Electronics-I

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

Reference

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT THEORY

• Robert L. Boylestad , Louis Nashelsky
ELECTRONIC DEVICES (conventional current version)
• Thomas L. Floyd

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS
• For the series diode configuration of Fig. a , employing the diode
characteristics of Fig. b , determine:
a. VDQ and IDQ.
b. VR .

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
• The forward resistance of the diode is usually so small compared to the other
series elements of the network that it can be ignored.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: For the series diode configuration of Fig. , determine VD , VR ,
and ID .

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: For the series diode configuration of Fig, determine VD , VR , and ID .

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: Determine Vo and ID for the series circuit of Fig. (Led
volt=1.8V)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: Determine ID , VD2, and Vo for the circuit of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES DIODE CONFIGURATIONS
Determine I , V1 , V2 , and Vo for the series dc configuration of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
• Determine Vo , I1 , ID1, and ID2 for the parallel diode configuration of
Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
• Determine Vo , I1 , ID1, and ID2 for the parallel diode configuration of
Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: There are two LEDs that can be used as a polarity detector.
Apply a positive source voltage and a green light results. Negative
supplies result in a red light. Packages of such combinations are
commercially available. Find the resistor R to ensure a current of 20 mA
through the “on” diode for the configuration of Figure. Both diodes
have a reverse breakdown voltage of 3 V and an average turn-on
voltage of 2 V.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: Determine the voltage V o for the network of Figure.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: Determine the currents I1 , I2 , and ID2 for the network of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

PARALLEL AND SERIES–PARALLEL CONFIGURATIONS
Problem: Determine the currents I1 , I2 , and ID2 for the network of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 AND/OR GATES

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
• Problem:
a. Sketch the output vo and determine the dc level of the output for the network of
Fig.
b. Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if Vm is increased to 200 V, and compare solutions using
Eqs. Vdc= 0.318 Vm and Vdc=0.318(Vm-Vk)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
Soln: a.

b.
c.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS; HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
PIV (PRV):

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Bridge Network)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Bridge Network)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Bridge Network)
For Si Diode

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Bridge Network)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Center-Tapped Transformer)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION (Center-Tapped Transformer)

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
Capacitor-Input Filter:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
• Ripple Voltage: The variation in the capacitor voltage due to the
charging and discharging is called the ripple voltage.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
• Ripple Voltage:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
• Ripple Factor: The ripple factor (r) is an indication of the effectiveness
of the filter and is defined as

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
• Surge Current in the Capacitor-Input Filter: Before the switch in Figure
is closed, the filter capacitor is uncharged. At the instant the switch is
closed, voltage is connected to the bridge and the uncharged
capacitor appears as a short, as shown. This produces an initial surge V
of current, Isurge, through the two forward-biased diodes D1 and D2.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
• The worst-case situation occurs when the switch is closed at a peak of
the secondary voltage and a maximum surge current, Isurge(max), is
produced, as illustrated in the figure.
• In dc power supplies, a fuse is always placed in the primary circuit of V
the transformer, as shown in Figure. A slow-blow type fuse is
generally used because of the surge current that initially occurs when
power is first turned on. The fuse rating is determined by calculating
the power in the power supply load, which is the output power. Since
Pin = Pout in an ideal transformer, the primary current can be
calculated as

The fuse rating should be at least 20% larger than the calculated value of Ipri.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
Voltage Regulators:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLIPPERS
Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a portion of an
input signal without distorting the remaining part of the applied
waveform.
Series

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source
Problem: Determine the output waveform for the sinusoidal input of
Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 SERIES CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source
• Problem: Find the output voltage for the network if the applied signal
is the square wave of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SERIES CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

Parallel CLIPPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 Parallel CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source
Problem: Determine vo for the network of Fig.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

Parallel CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source
Vi = 4 V

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 Parallel CLIPPERS with a Voltage Source
Problem: Repeat problem for silicon Diode.

Transition Voltage

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLIPPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLIPPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLIPPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLIPPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS
• A clamper is a network constructed of a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor that
shifts a waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the
applied signal.
• Clamping networks have a capacitor connected directly from input to output with
a resistive element in parallel with the output signal. The diode is also in parallel
with the output signal but may or may not have a series dc supply as an added
element.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS
• Determine vo for the network of Fig for the input indicated.

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS
Repeat problem using a silicon diode.
Solutions:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 CLAMPERS

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 VOLTAGE-MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS
Voltage Doubler:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 VOLTAGE-MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS
Voltage Doubler:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

 VOLTAGE-MULTIPLIER CIRCUITS
Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler:

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU

SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU
SUBRATA BHOWMIK, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, NSTU