HOSPITALITY INFORMATION

SYSTEMS 1

THEORY COMPONENT

Lecturer: Mrs Berrill

A COMPUTER CAN BE DEFINED AS AN ELECTRONIC MACHINE
THAT:
Receives data from an input device

Carries out arithmetic and logical processing according to a

previously compiled set of instructions (computer program)

Stores the processed data

Sends the processed data to an output device :

for further processing

To print the processed data, for example business documents,

schedules and reports

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What should you see before you?

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THE CONCEPTS
 HARDWARE
 SOFTWARE

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Collects Produces
data Processing information
(input) (output)

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EXAMPLE

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A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components
known as HARDWARE. These parts are physical and can be touched.

Internal
hardware External
= devices
Components =
peripherals

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 HARDWARE

• Allows you to enter data and instructions into a

Input Device
computer.

• Hardware component that conveys information to one or

Output Device
more people

• Case that contains the electronic components of the

System Unit
computer that are used to process data.

Storage Device • Holds data, instructions, and information for future use.

• Enables a computer to send and receive data,

Communications
Device
instructions, and information to and from one or more
computers or mobile devices Eg. Modem, Phone Line
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 HARDWARE

 Input is any data and instructions entered

into the memory of a computer

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 HARDWARE

 Output is data that has been processed into

a useful form

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 HARDWARE

The
system
unit is a
case that
contains
electronic
components
of the
computer
used to
process
data.

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 HARDWARE

The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:

Drive bay(s)

Power supply

Sound card

Video card

Processor (CPU)

Memory

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 HARDWARE

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit

◦ A computer chip contains integrated circuits

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 HARDWARE

The processor, also called the

central processing unit (CPU),
interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer.

“It’s the brain of the computer”

Dual-core Quad-core Multi-core

processor processor processor
2 4 6, 8 etc

INTERESTING FACT:
Also available are many-core and massively multi-core
processors
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 HARDWARE

CONTINUED

 The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most
of the operations in the computer

 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs

arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

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CONTINUED

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HARDWARE

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 HARDWARE

Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions,
and the results of processing the data

Stores three basic categories of items:

The operating Data being

system and Application processed and
other system programs the resulting
software information

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Memory size is measured in:
• Bit
• Byte (8 bits make a byte) = 8 bits
• Kilobytes (KB or K)
• Megabytes (MB)
• gigabytes (GB)
• terabytes (TB)
• Petabytes (PB)
• Exabytes (EB)
• Zetabytes (ZB)
• Yottabyte (YB)
HARDWARE
= 1 or 0
= 1000 bytes
= 1000 kilobytes
= 1000 megabytes
= 1000 gigabytes
= 1000 Terabytes
= 1000 Petabytes
= 1000 Exabytes
= 1000 Zetabytes
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 HARDWARE

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Example includes
Examples include
RAM
ROM
Random Access
Memory Read Only Memory

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 HARDWARE

Hard Disk: In the system unit. Common example

C:(drive)
Compact Disk (CD): CD-ROM drive reads information. You
cannot change the information

Compact Disk - Recordable (DC-R): CD Writer

Compact Disk – Re-writable (CD-RW): Saving on disk

Audio Compact Disk (CD): Music

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD): Movies

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HARDWARE

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 Communications
Sending device Receiving device
channel

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 A local area
network (LAN) is
a network that
connects
computers and
devices in a limited
geographical area
 A wireless LAN
(WLAN) is a LAN
that uses no
physical wires

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 A metropolitan area
network (MAN)
connects LANs in a
metropolitan area
 A wide area network
(WAN)
is a network that
covers a
large geographical
area

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INFORMATION NETWORKS
 A network is a collection of computers and
devices connected together via
communications devices and transmission
media
 Advantages of a network include:

Facilitating Sharing Sharing data

communications hardware and information

Transferring
Sharing software
funds

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 Network of connected computers and
peripherals with a centralised server
that facilitates the sharing of network
data, software & hardware resources.

 Central administrator

 Computer that request services is

referred to as a client or workstation

 Server is the network computer from

which the workstation access and shares
file

 Special software that manages and co-

ordinates operations
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One computer provides different services to clients:-
Store files
Printer server managers printing queues
Communication server – email management
Application server
Database server

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 Software, also called a
program (App), tells
the computer what tasks
to perform and how to
perform them

 A programmer develops
software or writes the
instructions that direct
the computer to process
data into information

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Two Main classes of Software :
System Software
• Acts as a bridge between hardware and
software applications
• Comes with the computer
• Includes the Operating System Eg. Windows

Application Software
(Known as “apps”)
• Designed to help the user perform specific
tasks e.g. Excel, Word, Paint, Solitaire

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 Personal computers (PC)

Mobile computers and mobile devices

Game consoles

Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded computers

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 A desktop computer can perform all of its
input, processing, output, and storage
activities by itself
 Two popular architectures are the PC and the
Apple

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 Mobile Mobile
Computer Device
Personal computer Computing device
you can carry from small enough to hold
place to place in your hand

Examples include
Examples include smart phones,
notebook PDAs, handheld
computers, laptop computers,
computers, and portable media
Tablet PCs players, and digital
cameras

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Notebook computer

Tablet PC

Smart phone

PDA

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 Handheld computer

Portable media player

Digital camera

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 A game console
is a mobile
computing device
designed for
single-player or
multiplayer video
games

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 A server controls
access to the
hardware,
software, and
other resources on
a network
◦ Provides a
centralized storage
area for programs,
data, and
information

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 A mainframe is a
large, expensive,
powerful computer
that can handle
hundreds or
thousands of
connected users
simultaneously

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 A supercomputer is the fastest, most
powerful computer
◦ Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing
more than one quadrillion instructions in a single
second

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 Process Computer Devices
Consumer Home Automation
Automobiles Controllers and and Office
Electronics Devices
Robotics Machines
• Mobile and • Thermostats • Antilock brakes • Remote • Keyboards
digital • Sprinkling • Engine control monitoring • Printers
telephones systems modules systems • Faxes
• Digital • Security • Airbag controller • Power monitors • Copiers
televisions monitoring • Cruise control • Machine
• Cameras systems controllers
• Video recorders • Appliances • Medical devices
• DVD players and • Lights
recorders
• Answering
machines

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Factors influencing performance
 CPU Speed
 RAM Size
 Active Applications
 Hard Disk Speed
 Hard Disk Capacity

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CLOCK SPEED
 Regulates CPU’s processing
 Pulse at regular intervals
 Clock speed is the number of times that the
systems clock pulses in one second
 Faster the clock speed the faster data processed
 Megahertz (MHz) = one million cycles
 1000MHz = 1 GHz

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RAM MEMORY
 Every time a program or file is loaded or
opened it is placed in RAM
 CPU request data it needs from RAM
 Writes new data back to RAM
 The more RAM the faster the computer
 Typical machine 1 Gb – 4 Gb of RAM

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NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS
 Multitasking
 More loaded uses more RAM that can slow
computer

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HARD DRIVE SPEED & CAPACITY
 CPU’s designed to use virtual memory
 Virtual memory allow computer to use free hard
disk space as extension of RAM
 Temporary files created and used for managing
programs
 Speed of the hard disk is determined by:
 Data transfer rate – number of bytes per
second that the drive can deliver to CPU
 Access time – how long it take to locate a file

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 The Internet is a worldwide collection of
networks that links millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals

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DIGITAL vs. ANALOG
 Computers are digital machines that use digits

 Analogue signals are electronic

representation of sound waves

 Local telephone systems use analogue

equipment to transmit human voice

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 The amount of data that
can travel over a
communications channel
sometimes called the
bandwidth
(larger = quicker)
eg. 1Mbps vs. 4Mbps
 Latency is the time it
takes a signal to travel
from one location to
another on a network
 Transmission media
carries one or more
signals

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 ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)
connections transmit data downstream (from web
server to PC) at a much faster rate than upstream
 A dial-up modem converts signals between analog
and digital

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 A wireless modem (3G) uses the cell
phone network to connect to the Internet
wirelessly from a notebook computer, a
smart phone, or other mobile device

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 A network card
enables a
computer or device
to access a
network
 Available in a
variety of styles
 Wireless network
cards often have
an antenna

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 A wireless access point (WAP) is a central
communications device that allows computers
and devices to transfer data wirelessly among
themselves or to a wired network

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 A router connects
multiple computers
or other routers
together and
transmits data to
its correct
destination on a
network
 Many are protected
by a hardware
firewall

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 Communications Devices
 A hub or switch connects several devices in a
network together

Pages 488 – 489

Figure 9-32 56
The World Wide Web
 The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a
worldwide collection of electronic documents
(Web pages)
 A Web site is a collection of related Web
pages and associated items
 http format (hyper text transfer protocol)
 A Web server (host) is a computer that
delivers requested Web pages to your
computer
 Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a
means for users to interact (user generated
content like Facebook)

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 A Web browser, or browser, allows users
to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs

Internet
Firefox Opera
Explorer

Google
Safari
Chrome

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 A home page is the • Some Web pages are
first page that a Web designed specifically
site displays for micro browsers
 Web pages provide
links to other related
Web pages
(Surfing the Web)
 Downloading is the
process of receiving
information/copying
files

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 Tabbed browsing allows you to open and
view multiple Web pages in a single Web
browser window

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 Two types of search tools are search engines
and subject directories

Search Subject
engine directory
Classifies Web
Finds information
pages in an
related to a
organized set of
specific topic
categories
Eg. Google
Eg. A catalog

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 E-commerce is a business transaction that
occurs over an electronic network
 M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes
place using mobile devices

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 E-mail is the
transmission of
messages and files
via a computer
network
 An e-mail program
allows you to create,
send, receive,
forward, store, print,
and delete e-mail
messages

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 A mailing list is a group of e-mail names
and addresses given a single name
◦ Subscribing adds your e-mail name and address
◦ Unsubscribing removes your name

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 Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time
Internet communications service

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 VoIP (Voice over
IP) enables users
to speak to other
users over the
Internet
◦ Also called Internet
telephony

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Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
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Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
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 Set of coded instructions that “infects”
system and application software
 Programmers who know how to cause the
most amount of harm on the
systems/software
 Replicate themselves
 Malignant / Harmful
 Benign / irritating

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 Computer Trojan
Worm Rootkit
Virus Horse
• Affects a • Copies • A malicious • Program
computer itself program that hides
negatively repeatedly, that hides in a
by altering using up within or computer
the way the resources looks like a and allows
computer and legitimate someone
works possibly program from a
shutting remote
down the location to
computer take full
or network control

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Preventing Infection

 Avoid downloading “suspect” software

 Be careful when sharing Flash / removable media
 Install anti virus program
◦ KEEP IT UPDATED – antivirus only detects KNOWN
threats
 Be 100% certain about the attachments you
open via email
 Scan Regularly
 Keep Backups of important files

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 Internet and Network Attacks
 An infected computer has one or more of the
following symptoms:
Operating system Available memory Screen displays
Files become
runs much slower is less than unusual message
corrupted
than usual expected or image

Unknown
Music or unusual Existing Programs or files
programs or files
sound plays programs and do not work
mysteriously
randomly files disappear properly
appear

System Operating system

Operating system
properties shuts down
does not start up
change unexpectedly

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Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet
behavior

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 Tele-working / Telecommuting
 Internet Based / Virtual Private Network
(VPN)
 Advantages
◦ Considerable cost savings to companies
◦ Assists with integration of workers who have disabilities
that limit mobility or require a special adaptive
environment
◦ Flexible work times
◦ NO COMMUTING

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 Health issues
◦ Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)
◦ Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI)
◦ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
◦ Back problems (poor posture)

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 The widespread
use of computers
has led to health
concerns
◦ Repetitive strain
injury (RSI)
◦ Carpal tunnel
syndrome (CTS)
◦ Computer vision
syndrome (CVS)

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 Ergonomics is an
applied science
devoted to
incorporating
comfort, efficiency,
and safety into the
design of items in
the workplace

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 Wrist Rest
 Keyboard drawers
 Tracker ball Ergonomic Mouse
 Ergonomic chair
◦ Adjustable
 Height
 Back Rest
 Arm rest
 Enables different posture

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 Proper posture
 Both Feet on the ground
 Take regular breaks
 Keep your screen angled away from direct
light sources
 Maintain correct distance from screen
 Use appropriate screen resolution for the
monitor you are using

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