Anatomy and Physiology

Palao-ay, G.

The Cell
-Basic structural and functional units of life (Caranto, L. 2004)
-HX-Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwan
Cell Theory – “ A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms; when you define the properties of a cell,
you are in fact defining the properties of life” (Marieb, 2014)

1. The plasma membrane forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment (inside the cell)
from the external environment (outside the cell). (Tortora, G, et.al, 2009)
“Cell Door” - regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell.
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2. The cytoplasm (-plasm _ formed or molded) consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus. (Tortora, G, et.al, 2009)
Cytosol- the fluid portion of cytoplasm contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles.
Organelles – (little organs) structures within the cell with specific functions.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
“Factory”
Ribosome may attach
(+): Rough ER = protein synthesis
(-) : Smooth ER = Lipid production
Golgi Complex/Apparatus
 “Shipping and Receiving”
 Also called vesicles
 Produces lysosomes
Mitochondria
 “Powerhouse”
 Produce ATP for energy
 2 functions
o Glycolysis – Breaking down of glycogen
o Breaking down of oxygen
Centrioles
 Contain microtubules
 Anatomy and Physiology
Palao-ay, G.

Cilia and flagella

Help in movement
a. Whip-like (tail)- move the cell
b. Oar-like – move particles

3. The nucleus (nut kernel) is a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA. (Tortora, G, et.al, 2009)
chromosome (chromo- _ colored), a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of
hereditary unit called genes that control most aspects of cellular structure and function.
Control center and is the largest organelle in the cell

Transports:
Passive
Diffusion
Osmosis
 Isotonic- equal
 Hypertonic
 Hypotonic
Active
 Exocytosis- from/out of the cell
 Endocytosis – into the cell
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

Cell Division

Mitosis
1. Normal Cell division
2. One cell divides into two cells
3. Each cell has 23 x and y chromosome
4. Accomplished through chromosome duplication – each part of the doubled chromosome is called chromatid

Phases

Interphase
Centrioles/Chromosomes duplicating
Prophase
Nuclear envelope disappears
Chromosomes condensed/duplicated
Spindle fibers appear
Metaphase
Spindle apparatus fully formed
Centrioles at extremes
Chromosomes moving apart
Anaphase
Spindle elongated
Chromosomes move apart
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reappears
Spinate apparatus disappears