transmission line is given by

VSVR AVR2
Q= sin (  −  ) − sin (  −  ) = 0
B B
Where VS and VR are the sending end and receiving end voltages of transmission line respectively.
For unity power factor load, reactive power is zero i.e., Q = 0
The active power flow in a transmission line is given by,
VV AVR2
P = S R cos (  −  ) − cos (  −  )
B B

Calculation:
Given that, VS = 275 kV, VR = 275 kV

B = 20075   = 75
A = 0.855   = 5

275  275 0.85  2752

Q= sin ( 75 − 5) −

sin ( 75 − 5 ) = 0
200 200
  = 22

Power delivered at unity power factor is,

275  25 0.85  2752
P= cos ( 75 − 22 ) − cos ( 75 − 5 )
200 200
 P = 117.6 kW  118 MW

8. A 220kV transmission line is supplying 120MW at 0.6 pf lag. The line resistance and shunt
admittances are negligible. The series reactance of line is 100 ohm. Calculate approximate
voltage boost produced by 30% series capacitive compensation.
Solution:
𝐾𝑠ℎ = 30 % = 0.3
𝑋𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝐾𝑠ℎ =
𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐾𝑠ℎ × 𝑋𝐿

= 0.3 × 100 = 30 𝑜ℎ𝑚.

 𝑃𝑟
𝐼𝑟 =
√3 × |𝑉𝑟 | × 𝑝𝑓𝑟
120 × 106
= = 524.863 𝐴.
√3 × 220 × 103 × 0.6
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐼𝑟 × 𝑋𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 × sin 𝜃𝑟

= 524.86 × 30 × 0.8 = 12.596 𝑘𝑉