INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH-STEP-DOWN

CONVERTER
PROJECT
CURRENT STATUS

ANCY FELIX

M4, POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES

TRV21EEPR01
GUIDED BY: Dr. DINESH GOPINATH
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,BARTON HILL

March 28, 2023

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
2 MOTIVATION
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6 SIMULATION
7 RESULTS
8 LTspice SIMULATION RESULTS
9 TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION
10 DESIGN
11 COMPONENTS
12 COMPONENTS
13 CONCLUSION
14 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

INTRODUCTION

In electric vehicles, battery chargers, voltage regulators etc., step-down converters

are essential
Conventional choice is a buck converter
For some applications, it is required to interface a large voltage source to a low
voltage sink.
Results in very low duty ratios, and sometimes impractical with a single buck
converter
Solution is to go for either multi-stage or a topology with high step-down conversion
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MOTIVATION

For high input voltage applications, the voltage stress of a buck converter is large
Operating at extremely low duty cycles leads to poor characteristics.
High peak current
To reduce these problems, a high step-down converter is discussed.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

LITERATURE REVIEW

An Improved Cascade Buck Converter for High Step-Down DC-DC

Applications by I. O. Lee, S. Y. Cho and G. W. Moon,
[IEEE Journal On Industrial Electronics]
In a single switch quadratic buck converter, additional diodes and reactive
components are required.
An improved cascade buck converter is proposed
Can achieve high step down conversion
Reduce the size of passive components

Figure 1: Circuit model of cascade buck

converter for high step application
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

LITERATURE REVIEW

Interleaved Buck Converter Having Low Switching Losses And Improved

Step-Down Conversion Ratio by Mohammad Lotfi Nejad, Morteza Esteki,
[ IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics]
A new interleaved buck converter topology is
introduced
low output current ripple
low switching losses
Disadvantages:
High voltage switches and diodes are required
Cannot operate at D > 0.5
Figure 2: Circuit model of Interleaved
Buck Converter
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

LITERATURE REVIEW
High Step-Down Nonisolated DC–DC Converter With Coupled Inductor
by Mahdi Rezvanyvardom and Amin Mirzaei
[IEEE Journal on Power Electronics ]
In a DC-DC buck converter with autotransformer,high voltage stress takes place
A high step down DC-DC converter with
coupled inductors is introduced
Low current stress
Provides current ripple cancelation
Disadvantages:
Losses due to coupled inductors are high
High cost and
Figure 3: Circuit model of non isolated
Total number of elements are high DC-DC converter using coupled inductor
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

OBJECTIVE

To design, analyse and simulate buck converter for high-step-down applications.

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

METHODOLOGY

Evaluation of interleaved buck converter with cascade buck converter

Modelling and simulation
Performance Evaluation
Implementation Of Hardware Prototype
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4: Block diagram of the high step-down dc–dc converter

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 5: Circuit diagram high step-down dc–dc converter

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SWITCHING SIGNAL

Figure 6: Switching Signal Waveform of high step-down dc–dc converter

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

M1 & M2 are Unidirectional Switches.

L1 and L2 are the Inductors.
C1 & C2 are capacitors.
D1 and D2 are the diodes
R0 is the Output load
Vg is Input Voltage
V is Output Voltage
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODES OF OPERATION

Four modes of operation - Mode-1,Mode-2,Mode-3 and Mode-4

Based on two conditions
Condition-1:D < 0.5
Condition-2:D > 0.5
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CONDITION-1:D < 0.5

MODE-1

Figure 7: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-1 Operation

At t0 ,M1 is turned ON.

D1 is OFF
C1 & C2 gets charged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-1
(t0 ≤ t ≤ t1 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL1 = Vg -VC 1 -V.....................................................1
VL2 =-V..................................................................2
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-2
(t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 )

Figure 8: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-2 Operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

Starts when M1 is turned OFF.

D1 is ON
C1 & C2 gets charged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-2
(t1 ≤ t ≤t2 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL1 = -VC 1 -V.....................................................3
VL2 =-V..............................................................4
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-3
(t2 ≤ t3 )

Figure 9: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-3 Operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

At t2 ,M2 is turned ON.

D1 is ON
C1 gets charged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-3
(t2 ≤ t ≤ t3 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL2 =-V..............................................................5
VL1 = V-VC 1 .......................................................6
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-4
(t3 ≤ t4 )

Similar to Mode-2 operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

Condition-2:D > 0.5

MODE-1

Figure 10: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-1 Operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

M1 and M2 turned ON.

C2 is charged
L1 gets discharged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-1
(t0 ≤ t ≤ t1 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL1 = Vg -V.....................................................7
VL2 =VC 1 -V.....................................................8
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-2
(t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 )

Figure 11: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-2 Operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

M2 is OFF.
D2 is ON.
C1 & C2 gets charged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-2
(t1 ≤ t ≤t2 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL1 = VC 1 +V-Vg ....................................................9
VL2 =-V..................................................................10
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-3
(t2 ≤ t ≤ t3 )

Similar to Mode-1 operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-4
(t3 ≤ t ≤ t4 )

Figure 12: Circuit Diagram Of Mode-4 Operation

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

M1 is OFF.
D1 is ON.
C1 & C2 gets charged.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

MODE-4
(t1 ≤ t2 )

Inductor Voltage VL1 & VL1 are obtained as:

VL1 =-V....................................................11
VL2 =VC 1 -V................................................12
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 13: Simulation Of the High stepdown converter

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 14: Voltage waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 15: Voltage waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 16: Current waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 17: Current waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L1

Figure 18: Voltage waveform of inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L2

Figure 19: Voltage waveform of inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Figure 20: output waveform

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

LTspice SIMULATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 21: Simulation Of the High stepdown converter

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Figure 22: output waveform

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 23: Voltage waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 24: Current waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 25: Voltage waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 26: Current waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L1

Figure 27: Voltage waveform of inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L1

Figure 28: Current waveform of inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L2

Figure 29: Voltage waveform of inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L2

Figure 30: Current waveform of inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE D1

Figure 31: Voltage waveform of Diode D1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF DIODE D1

Figure 32: Current waveform of Diode D1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF DIODE D2

Figure 33: Current waveform of Diode D2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE D2

Figure 34: Voltage waveform of Diode D2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION

Sl.no Parameter Value

1 Input Voltage 400 V
2 Output Voltage 24 V
3 Output current 5A
4 Power 120 W
5 Switching Frequency 50 kHz
6 L1 1.5mH
7 L2 0.5mH
Table 1: Tentative Specification
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION

Sl.no Parameter Value

8 C1 100µF
9 C2 33µF
10 Output resistance,R1 5Ω
Table 2: Tentative Specification
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

DESIGN
Output Voltage V =24V.
Input VoltageVg = 400V.
Power P0 =120W
Conversion Ratio,D2 = VVg = 0.25
The dc conversion ratio of the step down converter can be derived by using the
principle of inductor volt second balance;

(VC 1 + V − Vg ) ∗ D = V ∗ (1 − D) (1)
(VC 1 − V ) ∗ D = V ∗ (1 − D) (2)
Equating 1 and 2,We get
VC 1 = Vg ∗ (1 − D) (3)
Substituting the value of VC 1 in equation 1
(Vg (1 − D) + V − Vg ) ∗ D = V ∗ (1 − D) (4)
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

DESIGN

We get;
Vg D 2 = V (5)

Switching Frequency , fs =50KHz

Time ,Ts=1/fs = 2 ∗ 10−5
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

DESIGN OF LOAD RESISTOR

load resistor
Vo 2 242
= = = 5Ω (6)
Po 120
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

DESIGN
DESIGN OF INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS

Inductor,L1
√ 3 Vg
= ( D − D − D2) ∗ (7)
∆iL1 ∗ fs
√ 3 400
= ( 0.25 − 0.25 − 0.25 2 ) ∗ = 1.4mH ≈ 1.5mH (8)
0.7 ∗ 50 ∗ 103
Inductor,L2
3 Vg
= (D − D 2 ) ∗ (9)
∆iL2 ∗ fs
3 400
= (0.25 − 0.25 2 ) ∗ = 0.5mH (10)
1.5 ∗ 50 ∗ 103
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

DESIGN OF INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR

Capacitor,C1
Io ∗ D 5.4 ∗ 0.25
= = = 90µF ≈ 100µF (11)
2∆VC 1 ∗ fs 2 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 50 ∗ 103

Capacitor,C2
1 1
= √ = √ = 3.32µF ≈ 33µF (12)
4∗ 3 ∗ fs ∗ r ∗ R1 4 ∗ 3 ∗ 50 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.01
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

COMPONETS AND IT’S SPECIFICATION

Sl.no Components Rating

1 switch,M1 FQPS6OC
2 switch,M2 NTPO11N15MC
3 diode,D1 IL5406
4 diode,D2 10A05G
5 Capacitor,C1 100µF
6 Capacitor,C2 33µF
Table 3: Components And Ratings
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

COMPONETS AND IT’S SPECIFICATION

Sl.no Components Rating

7 Inductor,L1 1.5mH
8 Inductor,L2 0.5mH
9 Load Resistor,R1 5Ω
Table 4: Components And Ratings
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 35: circuit diagram for variable loads

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

Figure 36: output voltage waveform

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

OUTPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM

Figure 37: output current waveform

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 38: Voltage waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M1

Figure 39: Current waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 40: Voltage waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH M2

Figure 41: Current waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L1

Figure 42: Voltage waveform of inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L1

Figure 43: Current waveform of inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L2

Figure 44: Voltage waveform of inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF INDUCTOR L2

Figure 45: Current waveform of inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE D1

Figure 46: Voltage waveform of Diode D1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF DIODE D1

Figure 47: Current waveform of Diode D1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE D2

Figure 48: Voltage waveform of Diode D2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

SIMULATION WAVEFORM FOR DIFFERENT LOADS

CURRENT WAVEFORM OF DIODE D2

Figure 49: Current waveform of Diode D2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

Analysis of output voltage by changing the duty ratio

Sl.no Duty Cycle(%) Output Voltage(v)(LTspice) Output Voltage V (MathLab)

1 10 6.5 3.2
2 20 17.3 15
3 30 32 34
4 40 59 61
5 50 79 94
6 60 101 133
7 70 117 176
8 80 148.5 226
9 90 169 278
6 100 186 333
Table 5: Duty Cycle with varying loads
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

Closed Loop Simulation Of High Step Down Converter

Figure 50: Circuit Diagram

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Figure 51: output waveform

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH

M1

Figure 52: Voltage waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH

M1

Figure 53: Current waveform of switch M1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SWITCH

M2

Figure 54: Voltage waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF CURRENT WAVEFORM OF SWITCH

M2

Figure 55: Current waveform of switch M2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF

INDUCTOR L1

Figure 56: Voltage waveform of Inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF CURRENT WAVEFORM OF

INDUCTOR L1

Figure 57: Current waveform of Inductor L1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF

INDUCTOR L2

Figure 58: Voltage waveform of Inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF CURRENT WAVEFORM OF

INDUCTOR L2

Figure 59: Current waveform of Inductor L2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE

D1

Figure 60: Voltage waveform of Diode D1

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CLOSED LOOP SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF DIODE

D1

Figure 61: Voltage waveform of Diode D2

INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

CONCLUSION

The high step down converter is discussed.

The simulation of both ideal and non ideal components has been done and the
results are obtained.
The Analysis of output voltage with varying duty cycle have stated.
Closed loop system has been implemented and its results are stated.
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

REFERENCES

Mohammad Lotfi Nejad , Morteza Esteki,(2022)

”An Improved Cascade Buck Converter for High Step-Down DC-DC Applications”
IEEE Journal in industrial electronics, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2022

I. O. Lee, S. Y. Cho, and G. W. Moon, (2012)

“Interleaved buck converter having low switching losses and improved step-down conversion
ratio,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3664–3675, Aug. 2012.

M. Rezvanyvardom and A. Mirzaei, M. G. Ortiz-Lopez,(2008)

“High step-down non-isolated DC-DC converter with coupled inductors,”
Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 3353–3360, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3005418..
INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION LITERATURE REVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SIMULATION RESULTS LTspice SIMULATION

The End