GST 113 USE OF LIBRARY WEEK ONE OVERVIEW OF LIBRARY Perceptions of the Library To a layman, the word library refers to a building in which books (used and unused) are kept to prevent them from being stolen or destroyed by insects, rodents, water or fire. Other people perceive the library as a building where one can go and read books for leisure or when preparing for an impending examination. The implication of this perceptions is that the library is just a storehouse of books for the purpose of reading. Contrary to this. The library is such a vital part of the education process that its roles as both a learning and information centre cannot make it just a building housing books for the purpose of consultation. What is a “Library”? ‘The word "library" seems to be used in so many different aspects now, from the brick-and-mortar public library to the digital library. Public libraries—and indeed, all libraries--are changing and dynamic places where librarians help people find the best source of information whether it's a book, a web site, or database entry. In The Librarian’s Book of Lists (Chicago: ALA, 2010), George Eberhart offers this definition: "A library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is (1) organized by information professionals or other experts who (2) provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual access and (3) offer targeted services and programs (4) with the mission of educating, informing, or entertaining a variety of audiences (5) and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole." (p.1) A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected by experts and made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. Another general definition of library is from the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS): “Library -- from the Latin liber, meaning "book." In Greek and the Romance languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or nonprint materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, tc.), Institutional libraries, organized to facilitate access by a specific clientele, are staffed by librarians and other personnel trained to provide services to meet user needs. By extension, the room, building, or facility that houses such a collection, usually but not necessarily built for that purpose. 1[PageObjectives of the Library The main objective of any library is to disseminate information. However specific objectives of the library vary from one type to the other. These may be. To enrich curriculum To promote the development of reading skills To support teaching/learning within the school system ‘To encourage research and independent study among students and teachers. To cultivate a reading habit at carly stage of leaning among pupils and students. To help preserve the culture, traditions and history of the community. Basic elements of the Library. According to Fola-Adio et al (2009), a library requires certain elements to be considered. These include accommodation, organization, personnel, collection development system, users, rules and regulations. Accommodation or Space: A space must be reserved for no other purpose than a library. The space must be conducive for carrying out library routines and services. The space provided must not be vacuum: there must be library materials such as books, tables, chairs, computers etc. to occupy the space. Organization of materials: Tae information materials in the library must be properly organized. In essence, they must be catalogued i.e. described pointing out bibliographic information such as author, title, edition, place and year of publication ete. They must also be classified i.e. assigned to appropriate subject group(s) and arranged on shelves for easy accessibility and retrieval in a particular order of location. Personnel or Staff: The library must have people who are trained in the field of librarianship. These are professional librarians who have acquired sufficient knowledge and skill on how to acquire and organize library materials. They could be holders of Diploma, Bachelor, Master or Doctoral degree in Library and Information science. Usually the librarians are assisted by other non-professional library staff. Users: The major objective of the library is to provide information materials that meet users’ needs. Therefore, there must be users to patronize the library and utilize its resources. Collection Development System: The library is a dynamic organization with a collection. development system. New materials are acquired to replace the obsolete ones. Relevant and current books and other library materials should be made available to users at all times. Rules and Regulations: For proper operation and administration of the library. Rules and regulations are normally formulated to be observed by the library patrons, 21 PageWEEK TWO: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY ‘A modern library has different materials on diverse disciplines in its stock. It also offers a wide range of services to different categories of library users. On the basis of its stock, services and users. The library has been categorized into 5 main types. These are, Academic, School, Public, National and Special Library. Academic library: An academic library is a library that is attached to a higher education institution which serves two complementary purposes to support the schoo!'s curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students. According to Olanlokun and Salisu (1993), an academic library is a library that is found in tertiary institutions of learning such as the university, college of education, the polytechnic, the school of nursing, the school of legal studies, etc. Academic libraries differ from one institution to the other in terms of users, materials and sundry considerations. However, all academic libraries imespective of the type of institution in which they are located perform similar basic functions to facilitate the realization of the goals and objectives of their parent institutions. Some of which include. ‘* Selection and acquisition of book and non-book materials, through purchases, gifts and exchanges. © Processing materials for use of students, lecturers, faculties and others who require them. The processing includes cataloguing, classifying, filing, stamping, pasting and lettering, etc. of the materials. * Making materials easily accessible physically through the provision of catalogue, indexes, bibliographies, lists. Etc. ‘* Allowing materials from the general collection and reserve collection circulate among, users. Conducting user education and orientation activities for its users. Provision of reference service to its clientele. Lending materials to users directly or through inter-library loans. Provision of adequate and comfortable physical facilities for private or general study. Making bibliographic searches electronically possible for its users by providing computer terminals so users can make their own searches through internet and databases, + Administering the total library programmes, including budget preparation, organization and supervision of various library activities and also ensures the maintenance of library building and equipment. School Library: School Libraries are libraries in the nursery, primary and secondary schools. The main purpose of school library is to encourage reading habit and develop in s‘:dents’ ability to learn from books without a teacher. (Olanlokun and Salisu, 1993). According to Ogbonna (2009), school! libraries are libraries established in the primary and secondary schools mostly by the authorities of the 3| Pageschools to serve the pupils/students, the teachers, and other staff members of the schools. In a school library. learning resources such as books and audio-visual materials are systematically collected and organized for the use of the students and teachers. The new educational trend requires the utilization of non-book resources such as flash cards, slides, filmsrips, records and computers in the teaching and learning process. This is because emphasis is no longer on the subject matter but on the learner. A school library performs the following functions among others: © It provides relevant materials to enable students and pupils improve on their academic standard. «It makes materials available to complement the teaching activities of teachers and also to enhance the achievement of the goals and objectives of the school. ‘© It puts in place activities and resources capable of developing and sustaining the habit and enjoyment of reading and learning independently in the pupils/students. ‘© It supports students/pupils in learning and acquiring practical skills required to evaluate information and become sensitive to the modes of communication within the community, © The school library assists student/pupils to recognize information in books and other resources, Public Library Public libraries are those which are established by government to serve all categories of people in the society. Public libraries can be owned by Federal Government, State Government, Local Government or a community. A library that is owned or established by individuals or corporate/nongovernmental body is termed a private library. Such library is not usually open to every user but can only be used through the consent and approval of the owners. However, such library becomes public when it is made open for community or general public use. Examples are Late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Library. Late Chief Adeniran Ogunsanya Library. Lagos and Afolayan Memorial Library ludun-Oro, Kwara State. Such library provides relevant materials to friends, members of the owner family and the community. Functions of Public Library ‘© A public library stocks books and other resources on diverse human knowledge for the use of members of the community where the library is located. © A public library often has a section meant for children and another part for the adult users, Public utilities such as conference facilities, restaurant, café, viewing rooms and media section may be found in a large public library. © Government owned public library promotes mobile library services for people in the rural communities by using mobile vehicles to move library materials to the people. 4|Page© It preserves the cultural monuments and even artifacts of a people. It also stocks the indigenous literature and audiovisual materials about the people. National Library National library is a library established by the Federal Government and it is maintained by national resources through tax payers’ money. National library strives principally to collect and preserve the nation’s literature. National libraries is to other libraries what the central bank is to all other banks in any country. Examples of National library include, National Library of Nigeria. National Library of Ghana, National Library of Scotland. Functions of National Library «It receives by law through legal deposit obligations, copies of all publications, books and periodicals. ‘* Ithas the responsibility of publishing a National Bibliography of its country. © It serves as the National Agency for the issuance of ISBN (International Standard Book Number) and it serves as the National Serials Data Centre (NSDC) for ISSN (Intemational Standard Serials Number) of its nation * Italso acquires foreign documents of national importance and interest Special Library This is a library or information centre for specialized body of knowledge/discipline for a specialized audience/group of users, which is established and maintained by an individual, corporation, association, government agency or any other group. It can be defined s a specialized or departmental collection within a library for services to a specialized clientele through the use of varied media and methods. (Special Libraries Association, 1985). Functions of Special Libraries ‘* Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI): Special libraries have a special relationship with their users. Information is given to individuals according to their areas of interest. For example, when the library receives journals, reports, conference papers etc, they are taken to the users as the need be. * Indexing and abstracting: Special library indexes and abstracts information contained in books, journals, reports, and conference papers produced by parent bodies or similar institutions. Eg. ERIC (Educational Resource Information Centre) produces indexes and abstracts for a database ‘© Current Awareness Service (CAS): Special library provides current literature service which is designed to acquaint library patrons with recent publications that might help them in their research work. S|PageWEEK THREE: THE STRUCTURE OF A LIBRARY There is no universal structure that is prescribed for libraries. Each library develops and operates a structure that best meets its needs. Below is an example of how a library can be setup. Please note that this structure may defer in arrangement in different libraries. Collection Development Division It is a section in the library that is responsible for the development of its collection. The major section under this Division is the Acquisition section. > Acquisitions Section: The section has the responsibility to acquire materials for the library. It performs its responsibility through purchases, gifts, donations and endowments. Such materials could be books, serials and non-book materials. The collection development division is responsible for ‘© ordering books and other library materials, «Receiving books and other library materials from book sellers and publishers, © Clearing invoices for payment, Processing the books by stamping the relevant pages with the ownership stamp, accessioning of the books and preparation of cards for the books. © Routing the processed materials to Technical Service Division for further processing. Technical Services Division The primary role of the Technical Services Division of a university library is to acquire and process library materials ready for the use of library patrons. The division can be made up of the following sections and unit: > Cataloging and Classification Section: This section receives books that have been accessioned by the acquisitions section for further processing. The main duty of the section is to provide bibliographic information of the library books and assign subjects headings and location (class) marks to the books before they are sent to the Readers Service Division for shelving and library patrons’ usage. Serials Section: The serials section handles journals and related serials materials that come into the library. The section catalogues, classifies and makes the serial materials available to library user. > Bindery Unit: The role of the Bindery Unit of any library is to bind or mend library materials that are torn for the purpose of reclaiming the originality of the materials in terms of shape. v Gl PaceReaders Service Division This is a part of the library that offers direct services to library users. The Division comprises the following sections that perform specific functions and routines: > Circulation Section: This is more or less the public relations section of the library. It is at the Circulation Section that library users register to become bonafide library clientele. This section is also an avenue for users to borrow and return borrowed books. The section houses books that are on the open shelves. > Reference Section: Like the Circulation Section, the Reference Section performs public relations functions. The section houses Reference materials which can only be consulted in the library. It also performs inter-library lending on behalf of library users. The section. also has the responsibility to provide answers to directional and non-directional queries from library users. > Audio-Visual Section: The section handles the non-print library materials. It processes the materials and makes them available to users on demand. Photocopy service is a unit under Audio-Visual Section. > Documents Section: Documents, governments and corporate publications on diverse interests are in the custody of the Documents Section. The section acquires, processes and makes the materials available to library clientele. Electronies Support Services Division As the name implies, the Division has the responsibility to provide services in electronic format to library users. Sections in this division may include e-library section, Digital library section and automation section. They are also responsible for the provision of internet access to library users. 7\PageWEEK FOUR: LIBRARY RULES AND REGULATIONS, Where there is no rule, usually, there is no sin says an adage. However, there are rules and regulations which are meant to guide the use and conduct of users of the library. Itis very important that students should be familiar with such rules and regulations in order not to violate any of them. The rules and regulations are usually contained in the Readers’ Guide or Students’ Handbook of some tertiary institutions. These are to guide the conduct and behaviours of the readers in the library and to assist the library to achieve its set goals and objectives and for the users to make maximum use of the library services. Defaulters of these rules and regulations are to be sanctioned (penalized) for it to serve as deterrent to others. Some of the rules and regulations are: 1. Any material leaving the library must be properly borrowed 2. Books in the Reference Section, Serials or Reserved Units may not be removed from the library, 3. It is an offence to keep materials (books) beyond the date specified for return, 4, Penalties (fine) will be charged for over-due books. 5. Returned books must be delivered at the Loans’ Desk 6. All consulted books must be left on the Reading Tables. 7. No Readers may enter any part of the library marked ‘Private or Work-room’ unless by permission. 8, Any person who is suspected to be security risk may be ordered out of the library, 9. Indecent dressing will not be allowed into the library. 10. The use of naked light is not allowed in the library 11, Marking or underlining of library books is not allowed 12, Briefcases, luggage, umbrella, camera ete are not allowed into the library 13, Smoking, eating etc is not allowed in the library 14, Pets must not be brought into the library 15 Silence must be maintained in and around the library 16, Only registered users are allowed to use the library resources 17. Users must present whatever materials they are carrying to the security personnel at the entrance for checking while leaving the library. 18, The use of cell phone is prohibited in the library Bl Page19, Reservation of seat in the library is prohibited 20. Book mutilation, pilfering, theft is prohibited 9|PageWEEK FIVE: TYPES OF LIBRARY MATERIALS: Library materials, also known as library stock, can be grouped under three sub-topics namely: 1, Books 2, Non-book materials. 3. Electronic/Digital Resources Library materials are not limited to books as it is assumed in some quarters. The break-down is as follows: (1) BOOK MATERIALS. Book materials are those materials in printed form that can be read and understood by the readers. Thus, a book can be defined as a number of printed or written pages of not less than 49pages, bound together along one edge and usually protected by either hardback or paperback paper cover. When itis less than 49pages, it is not a book, but a pamphlet or a booklet. The list of book materials includes: TEXTBOOKS These are books on different subject areas (disciplines) also known as non-fiction materials while literature books are the fiction materials, such as novels or short stories which are literary works, invented by imagination A textbook is a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Today, many textbooks are published in both print format and digital formats. ‘A monograph is a specialist work of writing on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author, and usually on a scholarly subject. REFERENCE MATERIALS ‘These are books that provide clue to reference queries (questions), such as: What? Which? How? Why? ete, Reference books are not meant to be read from page to page, cover to cover like other books. Rather, reference books provide answer to questions, terms or terminologies and they are usually alphabetically arranged, and are mostly in volumes. Any written or printed composition of some length is called a book. It covers all kinds of reading materials in any form, which serves the purpose of readers whether for general or recreational reading or for study and research or for more consultation as source of information. On the other hand, a reference book is usually consulted briefly to determine specific information, Reference materials are books that contain factual information and which one can use to obtain specific information directly rather than reading it through from cover-to-cover. Reference books are generally referred to as reference sources and are specially arrange in a systematic order. There 10| Pageare different types of reference books and these include dictionary, thesaurus, catalogue, encyclopaedia, atlas, travel guide, bibliography, directory, biographies et. Book which are written so that this can read consecutively for inspiration, enjoyment or information is called ordinary or general book, then books which are design to be consulted or refereed to from time to time, for a specific piece of information, ordinarily these don’t lend themselves to continuous reading. Broadly speaking any book can be called a reference book provide the information contained in it’s so organized so that it become readily accessible is called reference book. Characteristics of Reference Books: A Reference book is designed by its arrangement and treatment to serve certain purpose. Some of the characteristics of reference books are: They are intended primarily for occasional consultation. They are consulted for definite items of information. The information included in them is collected from a vast number of sources. It is a miscellany of information and facts. The arrangement of information is such that it can be conveniently and quickly recalled. It follows some methods of arrangement e.g. Alphabetical, Chronological or other methods. They include only the bird-eye-view of the topics and rarely deal them in depth. They usually concentrate on facts. They are normally not issued on loan and kept for use in the library only. Information in a reference book is so organized that anyone can easily get their desired information. Almanac ‘An almanac (also spelled almanack and almanach) is an annual publication listing a set of events forthcoming in the next year. It includes information like weather forecasts, farmers’ planting dates, tide tables, and other tabular data often arranged according to the calendar. Celestial figures and various statistics are found in almanacs, such as the rising and setting times of the Sun and Moon, dates of eclipses, hours of high and low tides, and religious festivals. A calendar, which is a system for time keeping, in written form is usually produced as a most simple almanac: it includes additional information about the day of the week on which a particular day falls, major holidays, the phases of the moon, earthquake hazard levels etc. The set of events | Pagenoted in an almanac are selected in view of a more or less specific group of readers e.g, farmers, sailors, astronomers or others. Almanacs are not usually used for extensive research, but are good for looking up specific facts, statistics, tables and lists about people, places, events, countries, organizations, zip codes, and popular culture such as sports and entertainment. Generally, almanacs cover a broad period of time, while Yearbooks, which contain similar information, only cover a given yea Biographies A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality. Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life, One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known as biography. An authorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person himself or herself, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter. Biographies contain information about people, both living and deceased - they can contain brief summaries of data about individuals, contain lists of citations of resources about a person, or be full length books detailing the life of one particular person. Biographies may cover general important figures, or may be organized thematically/geographically, etc. One would use a biography to look up facts or detailed information about a person or group of people. These contain information about important people in the society. It gives information about their birth, education and achievements. It can be restricted to geographical location or group. Atlas Anatlas is a collection of maps; itis typically a bundle of maps of Earth or a region of Earth. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it Alases contain an organized group of pictorial or illustrated political, cultural, physical, road, and/or thematic maps. Atlases may be organized around a specific subject, theme, or geographic area, az] PageBibliograp! A bibliography is a descriptive list of data and documents for example list of books used for research or produced by an author. It can also be a list of information sources that are available in any field of knowledge over a particular period of time. Bibliographies do not provide the actual information on a subject of inquiry but lead one to the sources where information can be obtained, Bibliographies are very useful in literature searching. Bibliographies compile comprehensive lists of resources that share one or more common attributes about a particular subject, person, geographical area, etc. Some bibliographies also briefly describe the resources that are listed. One should consult a bibliography when they want citations that will guide them to specific resources. Dictionaries Dictionaries are books that list all the words in a language or subject and give their meanings. The words are organized in alphabetical order. It also gives information such as spellings, pronunciations, usage and origin of such words. Examples of language dictionaries are Oxford English Dictionary and Advanced Leamer Dictionary, ‘A dictionary is a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. Standard dictionaries give an alphabetical list of words and their definitions, but there are several useful variations also classified as dictionaries. Thesauri contain synonyms and antonyms (opposites) but usually don't define the words. There are also dialect and slang dictionaries, dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms, dictionaries of quotations, and picture dictionaries. Dictionaries can be unabridged (general) or can be thematically organized in some way. Directories A directory is a list of person or organization usually arranged in alphabetical order, giving addresses of officers and functions of the organization. Examples of this are World of Learning, Commonwealth Universities Directory and Nigerian Telephone Directory. Directories contain an organized list of people and/or organizations, and help one to find information such as addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses, etc, for the organizations or people included within the scope of that directory. Encyclopedia Eneyclopaedias are books containing comprehensive knowledge on various branches of disciplines. There are two major types of encyclopaedia; general and subject encyclopaedia, they can come in single volume or in multiple volumes. Example of these is encyclopaedias Britannica and Eneyclopaedia Americana, An encyclopedia or encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge from either all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are 13|Pagedivided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries—which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms— encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title Encyclopedias contain full coverage of information about an area of knowledge. They can be either general or can cover a specific subject, and contain alphabetically organized entries (with varying detail). Encyclopedias are good for fact-finding, getting general background information about a subject or starting a research project. Handbook A handbook contains facts about a specific subject or instructions that can be used to accomplish something. A handbook can come in several forms, such as a manual for completing tasks, or a guidebook providing information about a subject, region, etc. (such as a travel guidebook), Handbooks are often designed for quick consultation and easy portability. Handbooks serve as a guide to users in any subject, they give quick and brief information on a particular subject area. Examples of handbooks are Nigeria Handbook, African South of Sahara. Gazetteers You are not likely to be familiar with the documents known as gazetteers. Do not confuse them for gazettes which are government documents found in the serial unit of the library. Gazetteers are geographical reference materials showing various geographical places in a town or village like hills, mountains, rivers, streams, forests among others. Indexes Have you ever bothered to check the last pages of a textbook you read before? If you have, you must have noticed that almost every textbook contains a list of words, topics or name used in the book with the number of pages where they have been mentioned. This is called the Back of a Book Index. They help you to know all the relevant words or topics discussed in the book. However, there are some documents that are called Indexes, they contain the bibliographic information of books, that is, title, author’s name, date of publication, place of publication, publisher and number of pages, in addition the topics contained in each book is listed. An example is The Times Index. Indexes are compilations on information, generally arranged cither alphabetically or numerically, that indicate the location of related information either within or outside of the same resource. (2.) NON-BOOK MATERIALS. Some of you are used to seeing and probably reading newspapers and magazines. These are called serials or periodicals. They are called Serials because they are produced in installment and arranged serially with sequential numbers assigned to each. They are referred to as periodicals 14|Pagebecause most of them have consistent periods of intervals in-between production, for example a daily newspaper has a 24-hour period of interval while a weekend newspaper has a 7-day period of interval between one edition and the next, For magazines, the period of interval could be two weeks or a month while joumals could have in-between 6 months to a year period of interval. Periodicals are publications which are issued at regular or an irregular interval, usually with volume and date, with the intention of being continued indefinitely, which could be daily, weekly, monthly, bi-annually or annually. Examples are Daily Newspapers (Dailies), Weekly Magazines, Journals, Theses and Dissertations, Reports, Past question papers etc. From our discussion so far, you should have known that newspapers, magazines and journals are examples of non-books materials despite the fact that they are stocked in print form in the library. Other examples of periodicals include government documents like gazettes and conference proceedings. Non-book materials have certain features that differentiate them from general books. Each type will be discussed as follows for you to be able to identify each and know its usefulness Newspaper These are published on daily or weekly basis. These are usually many contributors by way of reporters, feature writers and editors. Newspapers have various segments for various areas of life like polities, crime, economy, fashion, family affairs, and sports among other day to day activities or happenings. Examples include the Nation Newspaper, Saturday Punch among others. contain very original and current information. Magazines: These are very similar to newspaper by the way of having many contributors with different segments discussing various issues of life. However unlike newspapers, they have fairly thicker covers lightly bound together with the other pages and with fairly longer interval production like two weeks or a month, They also contain original and current information Journals: These are highly educative materials with various articles written by different contributors but in many cases, the articles are tailored towards a broad field of learning could be information studies, education, medicine or law. The pages are also bound together like magazines but journals are always more voluminous and very academic in nature. Gazettes: These are government documents that are published periodically too. They contain information of government business like appointments, promotions, retirements among other matters. They could be published by the federal or state governments. Conference Proceedings: ‘These are publications containing the presentations of participants at a particular conference. Each article comes with the name of the presenter(s)/writer(s). There are other flimsy documents like bulletins and pamphlets which may contain various information, ranging from news within an 15|Pageorganization to information, or an idea on a particular issue in life. These pieces of paper are usually held together on the library shelves by putting them in boxes made of paper or plastic. Clippings: Sometimes when you go through a newspaper or magazines you see some articles that are of interest to you and so you may wish to carefully keep such newspapers. If the newspaper belongs to other people or a library, you make photocopies. In the same way, a library can make photocopies of relevant information on the pages of newspapers and magazines and file them for the use of the patrons of the library; such photocopies are known as chippings. Audio-Visuals: ‘You have learnt about various information materials in print form, books and non-books. You also need to be familiar with some other information materials that are not in print form. These are called non-print information materials or Audio-Visual. What are then Audio-Visuals? Perhaps it sounds big to you, but it could be broken down to bits for easy understanding. Let us start with audio, the word audio has to do with sound which means audio has to with information that can be heard for example the information you get from a radio or audio cassettes without seeing the sender of the information. The other word, visual, relates to the sense of sight or what you can see without any sound accompanying it like photograph, pictures and some other images. However, there are some information materials that will both allow you to see the images and also hear the sound that comes with them, these are called audio-visuals. A very good example is your television on which you can both see the broadcaster and hear the sound from hinv/her. (3) ELECTRONIC/DIGITAL RESOURCES Electronic resources (or e-resources) are materials in digital format accessible electronically. Examples of e-resources are electronic journals (e-journal), electronic books (e-book) online databases in varied digital formats, Adobe Acrobat documents (.pdf), WebPages (.htm, .html, asp etc) and more, Database Databases are arranged and stored in formats that permit efficient searches. There are many types of databases- including databases for looking up numerical information, such as statistics, and bibliographies and holding information on books and periodicals, and databases that allow the user to search and use academic papers and article from journals and newspapers, encyclopacdias, dictionaries, and case law digest. Some databases come on CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMS to be used with a single computer, although today online databases available over the internet are widely used. E-journals E-joumals are digital versions of articles from journals that allow you to read the full text on the intemet, The advantages of online e-journals are as follows: 16 | Page* Academic papers can be accessed on the web before publication of the printed edition. *It is easier to find individual academic papers online than in printed edition. *e-joumnals are accessible anytime from campus terminals and laboratory terminals and outside the campus. E-books E-books are digital versions of books that allow you to read the full text on the internet. At the same time, you can download the e-books free. Old literary, scientific work, encyclopaedias, and dictionaries are available as e-books. Internet based service Internet based service: Internet contains the biggest resources of information in the entire world; secondly, it enables users to obtain an interactive mechanism to instantly communicate with each other. Once connected to the internet, everyone can enjoy the unparalleled richness of global information resources including textual, audio, graphic information. The internet information resources are constantly expanding at a great speed-one can only make a rough estimate. The types of information on the internet are also wide ranging, from scientific research, education, public policy, legal regulations to commerce, arts and entertainment. Conclusion: Knowing about general and reference books or materials will help you know which type to consult when studying, conducting research or when you are just interested in gaining general knowledge about any issue, idea or thing. Non-book materials are not kept in the same sections as general books but they are kept in a serial unit. They are also good sources of information in the libraries especially original and current information Some non-book materials in the library are also in print form like general books. However, they have certain features that differentiate them from general books like contributors from many writers, periodic and consistent publication for most, light binding for some magazines, and no binding for some others like newspapers. They are assigned International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). ‘Non-book materials help in solving communication problem and enhance instructional efficiency during teaching and learning process, as it enables students to see those things being taught in real life situations, as seeing is believing, q7|PageWEEK SIX: PARTS OF A BOOK. HOW TO USE BOOKS A book can be described as a collection of printed sheets bound together between covers. Books can come in different shapes and sizes. Books stimulate interest and satisfy the basic needs for information. In spite of the advent of Information technology books have remained indispensable in learning process. Books are therefore essential to learning; however, you must know how to make use of them in order to aid your learning. It important to know the different parts of a book and the type of information you can obtain from them, in order to use them effectively. PARTS OF A BOOK A book has many parts, each contributing to its usefulness and has a special role to play. Many books do not have all the parts of a book when it comes to its specific divisions. Generally, a book has five parts. Many authors do not deem it necessary to include one of the parts and so they stop at four. Here are the five parts of a book: Cover Jacket The Binding The Preliminary Pages The Text ‘The Auxiliary or Reference Pages. yee The Cover Jacket The cover jacket is the part of a book that is left out among early writers on parts of a book. The sole reason is that it is not sewn or glued to the body of the book. It is removed by many people after purchasing the book including some librarians who bought such books with book jackets. The reason could be that they do not know its importance. In some libraries, especially overseas’ libraries, the cover jackets are further protected with the use of polythene cover to cellotape to fasten it to the book. The cover jacket has its functions. The cover jacket is usually an attractive polythene material used to cover the binding cover of the book. It could also be made of paper materials but of stronger texture to withstand pressure of handling. The main function is not to cover the book but to act as an advertisement. When it is removed the book looks “ordinary”. The quality of the material, either paper or polythene protects the book from damage caused by handling with dirty hands or by dust, rain and sunshine. It is a protective cover. It contains such information as the title of the book, the author(s) of the book, the edition of the book, the publisher of the book, the Intemational Standard Book Number (ISBN) of the book, some of them have barcode to the book, an annotation of the book, and a little biography of the author. With all these, why should the cover jacket be disregarded? ‘The Binding/Cover page The binding is the part of the book that holds the leaves together. The binding protects the book from damage and makes for easy handling. It covers the book front and back. It is sewn or stitched or glued together at the edge called spine. The cover could be paper, leather, cloth or any other 18 | Page‘materials that is stronger than the leaves or paper. There are paper binding and hardcover binding. Libraries are advised to buy hardcover books because they last longer and of course cost more. The front cover of the binding has the title of the book and the author. The back of the binding has the title also, the author’s brief biography, an insight about the book, and the ISBN. The spine of the book has the title, the surname of the author(s), and the logo of the publisher. For library books, the spine is where the call number of the book is written if it is wide enough to accommodate it otherwise itis written on the front page of the book one inch above the bottom edge. ‘The Preliminary Pages ‘The preliminary pages of a book are the pages that precede the main text of the book. They include the following: Flyleaves, half-title page, frontispiece, title page, copyright page, dedication page, preface, table of content, list of illustrations page, introduction page. Usually, the preliminary pages are numbered in Roman figures. The flyleaves are blank pages next to the endpapers. They are the first and the last leaves of the book. The frontispiece is an illustration, in picture or graph or even in letters, relating to the subject matter of the book. It precedes the title page. It is most commonly found in biographical works in which it is usually the picture of the biographee. In art work, it may be the reproduction of a painting or photograph of an artist. The half-title page is the page before the title page. It contains the title of the book but not in full. For example, if the title of the book is “The Man of the People: Illustrated Work of an Unknown Soldier”. The half-title page will usually stop at the first part i.e. “The Man of the People” written in bold and omit the last part. It may include the author and publisher. The title page is the first important printed page of the book. It includes the following if they appear in the book, 1. Title the full name of the book as opposed to the one on the half-title page. 2. Subtitle —a descriptive phrase which clarifies or explains the main title. Iti part of the title of the work. Authors’ names — usually written first name first. Editors’ names — if the work is an edited one. 5. Illustrators ~ those who did the fancy works to make the book attractive to look at and interesting to read. 6. Name of the person who wrote the introduction if separate from the author. This name could also be written at the end of the introduction. 7. The edition of the book other than the first edition. 8. Imprint — made up of the place of publication, the publisher, and an optional date of publication. The date of publication is mostly written at the verso of the book. 9. The logo of the publisher and the publisher’s name are also at this title page. BY The title page is the authoritative source of information for a cataloguer. The information listed on the title page are used to classify the book properly. 19] age‘The verso is normally at the back of the title page where the copyright ownership of the work is lodged. The verso therefore contains the name of the owner of the work after a copyright logo represented by this sign (©). Information on restriction of use is also found on this page. ‘The dedication page follows the title page. It bears the name(s) of the person(s) to whom the author dedicates the book. It could be a person, a body, an organization or an institution. It is like saying, “Thonor you with this work”, Some books may have acknowledgement page. Here is where the author shows appreciation to all those who played one role or the other towards the accomplishment of the work. Itis a Thank You page. Authors whose works were greatly quoted are acknowledged on this page. ‘The preface introduces the author to the reader and gives his or her reasons for writing the book. It indicates those whom the book is intended, acknowledges indebtedness for services and assistance and explains the arrangement, symbols, abbreviations used and any other special features. The table of content is a list of the chapters of the book with page numbers. It serves as outline of the book. The Text ‘The text of a book is made up of the main body of the book. It is an expansion of the table of contents. Definition, explanation, teaching, and expression of ideas are done in the text. The Auxiliary Pages The auxiliary pages (reference material) of a book follow the text of the book and may include the following 1. Appendix 2. Bibliography 3. Glossary 4. Index ‘An appendix may be material referred to but not explained in the body of the book. A bibliography is a list of the books or articles the author has used in writing the book. It may be a list of materials recommended for further reading. The glossary is, as it were, a dictionary to the work. It lists and explains or defines some technical terms not explained in the body of the book. An index is a list of topics discussed in the text, arranged alphabetically with page references for quick reference by the user of the book. Summary From the foregoing, some of the parts of the book are useful from the standpoint of the book, such as the binding which holds it together. From the user’s point of view, the binding is useful also 20|Pagebecause it usually gives brief information about the book which makes it easy to locate on the shelf. By reading the preface and introduction the researcher may be able to tell whether the book will be useful for a particular purpose. The table of contents will give the scope of the book and items covered, From here, the reader can see whether or not the topic he intends to study is included. The index also helps on this point. It is from the title page and title page only that the user will find the correct bibliographical information about the book. This also is an important page for cataloguers. Other parts of the book provide additional source for study, or explain, clarity or expand upon items in the text. The habit of looking at these parts before beginning a serious reading of a book can both be useful and time saving. HOW TO USE JOURNALS Journals are essential resources for conducting academic research. They are published periodically, ranging in frequency from monthly to quarterly or even only twice in a year. The key differences between magazines and journals are that journals are written for and by experts in their chosen field and that they focus on a particular research interest while magazines are sources of information on nearly any topic, they are written with the average reader in mind and do not include the depth of coverage that an academic researcher would need. Journals are published in every academic discipline and are used as a means for scholars and researchers to share their research and discoveries with others who are also experts in their discipline. Journals contains the most current and vital information on various disciples. They usually contain results of researches which may never be found in other form of publications. PARTS OF JOURNALS Article title Author's name and affiliations Abstract ~ A very information of what the article is about. Key Words- Major terms used in the article Main Text Tables (optional) Figures (optional) Mathematics (optional) Conclusions ~ The major findings of the study and recommendation. References — bibliographical information: records of scholarly works used in the study. 2 [PageWEEK SEVEN: LIBRARY SERVICES General Library Services + Reference Services According to Kadir (2012), a reference service is the personal assistance given by the reference personnel (librarians) to library users in search of information for whatever purpose. Library users and potential users have different reference queries that need to be solved by the librarians. Reference processes involve interviewing the reader to enable the reference librarian to articulate the problem of the user clearly. The outcome of the interview will determine what source in the library or outside the library (other libraries) to use in order to provide answers to the queries. ‘There are different types of queries, they include the followin; Directional: This type involves reader questing for a specific location within the library. Most readers, especially first-time users, find the services very useful Ready/quick reference question: This is when a reader asks a specific question relating to the use of library materials in the reference sections. For example, what is the population of Ghana? Who was the president of Ghana in year 2000? These are everyday questions that readers regularly ask reference librarians. These questions are easily answered by consulting a specific reference source, such as almanacs, biographies, yearbooks, dictionaries etc. To answering these types of queries, most libraries have created a special desk called the information desk. Search Questions: Readers often need background information or general information ona theme. Such questions cannot be met by one single reference source in the library. One might need the use of a variety of sources to answer the reference question, for example, what is the difference between conventional education and open and distance education? ‘The reference librarian may need to consult dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, indexes, abstracts, etc. to answer such questions. Research Questions: This is a more serious type of reference service. Here the user is faced with a research topic that requires comprehensive reference sources in order to provide literature review. For example, to answer a question on the role of the library in national development, the user will need to consult a wide variety of sources that will assist him/her in compiling a comprehensive listing of pertinent documents relevant to the topic. In addition, the library may refer the user to experts in the field. Statistics: All records of user’s queries must be well kept by the reference librarian. This is to enable the library to know the nature of user’s queries and get adequately prepared to answer them in future. Current Awareness Services (CAS): Current awareness service is defined by Ashikuzzaman (2013) as the establishment of a system for reviewing publications immediately at receipt, selecting information pertinent to the programme of the organization served, and recording individual items to be brought to the attention of those persons to whose work are related. The purpose of current awareness service is to keep users abreast with up to date information in their specialized field of interest. The reference librarians achieve this, by collating all latest documents and by using user’s profile, sends them through telephone calls, e-mail, scan etc to users. Materials such as preprints of papers, photocopy of table of contents, periodicals routings, library bulletins, can be sent to users. Library’s recently published accession lists or acquisition list containing bibliographic details of new materials just acquired can also be sent to users. 22|PageCurrent awareness service is not a personalized service, thus information provided to users is in broad subject categories without necessary targeting a user. Information can be provided on journals, books, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, newspapers, and magazines. Inter Library Loan Service: Resource sharing and collaboration is one of the new trends in librarianship. A library may not be able to meet the information needs of all its users due to limited resources. Any user in need of any material that is not available in his library, informs the reference librarian who in turn loans such a material from any collaborating library for the user. Libraries go into partnership and collaboration to enable them share resources. Such resources must be returned by the reference librarian on or before the date due. + Lending Services ‘The librarian at the circulation section of the library is responsible for charging and discharging of library resources. He will provide information in this regard to the users. For example, only registered library users can borrow books and other library resources. Also, potential library users are required to register before being permitted to use the library. Registration of clientele may be manual, or computer based. To borrow a book, borrower’s ticket form will be filled by the user. This operation could also be computerized. However, before you are allowed to go home with the book, it must be stamped with date-due-stamp. There is a slip (date-due-slip) that all books available for loan carry in the library. This slip is pasted at the loose leave at the back or front of every book (on circulation) in the library. The length of time a book can be borrowed depends on the library’s policy. The library’s policy also determines the number of books a user can borrow at a time. The number of books and the duration of time a book can be borrowed differ with students and staff. The policy most times gives more time and books to staff. To know what book to borrow, the user may check the various catalogues which could be manual or electronic. For example, open access catalogues (OPAC) is an electronic catalogue. He can search by subject, title or author etc, the class mark indicates the location of the book on the shelf. Once the book is retrieved from the shelf, the user can now go straight to the circulation desk with it for charging, The reader could retum the borrowed book before the date-due if he has finished using it, but if he has not finished using it before the expiration of the date due, he could go back to the library with the book to renew if such book is not on reserve. If the user keeps the book after expiration date, at return, he must pay the fine of DSO (depending on the library) per day. This fine is to discourage users from holding tight to library’s materials for long and for them to have consideration for other library users who may also need such a book. + Shelving and Shelf-Reading ‘The first daily task of the circulation department is the shelving of all books consulted by library users the previous day. The library users usually advised to leave consulted books on the reading tables and in the carrels. The circulation staff is expected to gather these books first thing in the morning, while statistics is taken of the books consulted by users. These books are then arranged ‘on the book truck in a classified order and wheeled to the shelves, where they will be appropriately shelved, subject by subject. These shelves are usually labeled at the outer sides’ front and by the sides according to subjects. 231 PageReservation Service Reservation service is very important in academic and school libraries because there are some ‘materials that are heavily used and stand the risk of being stolen or mutilated if such materials are kept on open shelves. Reserved materials cannot be lent out. They are kept in a restricted area where they could be loaned out for a limited period. Personal books from lecturers can be kept for their students in the reserve collection room. ‘> User Education User education equips users with adequate knowledge on the use of the library. It enables users to effectively and efficiently use the library resources. This can be in form of library orientation or classroom instruction, Library orientation involves taking a group of users on a guided tour of the library. At the end of the tour, there is usually a special session with the group to discuss the various activities of the library and how readers could benefit from the services of the library. In the case of classroom instruction, user education is a credit-earning course. Library activities are integrated with the curriculum of students who are expected to earn credit for the course. The library staff in conjunction with academic staff often provides a series of topics for instruction. The objective of the course is to teach students the skills that will enable them explore the resources of the library and, more importantly, to assist the students in the research methodology course, which is often compulsory in most undergraduate programmes. Specialized Library Services + Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) This type of service is particularly common in special libraries. The main objective of SDI is to provide users (especially in special libraries) with information that will promote their research and other day- to- day activities. With SDI the user is relieved of the problem of sieving through many documents before getting the relevant documents. Thus, the user’s time is saved for other purpose. SDI is a customized service which is very common in academic and special libraries. SDI service is a personalized service which is unlike the current awareness service that is a group service. For SDI, the library staff, on a regular basis, searches through a mass of literature from which those that are of interest to a user are selected and are made available to him/her. The librarian must collect the research profile of users. This is achieved through giving users a well-designed form to fill and a one-on-one interview by the librarian with users. This way, the user’s area of interest is determined with precision. The librarian, who keeps complete details of his document, matches the key, words in the documents profile with key words in user’s profile. If the system is computerized, users and documents profiles are matched to sift out relevant documents for a user and this is sent to him/her through email, fax, post or courier. > Referral Service ‘The library in this case can direct a user to another library to an altemative source of information ifsuch information is not available in its own library. With a referral letter, the user can be directed for example, to professional organizations, research institutes, individual specialists and other libraries that can mect the information needs of a reader. The reference librarian maintains a list of referral institutions and experts that is regularly updated, 2 [Pane‘> Translation Service Some libraries offer translation service. This is done when users request for a translation of information materials needed from English to indigenous language(s) that users can comprehend. The library therefore must maintain a list of professional translators that can be easily contacted to render such service. This service is particularly needed in scientific libraries with periodicals in foreign languages. There are some organizations that also perform translation service e.g. European Translation Centre in Delft, the Netherlands. Translation could also be done in-house. + Literature Search Service Special libraries normally provide this specialized service to their users. In most other libraries, users usually do their own literature search, It is easy to provide literature search for users of special libraries because they are usually small in number and their research and information needs are homogeneous. Literature search is a systematic search for knowledge and information contained in resources of the library on a topic or theme. The library catalogue is the main source for searching for relevant documents, either by author, title or subject entries. A comprehensive bibliographic detail of these relevant documents is compiled. 25 | PageWEEK EIGHT: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS CATALOGING Have you ever been to the library with a title in mind and you walked straight to the shelves without going through any catalogue? You are likely to feel you are wasting your precious time, confused and discouraged. This topic will teach you how to use the different types of library catalogues. WHAT IS A LIBRARY CATALOGUE? A library catalogue is a register of all bibliographic items found in a library arranged alphabetically by author, title and subject. The catalogue is very important in a library whenever its collection is growing too large. Library catalogue is seen as a complete organized record of all libraries’ contents. In other words, itis a list of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries. ‘The library catalogue can be likened to a book index. Just as the purpose of a book index, is to point the reader to an information in the book without reading the whole book, similarly, the library catalogue points the reader to the exact location of the book on the shelf without having to search through all volumes of books on the shelves. ‘The goal of a catalogue is not only to permit persons to find items that they already know exist in the collection, but to also help them find items of which they were not aware exist in the collection. In summary, the catalogue is simply a record of what the library has. It helps the library user to identify what the library has, where to find it and how to locate it. The librarians, when processing a resource material provides the information with many access points as required by library users who may look for the information in the library. For a user to gain access to library collections, it is better to go through the catalogue or an index to that collection. Access points are headings that users employ to locate needed materials. For example; Title, Author and Subject are three main access points. This means that the user can search and access the needed materials through the title, author or subject. The ideal thing for every library is to have three access points/catalogues/indexes (title, author and subject) for all materials in the library. However, every document must have its main entry which is its main access points. Functions of Library Catalogue ‘The library catalogue performs the following functions: i, enables a user to find out whether the library has a specific book, ii, enhances access to the library collections, iii, enables a person find or locate a book of which either the author, title or subject is known or unknown, iv. shows what the library has: a. by agiven author b. onagiven subject ¢. ina given kind of literature, assists in the choice of a book as to its edition and other bibliographic details, enables a user to know whether or not certain books are in the library, enables a user know all the works of a given author held in the library, vili, shows at a glance the number of copies the library has on a ttle, and ix. gives information on author, title, subject, imprint, collation, location, ete. of any information material available in the library. 26|PageCharacteristics of an Ideal Form of Catalogue Aina (2004) outlined the following characteristics of an ideal catalogue. 1, It must be flexible and easy to update. 2. It must have easy access to entries in a catalogue. 3. It must not be too expensive to create and maintain 4. It should not occupy too much space. 5. It should be easy to replicate Forms of Library Catalogue ‘The common and popularly known and used catalogue in most libraries includes those listed here, 1. Book catalogue 2. Card catalogue 3. Dictionary catalogue 4, Computer Output Microform (COM) catalogue 5. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) 6. Shelf-list catalogue Book Catalogue As the name implies, book catalogue is a kind of catalogue that is printed in a book form with entries arranged in alphabetical order by author, title, subject or a combination of all like a dictionary arranged words. Itis the oldest form of catalogue used and is still in use today in most libraries, however, no longer as popular. A book catalogue lists bibliographic records in alphabetical order by various entries on pages of a book. The book catalogue is expensive to produce and easily gets out of date due to its inflexibility. You cannot easily remove or insert bibliographic records (of old & new resources respectively) For more people to have access at the same time, the library needs to print many copies which is expensive. This type of catalogue was gradually replaced by card catalogues. Advantages of a book catalogue 1. Itis easy to store 2. Itdoes not require much space. 3. Number of entries could be seen at a glance. 4, Itcan be made available in several places. 5. Alll books by the same author could be seen without going from one drawer to the other. Disadvantages 1, Ease of use: unless multiple copies are made, there is a question of long queuing. Only one person can use the catalogue at a time. ‘New entries cannot be accommodated. You have to discard the old one. Itis not durable, Itis time consuming as users’ time is wasted waiting in turns to consult the book. Ithas cost implication in the course of producing multiple copies to reduce the number of users in cue to use it. veer 27| PageCard Catalogue A card catalogue is a file of cards usually in catalogue cabinet showing the users the library's collections. The cards give very relevant information about the books in the library as well as indicating their location on the shelves. These cards are filed alphabetically in catalogue trays that are placed in the cabinets. These cabinets are arranged in a convenient location in the library for easy retrieval. This is the most common form of catalogue. It is a catalogue in which entries are made on 3x5 inches (7.5x12.5em) cards and filed in cabinets in drawers, trays or cupboard under various headings, in an alphabetical order. If they are filed in drawers, the card must be designed in such a way that it will not be scattered easily. Holes should be made where an ion rod (usually made of steel) passes and holds the cards together. Advantages of Card Catalogue 1. Flexibility and Currency: Updating of the cabinet is easy and staff time is saved. Cards for new materials can be added quickly and cards easily removed for those items no longer in the collection. 2. Ease of use: The card catalogue is easy to use. Both staff and students find it easy to use because of the alphabetical arrangement and the fact that they are loose in the tray. 3. Availability: The card catalogue is easily available to library users. Several users can have access to the card catalogue at the same time. 4. Cost: The cost of maintaining a card catalogue is not expensive. The cards are easily available. Disadvantages of Card Catalogue 1. Size: After some time, the library may need more cabinets for new cards. Gradually, more and more cabinets will be acquired as the collection grows. This might take up much space. 2. Human Error: Cards can be misfiled in error. Its implication is that, the document on the shelf may never be used. Miss-filing and miss shelving are serious issues as they course serious problems in the library. 3. Ease of use: A library user can only see a card at a time. Its implication is that he has to remember the title or know the subject heading of the information he needs. 4. Cost: Filing of cards takes time. Imagine if you have catalogue in different locations, you may have to do more work. 5. Flexibility and currency: The library cannot easily efffect any correction on the card except the card is reprinted, Dictionary Catalogue This is a form of catalogue that contains entries under author, title, subject, and all of them interfiled in a single sequence, usually in alphabetical order. Advantages of Dictionary Catalogue 1. All entries are contained in one single catalogue thereby making it possible to see author, title and subject at a goal, 2. It is easily understood as filing begins with the first letter of the word. Disadvantages of Dictionary Catalogue 1. Itis confusing when author, title, and subjects are interfiled. 28) Page2. Itdoes not give room for multiple users at a time since all cards (title, author, and subjects) are filed together. Computer Output Microform Catalogue (COMcat) This is a form of library catalogue in which the bibliographic records are printed in machine readable format such as microfilm, microfiche and microcard. It is produced on this media by a computer; hence the name computer output microform. They are called microform because they cannot be viewed with the naked eyes. An equipment or machine called microform reader is required before one could be able to read the records contained in it. The COMcat may be an author catalogue, title catalogue, subject catalogue or a dictionary catalogue having in one catalogue a combination of all the above catalogues. ‘There are two types of microform catalogues. Some libraries have photographed each catalogue card in alphabetical sequence then transferred these images onto microform or microfiche. When bibliographic records were first available in electronic format, high-speed cameras would photograph screen images and these images would be transferred onto microform. These are known as COM or computer output microform catalogues. Microform catalogues have been quickly overtaken by on-line catalogues. Advantages of Microform Catalogue 1. Ease of use: Several documents can be scanned at one time like the book catalogue. Easy to index, can be made in a specific alphabetic sequence. Headings at the top of the fiche indicate the first entry on each fiche and each fiche is numbered sequentially for easy filing, 2. Size: It takes up very little storage space and can store many records in one fiche or film. 3. Cost: Not expensive to produce as multiple copies could be scanned and multiple copies are very inexpensive to produce. Disadvantages of Microform Catalogue 1. Ease of use: Equipment is required to use the catalogue. Fiche can be easily misfiled or placed one behind another in the holders. Library users are frustrated when the fiche they require is missing. Many copies of the catalogue and machines are required to avoid problems with queuing. 2. Flexibility and currency: New records cannot be inserted, nor can records for lost items be deleted. Like the book catalogue, the entire catalogue must be reproduced to incorporate changes. Most libraries choose to produce supplements. 3. Cost: Producing the first copy of the microform catalogue is very expensive. Maintenance cost also poses a challenge to this form of catalogue. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) This is an electronic form of card catalogue. As computer technology advances and the price of computer hardware and software decreases, more libraries are converting their catalogues to Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs). Note that many libraries, including those in Third World countries, are providing access to their collections with extremely sophisticated systems using the latest graphical user interface (GUI) technology. Library clients are becoming increasingly comfortable with using computers to search for information and have very high expectations of computers’ abilities. In an on-line catalogue, bibliographic records are stored in an electronic database. Each element of a bibliographic record is entered into a separate field. 29| PageOn-line Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is the most modern form of catalogue. One needs a microcomputer with a large memory for it. Bibliographic records of all documents in a collection are stored in the computer memory disk. OPAC is the most efficient of all the catalogues. It is very flexible and can be easily updated. The records can be accessed through several points, As soon as bibliographic records are inputted into the computer, they can be accessed instantly at different points. Advantages of On-line public access catalogue Like any other type of catalogue OPACs have their advantages and disadvantages. 1. Flexibility and currency: OPACS are easily updated. As soon as items are entered, they can be indexed to become accessible. Some systems index new items the moment they are entered. Records are also easily removed from the database. Ease of use: New GUI technology makes OPACs very user-friendly. OPACs offer sophisticated methods of searching for materials. Users can combine terms such as the author and in the title field, limit searches to a particular date range or format. If the OPAC is networked, terminals can be installed throughout the branch libraries, school libraries, etc., making catalogues accessible from individual’s desktops. Users can search the catalogue from the comfort of their own home or from any location. 3. Size: Terminals can take up much less space than bulky card catalogues. Patrons do not have to be physically present in the building to access the library catalogue. Disadvantage of On-line public access catalogue 1, Ease of use: Not all OPAC user interfaces are created equal. Some are menu-driven, intuitive and easy to use. Others may not be user-friendly at all. It would then require staff time to train library patrons. Several terminals would be necessary to avoid line ups. Some form of backup is needed if the system goes down, or the library catalogue will be unavailable. Complicated search strategy options can lead to too many or too few results. This can easily waste users’ time. 2. Costs: The initial cost of putting it in place is very high. Depending on the size of the library, the type of computer hardware, software and networking cable required plus the retrospective conversion of existing bibliographic records in the library’s manual catalogue, the cost can be extremely high 3. Design: If the system is poorly designed, it may require undue switching back and forth between screens to see detailed records. This can be tedious and frustrating for the user. Shelf-list catalogue This is actually a kind of library catalogue. But because of its uniqueness and the role it plays in the library it is worth discussing here. This is a kind of catalogue that is arranged according to the class number. The cards are arranged according to whatever classification system in use in the library (in the exact order in which the books are arranged on the shelves). It is also called class list record. Shelf-list catalogue is not accessible to library users. Apart from all the information in the other kinds of catalogues, it carries information on the price of the material, date of acquisition, whether purchase, gift or donation which other catalogues do not have. They are arranged according to the call number of the items. With these unique features, charges for any lost item could be made without any guess work. 30| PageWEEK NINE: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS CONTD. CLASSIFICATION For the effective use of library resources, organization of such resources is important for easy retrieval. One way of organizing library resources is by cataloguing. You have learned the functions and the different types of catalogues. Now, the focus shall be on the way library resources are organized, which is classification? Classification is the act of grouping like documents together, basically according to their subject content. The art of grouping based on shared similarities is known as classification. The concept of classification is universal as we can classify almost anything in life. Human beings are sometimes classified according to race which categorizes humans into distinct groups by ethnic, geographical, anatomical or even linguistic affiliation. While a broad classification of the human race would produce three main races (Caucasian, Mongolian and Negroid), further re-classification of the races would show subdivisions within races. For instance, subdividing the Negroid race would result into other minor grouping such as: A rican - Nigerian ~ Hausa. The clothes in our wardrobes can also be classified according to type and as such we could have gowns, skirts, blazers, and so on, If we decide to create subgroups from the subdivisions of gowns and skirts, we could also end up with classification based on usage and in that case classify using headings such as office wears, party wears, and so on. Classification can, therefore, be described as the action of recognizing and establishing groups of classes of objects, the subclasses and members of which all manifest (even though in different ways) a particular characteristic or set of characteristics. Numerous books acquired in the library must be arranged to increase their utility to the optimum level. Users will find it difficult to locate a document, if there is no arrangement of any sort. The library user lacks time and would not be patient to go through all the library resources because he needs just one document. Even for the librarian, it will be difficult to search through all documents to get a required one. Due to the varying forms and purpose of documents, it becomes essential to arrange them systematically on shelves. A user would be in a better position to help himself if shelves are provided with an adequate number of shelf guides. He would thereby require less assistance from the reference staff. In a situation where the library collection is unclassified, library guides will be useless to users and users will feel lost, So, in order to provide an effective reference service, itis essential that the documents are arranged systematically. This would also help save the time of the reference staff and as well as that of the readers themselves. The purpose of library classification is to create a system out of disorder and provide a comprehensive view of the documents on a given subject. Classification in libraries is also built upon the principle of shared characteristics. Library materials can, therefore, be classified based on the similarities between them. While a Librarian in a small library may decide to classify the library’s resources according to the size of documents or title, this would not work for the librarian in a large library, where resources run into millions. In such cases, the Librarian must develop or adopt a standard classification scheme which would display the subject content of information materials. atl PageLibrary classification, therefore, is the systematic way of grouping subjects and related subjects in such a way that the knowledge they contain can be displayed one relating to the other. Library classification of a piece of work consists of two steps. Firstly, the "aboutness” of the material is ascertained and a call number (a book's address) based on the classification system used at the particular library is assigned to the work using the notation. The reasons for classification in libraries are to: aid information retrieval through systematic arrangement, provide subject analysis of a document, highlight relationship between classes and subclasses e.g. education and adult education, bring related subjects into close proximity, and bring users in contact with specific books. veeye Classification Scheme Classification schemes map out fields of knowledge in ways that are suitable for library use by grouping related items into classes, and arranging such groups in a hierarchy so that users can trace topics in their context and scan subject field from general to specific. The use of classification schemes in libraries demands that classifiers (those responsible for identifying the subject content of information materials) and cataloguers (those who prepare bibliographic records for library holdings) ascertain the ‘aboutness’, that is, what an information material is really about and thereafter assign a notation (a symbol representing the subject) in the classification scheme. The use of classification schemes enables libraries to organize library materials by bringing together in ‘one place all works dealing with the same subject. This system of arrangement ensures that information materials dealing with the same subject are not scattered around the library. Attributes of a good classification scheme ‘* 1 Unambiguous: Classes in the scheme must be well defined to avoid room for doubt for confusion. * 2 Orderly arrangement of classes: The scheme must contain classes and their sub divisions ina logical manner + 3 Flexibility: A good classification should be flexible enough to accommodate the inclusion of new knowledge. Changes are constant in life, and as such a good classification scheme should be such that can adjust to these changes. * 4 Provision of a general class: A good classification scheme should have provision to accommodate materials that are too general in nature for inclusion in any restrictive or single class. Examples of general materials are dictionaries and encyclopaedias. * 5 Completeness: A good classification scheme should be comprehensive enough to cover the body of knowledge. This means that all known subjects should be included especially if it is a general classification scheme. * 6 Notation: A good classification scheme should have a system of notation. This is the symbol representing classes and their subdivisions in the scheme. * 7 Index: A good classification scheme should have an index to accompany it. This makes it easier to use. 32 Page‘Types of Library Classification Schemes ‘There are several types of classification systems used in libraries all over the world. The choice of classification scheme in libraries is, however, highly dependent on the ability of a classification scheme to accommodate the disciplines offered by the users of a specific library. The most common classification system in English speaking countries and mostly used by libraries are as follows: Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC) Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) Bliss Classification Scheme Colon Classification Scheme Moys Classification Scheme ayaeNe rary of Congress Classification Scheme (LC) The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a general classification scheme developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to organize and arrange the book collections of the Library of Congress. The classification was originally developed by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by Cutter Expansive Classification and the DDC, and was specially designed for the special purposes of the Library of Congress. Over the course of the twentieth century, the system was adopted for use by other libraries as well, especially large academic libraries in the United States. It is currently one of the most widely used library classification systems in the world. The system divides all knowledge into twenty-one main classes each identified by a single letter ofthe alphabet. Most of these alphabetical classes are further divided into more specific subclasses, identified by two-letter, or occasionally three-letter combinations. For example, class N, Art, has subclasses NA, Architecture; NB, Sculpture, ND, Painting; as well as several other subclasses. Ituses mixed notation. This means that it uses both letters and numbers. It also uses cutter numbers to further specify a document. Cutter numbers are special numbers given to individual authors. ‘The notations and cutter numbers together form the class mark or call number of a book. Features of LCC a, The classification scheme comes in 47(41 as at 2012) separately published schedules. b. The notation is mixed, It uses single capital letters for main classes Q (science), double capital letters for sub classes (mathematics) it also uses Arabic numerals for further sub divisions. It does not have a general index rather there is a detailed index in each schedule. Ithas provision for further knowledge by leaving out IOWXY. The LCC does not have a single table but rather provides tables in each schedule. It covers the body of known knowledge. Relationships among topics in LCC are shown not by the numbers that are assigned to them, but by indenting subtopics under the larger topics that they are a part of, much like an outline. mmoee 33] PageAdvantages of the LCC + Itis used in most academic libraries all over the world + Itisarobust scheme + Ithas a comprehensive index + Itis frequently revised + Itis expandable Disadvantages of the LCC + It is too large (in 47 volumes) ‘The Main Classes of LC A General works B-BI Philosophy, Psychology BL-BX _ Religion ce Auxiliary Sciences of History D History: General and Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) E-F History: America (Western Hemisphere) G Geography, Anthropology, Recreation H Social Sciences J Political Science KD Law of the United State Kingdom and Ireland KF Law of the United State L Education M Music, Books on Music N Fine Arts, PPA General Philosophy and Linguistics PA Supplement Classical Languages and Literature; Mediaeval and Modern PB-PH Modern European Language PG Russian Literature PJ-PM Languages and Literature of Asia, Africa, Oceanic, American Indian Languages, Artificial Language PN, PR, PS, PZ General Literature, English and American Literature, Fiction in English; Juvenile Literature PQ Part | French Literature PQ Part 2 Italian, Spanish and Portuguese PT Part 1 German Literature PT Part 2 Dutch and Scandinavian Literature Q Science R Medicine s Agriculture T Technology U Military Science v Naval Science Z Bibliography; Library Science Ba PageA typical book classified, using the Library of congress classification scheme will have its class mark or call number as follows: Title: Understanding Politi ‘Author: Thomas M. Magstadt Class Mark (call number): JA/LC Class mark 66P M 33/cutter number 201 U/date of publication ideas, institutions and issues Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ‘The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is a general classification scheme that is continuously revised to keep pace with knowledge. The system was conceived by Melvil Dewey in 1873 and first published in 1876. According to Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (2003), the DDC is the most widely used classification system in the world as it is currently being used in more than 135 countries to organize and provide access to their collections. Among the modern classification scheme, Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is the oldest. It is also widely use especially in school libraries, You may come across very few academic libraries that use Dewey classification scheme to organize their collection. Unlike the library of congress classification, Dewey classification is pure and not mixed. It uses only numbers. For further specificity of subject terms, it employs decimals. Features of DDC + The whole body of knowledge is divided into ten main classes, 000-999 each main class can further be subdivided into divisions and sections e.g. 600 = applied sciences, 630 = agriculture, 632 = plant injuries, 6 3 2 = 6 for main class, 3 for division and 2 for section + Ituses only Arabic numerals as notation. It is, therefore, said to have a pure notation. + A decimal point, or dot, follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed. The dot is not a decimal point in the mathematical sense, but a psychological pause to break the monotony of numerical digits and to ease the transcription and copying of the class number. + Ithas mnemonic devices as it can easily be remembered. E.g. religion 200 + It shows hierarchy and network of relationships, using military science as an example Military science 355 Military life and custom 355.1 Promotion and demotion 355.112 + It is compact as it comes in four volumes, Volume 1 (Introduction), Volumes 2 and 3 (Schedules), and Volume 4 (Index). Advantages of DDC + The mnemonic notation helps in memorizing and recognizing class numbers. + Itcovers all known knowledge + Itcan be applied to materials of all kinds + The decimal system enables infinite expansion and subdivision + The straight forward numerical sequence facilitates filing and shelving. + Periodic revision keeps it up-to-date. 35[PageDisadvantages of DDC + Average classification numbers tend to be too long + The scheme is of little value to special libraries that are subject based. The first summary contains ten main classes. CLASSES. 000 - Computer Science, Information and general works 100 - Philosophy and Psychology 200 - Religion 300 - Social Sciences 400 - Language 500 - Science 600 - Technology 700 - Arts and Recreation 800 - Literature 900 - History and Geography The first digit in each three-digit number represents the main class ie 500 - Sciences 510 - Mathematics 520 - Astronomy 530 - Physies 530 ~ Physics can further be sub divided into: 531 - Mechanics 932 - Fluid Mechanics 533 - Gas Mechanics Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) scheme is mostly used in Public and School Libraries Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) ‘The UDC was developed in 1885 by Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri la Fontaine. It is structured in such a way that new developments and new fields of knowledge can be readily incorporated. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is based on the Sth edition of Dewey Decimal Classification. This classification scheme is widely used in French speaking countries of ‘North Africa, in Spain and Latin America and throughout Eastern Europe. In the English-speaking world, it is used by special libraries and most especially in those with strong emphasis on technological interests. There are many similarities between DDC and UDC, for instance the ten (10) main classes of DDC are retained in UDC. However, class 4 (language class) was merged with class 8 (Literature class) in UDC. Some of the symbols used in UDC are: + =... Common auxiliaries of language. + (0...) Common auxiliaries of form. + (1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. 36|Page+ (=..) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. *.." Common auxiliaries of time. + -0.. Common auxiliaries of general characteristics: Properties, Materials, Relations/Processes and Persons. -02 Common auxiliaries of properties. -03 Common auxiliaries of materials. -04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations. -05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics. Bliss Classification (BC) The Bliss bibliographic classification (BC) is a faceted classification scheme which was developed by Henry E. Bliss. The scheme was first published in four volumes in the United States between 1940 and 1953. It provides a detailed classification for use in libraries and information services of all kinds, having a broad and detailed structure and order. BC is, however, more popular in British libraries. A second edition of the system (BC2) has been developed in Britain since 1977. It consists of 35 main classes, consisting of 9 numerical and 26 alphabetical classes. It has a notation system that utilizes upper case and lowercase Roman letters; with Arabic numerals for common subdivisions. Colon Classification (CC) Colon Classification (CC) is a system of library classification developed by S.R Ranganathan, It was the first ever faceted (or analytic - synthetic) classification. The first edition was published in 1983. Since then six more editions have been published. It is especially used in library in India. Its name “Colon classification” comes from the use of colons to separate facets in class numbers. However, many other Classification Schemes, some of which are completely unrelated, also use colons and other punctuation in various functions. In colon classification, facets describe “personality” (the most specific subject), matter, energy, space and time (PMEST). These facets are generally associated with every item in a library and so form a reasonably universal sorting systems. Moy’s Classification Scheme was developed by Elizabeth (Betty) M. Moys in 1968. The scheme provides a system for organising legal materials and as such is used mainly in law libraries. At the time of her creation of the classification, there were no LCC schedules for law. The subclasses and enumeration are very different in the two systems, however, as with LCC, a set of numbers follows the class letters to indicate specific subject areas. There is notably less use of decimal points in the Moy’s system than in LCC. Most academic libraries use Moys Classification Scheme for classifying specifically their law materials. Basically, this scheme helps to remove the short comings observed in class K-Law, the library of congress classification scheme. Main Classes of Moy’s Classification Scheme. K Journal and Reference Books KA Jurisprudence 37| PageKB KC KD KE-KN KP ks KT KV kw 38|Page General and Comparative Law International Law Religious Legal System ‘Ancient and Medical Law Common Law Nigerian Legal System Africa Latin America Asia and Pacific Europe European Community Law Non — Legal SubjectsWEEK TEN: GOOD READING HABIT/STUDY SKILLS For effective Study, students must not depend on chance but must adequately plan their study using tested study methods. Students who follow these methods learn more easily, retain material for longer periods of time, and save themselves hours of study time. In this topic you will lea good study and reading methods. Good Study Methods There are steps you must take in order to develop good study skills. 1. Making and Keeping a Study Schedule Students must have a functional reading schedule where specific hours are set aside for reading each day. This schedule must be faithfully kept from day to-day. The amount of time needed for study will vary for each individual. An average of four hours of study each day is recommended. 2, Studying in an Appropriate Setting — Same Time, Same Place, Every Day A conducive environment such as a library, or/and a study room at home is recommended for study. This will facilitate comprehension since itis expected that the environment is not only quiet but cool and has all necessary facilities for study. Have a specific place for your study. 3. Equipping Your Study Area with All the Materials You Need Ensure that when you visit the library that you go with all necessary reading materials/resources such as: Recommended textbooks, e-resources on your laptops, pencils, pens, erasers, etc. With your materials at hand, you can study without interruption. Put your phone on silence and take only emergency calls. Studying is a serious business. You can return the calls after you have finished studying. 4, Not Relying on Inspiration for Motivation Students must not leave studying time to when they fee! like. You must stick to your daily schedule for studying whether you are motivated or not. Get yourself motivated. One method of doing this is by moving from the known to the unknown or by reading for pleasure then move on to actual study. As an athlete-in-training cannot wait for inspiration to practice in preparation for an event so you cannot wait for inspiration to study for examinations or assignments. Like the athlete, you must get into training for tests and examinations by doing the assignments and preparing daily through review to be ready for the action. 5. Keeping a Well-Kept Notebook Improves Grades According to researchers there is a correlation between orderliness and high grades. Knowing where to find your materials when you need them is crucial. There is no time to waste in searching for your reading materials and your thought flow must not be disrupted while already reading. Students therefore, should keep a special section for each subject in their notebook as well asa semester calendar so that they can write down the dead-lines of all assignments as they are uploaded in their portals. Having all of this information together in one place is vital to their success. A well-kept notebook is a part of good time management. 6. Taking Good Notes as Insurance against Forgetting 39|PageStudents must learn to take good notes efficiently as their instructor's stress important points in class and as they study, Good notes are a “must” for just before- test/examination-reviewing. Without notes, you will need to reread and review the entire course material or textbook before an examination or test. With notes, you can recall the main points in just a short time. The time you spend in note taking is not lost, but in fact, is a time-saver. 7. Over- learning Material Enhances Memory According to Psychologists you must over-leam a concept for it to be internalized. This calls for constant reading in order to over-learn what you already know. Experts suggest that after you can say, “I know this material,” that you should continue to study that material for an additional one- fourth of the original study time. Manipulate the material as many different ways as possible by writing, reading, touching, hearing, and saying it. In an experimental study, students who over- learned material retained four times as much after a month than students who didn’t over-learn. SQ3R READING METHOD SQBR is a Reading/Study formula designed to help process and increase retention of written information. It consists of the following five steps. SURVEY Scan the piece of writing to establish its purpose and get the main ideas, This may also be called skimming. Look for: + The title, headings, and subheadings: This indicates the main topics and concepts being developed. + Captions under pictures, charts, graphs or maps: This emphasizes important information + Questions or teacher-made study guides and review them + Introductory, concluding paragraphs and summary will also reveal the topics being covered as well as the purpose Q= QUESTION Write questions to give purpose and improve concentration. This aids comprehension. Do the following: + Tum the title, headings, and/or subheadings into questions + Read questions at the beginning/end of the chapters or after each subheading + Ask yourself, "What did my instructor say about this chapter or subject + _ Ask yourself, "What do I already know about this subject?” Note: If it is helpful to you, write out these questions for consideration. R=READ When you begin to Read, do the following: Look for answers to the questions you first raised + Answer questions at the beginning or end of chapters or study guides + Reread captions under pictures, graphs, etc. + Note all the underlined, italicized, bold printed words or phrases + Study graphic aids + Reduce your speed for difficult passages + Stop and reread parts which are not clear + Read only a section at a time and recite after each section 40|Pageyour own words. Do the following after you have read a section. ‘+ Orally ask yourself questions about what you have just read, or summarize, in your own words, what you read + Take notes from the text but write the information in your own words + Underline or highlight important points you've just read It is important to note that in learning, the more senses employed, the more likely you are to remember what you have read e.g Triple strength learning: Seeing, saying, hearing; Quadruple strength learning: Seeing, saying, hearing, writing!!! R=REVIEW It is important to review the material to understand and remember it. Did you answer all the questions and understand the information? Reviewing each time, you study will eliminate the need to “cram” for attest. a[Page