There were already people living in the archipelago before the arrival of the Spaniards.

True
The Ferdinand Magellan and his men discovered the Philippines.
False
According to experts, humans reached the Philippines only through the use of land
bridges or "tulay na lupa."
False
There are several theories that explain how people inhabited the archipelago.
True
People only started to inhabit the Philippines when Magellan discovered it.
False
The first modern humans who arrived in the country were the Austronesians.
False
Denisovan DNA was found in the Filipino indigenous group Ayta Magbukon, which
entails the strong potential presence of Denisovans in the country before the arrival of
modern humans from Africa.
True
Recent studies debunked the earlier theories raised by experts on peopling in the
Philippines.
True
There are three major strands of peopling theories: (1) first inhabitants of the Philippines
were indigenous people, (2) they were from outside of the region, (3) they came from
southern regions of China.
False
Magellan and his crew were the first inhabitants of the Philippines.
False
The famous "waves of migration theory" remains to be the most reliable theory to
explain peopling in the Philippines.
False
The Homo luzonensis is considered as new human species.
True
Archeological discoveries of prehistoric fossils and tools in the Philippines prove the
existence of human activity and presence in the country even before the arrival of the
Spaniards.
True
Filipinos and our regional neighbors have Australian heritage
False
Peopling theories are competing theories that attempt to explain how our ancestors
started to populate the archipelago.
True
Sandals and slippers were widely used during the pre colonial times.
False
Barangays within the archipelago are dependent with one another.
False
The social stratification during pre-colonial Philippines was strict.
False
Pre-colonial people have a monotheistic religion that praised Bathala as the supreme
god.
False
The free people are relatives of the datu and comprise the ruling class of the barangay.
False
Wearing anything in dark blue denotes masculinity and bravery.
False
Babaylans are spiritual leaders of barangays.
True
The dependents are equivalent to slaves.
False
Tattoos were symbols of vanity and bravery for pre-colonial people.
True
Barangays were located deep inside the lush forests of the country.
False
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the archipelago was composed of several
communities called barangay.
True
Philippines was already a developing country even before the arrival of the Spaniards.
False
Tagalogs were fond of tattoos, which was why the Spaniards called them pintados.
False
Houses during the pre colonial period were elevated off the ground.
True
Women had an active role in the affairs of the barangay.
True
A barangay was headed by a group of people called datus.
False
A datu is our equivalent of "king."
False
The freemen were followers of the datu who were tasked to assist him in governing the
barangay.
True
A datu had executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
True
Most barangays were located deep in the forests of the country.
False
Each barangay was isolated in the sense that they did not have any contacts with the
outside world.
False
A datu gets his salary from more powerful datus.
False
There were people who assisted the datu in his job.
True
The dependents were generally composed of people who were not able to pay their
debts or fines.
True
Most laws of the barangay were written laws.
False

Period 15th to early 17th Century

- Characterized by growing European exploration of the world.
- a period in human history when Europeans began exploring in search for new trading
routes, territories and wealth.
Age of Discovery or (Age of Exploration)
- This was a crucial stage on human history as European countries began to embark on
a series of global explorations that inaugurated a new chapter in world history
Age of Discovery
During this period:
- Increasing sophistication of maritime travel technology
- New kinds of ships, maps, navigational instruments and weapons were developed
- Knowledge of geography and sailing was rapidly being enhanced.

note: These developments assisted European countries to travel places such as:
- America
- Africa
- Far East
which were untouched by European feet.
Spain and Portugal
Leading countries un the Age of Discovery explorations through other countries,
particularly in England and the Netherlands, were explorers too.
Why European countries explore?
- profit
- power
- religion
Economic in nature
The primary motivation for European countries to explore
During this Period: Europe
- increase demand for goods and services given that there was also an increasing
number of people.
- rapid sophistication of science, technology and humanities brought about by the
renaissance led to the improvement of the standards of living, which furthered the need
for goods for the broader population.
- Portugal and Spain: engaged in trading with other territories.
Most lucrative goods Europeans can trade were spices:
- peppers
- cloves
- ginger
- cinnamon
- nutmeg
Spices in Europe
Were highly in demand for two reasons:
1. Spices enhanced the bland taste of food and
2. Preserved meat and fish in absence of refrigeration

trivia: Spices could be used to

- buy land
- pay taxes
abundant in Asia
Italian City-States
Who controlled Spice-Trading, access to spices limited and more expensive to
European budget.
Age of Exploration
A period when European countries competed against each other for power and
influence.
Significant way to become a more powerful kingdom was by:
1. Exploring
2. Conquering new territories
Note:
The more wealth they could get from other territories, the more powerful European
states would become

The larger the territories invaded by these countries, the more they become prestigious
in the eyes of their rivals.

The more powerful they become, the easier they could defeat other enemy kingdoms.
Christianity
Used as a reason to invade other territories.
Portugal and Spain
Countries that were champions of the Catholic Church in spreading Christianity. Both
countries spent resources to ensure that conquered territories were converted to their
religion.
Christopher Columbus
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Pizarro
John Cabot and more
These individuals were explorers commissioned by European states and kingdoms to
explore the "unknown" territories to search for trading routes, spices, wealth, and new
territories.
Ferdinand Magellan
A Portuguese explorer, who was also a brilliant navigator who based on his experience
and knowledge, theorized that there was a possible route to the East, specifically the
Spice Islands
Spice Islands
Also known as Maluku Islands or Moluccas
Magellan's Voyage details
Spain gave him:
- Five Ships
- 235 men
Magellan Left Spain on
September 20, 1519, seeing no land for 90 days
Magellan Landed on Homonhon Island in Guiuan, Eastern Samar on
March 17, 1521:
- No residents, but residents from a nearby island approached the weary crew and
offered hospitality
Our ancestors offered:
- Food
- Supplies
Enrique of Malacca
Magellan's Slave, who can understand the local language
Magellan went to Sugbu (Cebu) arrived on
April 7, 1521
- Befriended Rajah Humabon ( ruler of cebu)
- Magellan promised Rajah to be Spain's representative in Cebu in exchange for an
alliance.
- entails that Spain would protect Cebu and Humabon from their enemies
- Residents were invited to convert to Christianity and they obliged.
Lapu-Lapu
One datu from the Island of Mactan who refused to bow down to Humabon
- The issue is not about Magellan but about Humabon, there is already a rivalry
between them, thus refused to become a follower.
Note:
Since Magellan promised Humabon, they attacked Mactan island, where Magellan died
and the Spaniards retreated back to Cebu.

Humabon was frustrated and he massacred the returning crew and those who survived
hurriedly left the island and reach the Spice Island on September 22, 1522
Magellan's Survivng Crew reached the Spice Islands.
September 22, 1522
After the Failure of Magellan's expedition, three more expeditions followed.
Saavedra Expedition (1527-1529)
Villalobos Expedition (1541-1546)
Legazpi Expedition (1564)
Villalobos Expedition in 1542
He named Leyte and Samar "Filipinas" in honor of Spain's prince, Philip II
Became the basis for the Spaniards to call the archipelago as "Las Islas Filipinas" which
later became "Philippines"
Las Islas Filipinas
Became the basis for the Spaniards to call the archipelago, which later became
"Philippines"
1565 Legazpi's Expedition
When the Spaniards successfully occupied the archipelago. Despite the lack of
resources and the vastness of the archipelago, Legazpi conquered the Philippines.
There are several reasons behind it.
Several reasons
Lack of Unity
Divide and Conquer
Sword and Cross
Lack of Unity
No unified government in the Philippines, only composed of several fragmented
barangay
Divide and Conquer
No idea of national consciousness, no idea that all inhabitants within the archipelago
belonged to one group of people.
Sword and Cross
Used religion in the colonization process, which led the people to convert to
Catholicism.
Note: Misconception of the discovery of the Philippines
Civilization were occurring even before the arrival of the Spanish colony, thus we should
correct false notion about our country.